m -CM 100 [CM •CD 00 Christian Brothers First Irish Grammar PB 1223 C3577 1920 From the Library of PADRAIG 6 BROIN Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from University of Toronto littp://www.arcliive.org/details/firstirisligrammaOOcliri 100600315009 FIRST Irish Grammar EEVISID AND ENLAKGED BY THE CHRISTIAN BROTHERS PrtaUd kv CaHIU. a Co., Ltd.. ParkaaU PritUina Worlem, DuMin. m ^ PRECAT s^.Ml FIRST Irish Grammar REVISED AND ENLARGED BY THE CHRISTIAN BROTHERS DUBLIN W H GILL & SON, LTD., O'CONNELL STREET ionlon: bukns and oates, 28 orchard «;t., w. CONTENTS PART I. C3577 ' PAflF The Alphabet .- . . . . • Aspiration and. Rules Governing Aspiration . EcLiPsis . • ■ . . . . . Insertion of n, c and In . . . . Attenuation and Syncope ... The Article ..... Xouns-^Their GaNDERS and Cases. . . Declension of Nouns .... Declension of Adjectives Declension of Nouns and Adjectives (in Agreement' Comparison of Adjectives .... Irregular Comparatives .... Numerals. Dual Number. Personal Numerals Adjectives — Possessive, Demonstrative, Indefinite Distributive . . . . Pronouns — Conjunctive and Disjunctive. Emphatic Forms ...... Pronouns — Prepositional, Relative, Demonstrative Interrogative ..... Conjugations — Synthetic, Analytic, Autonomous Forms The First Conjugation .... Notes on the Conjugations and on Usages The Second Conjugation- .... Formation of Verbal Nouns The Verb c a ..... The Verb is. Dependent Forms . Irregular Verbs ..... Defective Verbs ..... Interrogatives ..... Adverbs ...... Prepositions. Conjunctions PART II.— Syntax. The Article ..... The Noun . , ... The Adjective ..... The Pronoun ..... The Verb and Verbal Noun Indirect Speech ..... <r)A and X)A ...... Abstract Nouns (Their Formation and Use) Functions of the Verb is ... Sentences of Classification and Identification Definite Nouns ..... Variety and Characteristics of (some) SENTr.yrr'= Identification .... I'sES OF THE Verb is to ma:;^ Emphasis . • Grammatical Terms . . • • PART I. ACCIDENCE (T)eittieotAr). 1. The Irish alphabet contains eighteen letters ; the vowels are a, e, i, o, u; the consonants, b, c, x), p, 5, n, t, m, n, p, r, r, c- 2. A, o, u are called broad vowels; e and 1 are called slender vowels. The vowels may be either long or short. The long vowels are marked by means of a fine-At) (') placed over the vowel; e.g., X)ax), mof, cu, fi, me, C|ve. 7. An Irish consonant is broad whenever it is beside a broad vowel, in the same word; it is slender when beside a slender vowel. Aspiration (Seithiii). 15. When we say that an Irish consonant is aspirated, we mean that the breath is not completely stopped in the formation of the consonant, and hence the consonantal sound is continuous, and usually fricative. 16. Aspiration is marked in writing and in print by placing a dot over the consonant aspirated, e.g., X), 6, "6. The numbers prefixed to the paragraphs are taken from ^pAim^Aji tiA gAe-oilse (Christian Brothers), and indicate the sections where fuller information may be found. 17, In writing, nine of the consonants, viz., b, c, T), p, 5, m, p, f, c, can be aspirated. Rules for Aspiration of Initial Consonant. 21. (a) The possessive adjectives (TIa n-Ai-o- i-A(icA SeAtb^C^) mo, my; x>o, thy; and a, his, cause aspiration — mo X)6, my cow. The letters b and p frequently remain un- aspirated after prepositional compounds of mo, e.g., X\a bi Am bo'6|\At); ca fe Am pocA. Adjectives used as prefixes aspirate — Ua *0|\OC-pjA'OA|\ fUZ. If the initial consonant of the second word of the compound be b or m, it is not aspirated after m or m; neAtri-buAn ; coim-mcAf. (b) The article (An c-Atc) aspirates the initial consonant of nouns (except those beginn- ing with T), c, f) in the nominative and accusa- tive feminine singular, and in the genitive masculine singular. "Oo fuit) ah bcAti; -outi Ati ftjinneos; ca mAc An pifv aj obAif. (c) In compound words the initial con- sonant of the second word is aspirated, f eAn- ffiACAiiA, a grandmother. The letters -o and c are never aspirated after a word that ends in one of the letters •o, n, c, t, r- (d) The interjection a (An c-tiAitibtAeAf) preceding the vocative case, causes aspiration to the initial consonant of nouns of both genders and both numbers — a Sexim^if; a •Ouine; a rho.CAi|\; a C^i^A-oe. (e) The initial consonant of an adjective is aspirated when it agrees with a feminine noun in the nominative and accusative singular, or with a masculine noun in the genitive singular, and in the dative and the vocative singular of both genders; in all cases of the dual number, also in the nominative and accusative plural when the 'uoun ends in a slender consonant — Ua bo triAoL AgAm; if cufA mAC An piiA ni6i|\; "oo t)iot fe tiA cApAitt beAgA; CA bpuit An t)a Cijac bAnA ? (g) The initial consonant of a verb (t)tAi aca|\) is aspirated — (1) in the imperfect, the simple past, and the conditional (ordinary forms). Aspiration does not usually occur in the auto- nomous forms, except in some of those of the verb " Ua." X)o "ounAf An -oofAf ; "oo nun At) An -oofAf; -oo bitcAf Ag obAif. (2) after ni,* not; niA, if; mA-p, as; r^t (or fAf) before; and all the compounds of fo (§278), e.g., caja pAgAif An teAbAjA ? (3) after the relative particle a, e.g., ni mife a ceAp e. (h) The word following bA and bA-o (the past tense and conditional of if) is usually aspirated — X)a bt^eAj An t\At)A|AC e. (i) The simple prepositions (TIa tleArh- pocAit) except A5, Af, gAn, 50, 1, and le, cause aspiration — UAbAijA x)o pA-ojAAis e. In phrases, * In the case of the verb pASAim, / get or find, eclipsis rather than aspiration after ni is heard in Munster, e.g., ni bpASAtm; ni bpuAiAAf ; ni bfAiseA-o, Tttl. however, it is usual for g^n to aspirate, e.g., 5 An niAifg 5 An bAojAt; gAn ceA^tc 5 An C6i|\, TIM.. If the noun after a^ be used in a general sense, aspiration does not take place; e.g., Af mui-p, on sea; A-p bojAt) tuinge, on board a ship, -]ft. The verbal noun when used after a|\ to denote state, not action, has its initial consonant unaspirated, e.g., a|\ fin catd; a|\ cfoCAt); A-p CA-p|\Ain5, -]fl. (;) The Numeral adjectives (riA n-Ai-o- iaCca "UirtipeACA), Aon, one; "da, two: ceAT>, first; cfeAf, third: cause aspiration: Ua t)A CApAtt Ann; if mife An ceAt) GuACAitt. Note. — The initial letter of cfiAn, a third, is eclipsed after t)^, e.g., tA *ocpiAn, two thirds. Ufi, ceitfe, CIJ15, fe, aspirate when followed by the singular number — ii)uAit fe cfi buitte. Eclipsis (tiitittt>iii) 22. Eclipsis is the term used to denote the suppression of the sounds of certain initial consonants, by substituting others produced by the same organs of speech. 23. Only seven consonants can be eclipsed, viz.; b, c, T), f, 5, p, c. Each consonant has its own eclipsing letter. 25. b is eclipsed by tn. c ,, ,, s. ■o ,, > .> n. 5 ,. V .. » b, c ,, , ,, 'O, as A mt)6, their cow. ,, Af gc^pAtt, our horse. ,, A|\ n-Dxin, our poem. ,, 1 t)-|:tnt, in blood. ,, A Ti^o, their goose. ,, Abpx.\ipeAt\, thar paper. ,, A rjcA\\X), their bull. It will be seen that the unvoiced, and voiced consonants are eclipsed respectiveh' by their kindred voiced and nasal consonants. Rules for Eclipsis. 26. (a) The possessive adjectives ^t^, our; bwf, your; a, their, cause eclipsis; beit) a|\ nx)oCAin A\\Aor) Ann; T)e bujA mbe^tA. {b) The article eclipses in the genitive plural (both genders) — Ca^jaaij nA bpe^n; SliAb nA mt) An. (c) The simple prepositions followed by the article eclipse the initial consonant of singular nouns — Ca-o ca a|v An jcApAtt ? An |\Aib cu A5 An 5CAH|\A15 ? "Oo and "oe followed by the article may aspirate: -oo'n fre»Jt\, or -oo'n Dpe^f , to the man. (d) The numeral adjectives fCAcc, occ, nAoi, and •oeicf (7, 8, 9, 10), and their com- pounds 27, 28, etc., cause eclipsis — bi fCACc mbA fA 13A1|AC. (e) The initial consonant of a verb is eclipsed after ad, ca, Ca {not), 50, -oa, mu|AA * Only the n is written. See St'^imoAp tiA .s^'^e'^^'^S®' t A common apparent exception is -oeic cinn. (muriA), daC, and the relative a preceded by a preposition — cA tipuit f e, where is he ? n^C t)ptiit fe bfveoice, is he not sick ? Insertion of n, r, and V\. 27. (a) When a word begins with a vowel n ,is prefixed in all positions, in which a consonant would be eclipsed unless the pre- ceding word ends in n — A-p nAt^ijA aza A-p neAiti ; ce^tinuije^f f e^Cc n-uAin ; but, zA aw X)ax> a|\ aw uifce. [h) Prepositions (except -oo and "oe in Munster) ending in a vowel prefix n to the possessive adjectives a (=his, her, their), ^t\, t)tj|\; t)iof -Ag CA^r\nTZ te r\-A rhi.CAi|\. 28. (a) The article prefixes c to masculine nouns beginning with a vowel in the nom- inative and accusative singular — C*\o|^a rh6|\ ah c-uAtt 1 X)1(:ax>; "oo CAitt fe Ar\ c-aiia^cat). (c) To a noun beginning with f followed by n, t, or |\, or bj^^ a vowel, c is prefixed by the article in the nominative and accusative femi- nine, and the genitive masculine singular — Y\a t)|\1f An CftAC; CA IJfUlt cig ati cfA^Ai-pc ? (c) The word aoti prefixes c to nouns whose initial consonant is f, followed by a vowel, or by t, n, or |\, e.^., ni't Aon cftige Ann. 29. Particles, which neither aspirate nor eclipse, and which end in a vowel, prefix n to words beginning with a vowel, e.g., a, hei'; 50, te, "OAfA (zA^nA), ct\i, f6, tiA (^^e) in the genitive singular feminine and in the nomin- ative, accusative, and dative plural, the particle -oo before the autonomous form of the verb; a {=ax') out of — U^inig a r\-AtA^\^; "oo ■h-AilAige^t) An 5t6|\; "o'lmcij -pe a li-6i|\inn. Whenever aspiration would normally occur to other consonants after n, c is prefixed to words beginning with f , e.g., UAim tAn-zfAyzA; X)mx>A'[\ x^e tATi-cfeot; *' 'Oo'n cfjAAix) nuAi^A a c^ijitn mA|\ -Aon ■A|\ cuAift)." 30. Attenuation (Uinnj) is the process of making a broad consonant slender. This is usually denoted by placing an i immediately before the consonant: e.g., b^f, bAif (death). 33. Syncope (Cuimt^Ki) is the elision of an unaccented vowel or digraph from the last syllable of a word of more than one syllable, whenever the word is lengthened by an inflection beginning with a vowel : e.g., coTDtAim, I sleep, from ceo Ait; mAi-one from mAi-oeAn [morning). THE ARTICLE (Atl C-Atc). 37. In Irish there is only one article, An. In the singular, the form for all the cases is An, except that of the genitive feminine which is nA. In all the cases of the plural the form is nA. 39. The prepositions i, in, or Ann, in; te, with, take f before the article, e.g,, mf An 10 leAti)Ap, in the book; teif ati bpeAjt, with the man. In Munster 6, -oo, and "oe, and sometimes other prepositions (ct^e, Aige, etc.) take f before the plural article — UaIdaip x>o friA bu^iG e. 40. For the initial changes produced by the article: See §§ 21 (5); 26 (b), (c); 28 (a), (b); 29. THE NOUN (All Ainm). 41. There are only two genders in modern Irish, the masculine and the feminine. 42. Masculine Nouns : (a) Names and occu- pations of males; (b) Personal agents ending in oif , AM[\e, tJToe, or ac: (c) Diminutives in in or Sn, and abstract nouns in ^f; (d) Many nouns ending in a broad consonant. 43. Feminine Nouns : (a) Names and desig- nation of females; {b) Names of countries and rivers; (c) Nouns of two or more syllables ending in acz and all nouns in -65; (d) Abstract nouns formed from the genitive singular femi- nine of adjectives; (e) Monosyllabic nouns ending in a slender consonant. Many nouns, formerly neuter, are some- times regarded as masculine, sometimes as feminine. They have not yet secured definite recognition under either heading, e.g., Ainm, longn^x), pcAT). 44. In Irish there are five Cases — the Nomi- native (An UuifeAt Ainmne^c), the Accusative 11 (An Utiife.At Cufp6iiAe.AC), the Genitive (An UuifeAt 5^1"^^^"^^) J th^ Dative or Preposi- tional (An Utjife^t UAt)x3^|\cA6), and the Vocative (An UuifCAt ^^if^^-*^^)* 52. There are five declensions of nouns, and they are classified according to the manner in which they form the Genitive Singular. First Declension (Ati Coat) t)iociAotiAt)). 53. All the nouns of the first declension are masculine, and end in a broad consonant. 54. The genitive singular is formed by attenuation, § 30; the dative singular and genitive plural are similar in form to the nomi- native singular; the vocative singular and nominative plural are similar in form to the genitive singular. The vocative plural is fromed by dropping the -it) of the dative plural if the latter ends in aaX); otherwise, it is like the nominative plural. 55. An ^•^^T^r^^j ^^^ boy. Singular Plural (An Umnti U^tAi-o). NOM. & Ace. Ar\ ^A\\yur\ (An UirhijA lolitAit)) nA ^.A-pfuin Gen. .An j^ffuin Dat. (a|\) An n^xj^Afun Voc. A $A|\fijin nA ngxiffun (a|a) nA sAjifun/Mt) A -^A^KfvnA 56. Nouns of the first declension of more than one syllable ending in aC or caC form their genitive singular by changing a6 or e^c into xiig or 15, respectively. 12 60. Vowel Changes. Change €a or eu in nom. sing, into ^i in gen. sing, o (short) ,, ,, ,, ,, ui ,, ,, ,, 10 or eA ,, ,, ,, ,,1 ,, ,, ,, Change ia into 6i in i^fc, cIiaO, tli^Li, 51 Alt, fci^Ll, pi AC, and a few others. 62. SiNGULAE (Uirhif \iAtA^^O) N. &A. ATI bACAt An ■peA-p An cnoc Gen. Ar\ tACA^■^ An pip An tnuic DAT. (aj) An nibACAC (aj) An GpeAf (Ap) An 5cnoc Voc. A t)ACA1$ A pip (a cnuic) Plural (tiirhif lotpAit)) N. & A. nA bACAig nA pip nA cnuic Gen. r\A nibACAC nA bpeA|\ n<i gcnoc Dat. (A5) nA bACACAib (aj) nA peA-pAib A|\ nA cnocAit) Voc. A bACAtA A peApA (a CnOCA) Irregularities in the First Declension, 64. TTlAc, a son; biA-o, food and cac, a steed; become mic and bi-0 and eiC in the genitive singular. 65. x^on<^C, a fair; ■oopAp, a door; Ain^eAi, an angel; b6tA^, a road; inA-opA-o, a dog; piAbpAt), a chain, and iriAjAjA-o, a market, become AoncAije (or AonAije), t)0ippe, Ainjle, bOitfe, tnA-opAi-Ce, pLAbpAi'Oe, and niAp5Ait)e in the nominative plural. 66. The following nouns take a in the nominative plural: bptiAC, a brink; cAOf, a berry; xjeop, a tear; peAnn, a pen; peot), a jewel; pmeAp, a blackberry; ubAiL, an apple (ubiA), mAc, a son. 67. The following take ca in the nominative plural: peot, a sail; cool, music; nt^.^i, a cloud; pc^Ai, a story; cuAn, a harbour; cfeA'D, a hundred; lion, a net. 13 Second Declension (An CAtitiA "DioctAotiAb). 71. All nouns of the second declension end in consonants, and are feminine. The geni- tive singular is formed by adding e; (if the noun ends in a broad consonant, it must be attenuated, § 30), and if the last consonant is 6, it is changed into 5 (except in words of one syllable). The dative singular is formed by dropping the e of the genitive. The vocative singular is like the nominative. The nomi- native plural is formed from the nominative singular by adding a or e; the genitive plural is like the nominative singular. 78. For vowel changes in genitive singular refer to § 60, to which add, ia becomes ei. N. & A. Gen. Dat. Voc. N. & A. Gen. Dat. Voc. An b*i65 11A bfoise (aji) An mbp6t5 (a bpos) nA bpogA T\A nibti65 (a\\) nA bpojAib (a bposA) Singular. An ceAjtc nA cif'ce (aji) An 5Ci|tc A ceAfic Plural. nA ceA^tCA nA gceApc Ap nA ceA|ACAib A CeAJICA An CAilleAC nA CAilli^e (a|i) An 5CAilti5 A CAilleAC nA CAllleACA nA 5CAilleAC (aji) nA CAilleACAib A CAllleACA 87. The following nouns take eAuriA in the nominative plural; cuif, a cause; tuit), an herb; beim, a stroke; ■ouAif , a prize ; teim, a leap; aic, aplace; fcoit, a school; c6im, a step; uA^^, an hour; f|\Ait), a street; pAijAc, a field; peif, a festival, a feis. 88. The following take baCa in nominative plural: — obAit^ (oit)i\eA(^.A), a work; ticif (ticucACA), a letter; ut) {M^X)eACA), an egg (also uibe) ; patoija (pAit>t\eACA), a prayer; T\^S\X), a street; neA-o, a nest. 14 89. The nominative plural of coili., a wood; cif, a country; ^SAit), a face; rpeif, the sky, are, coiltce, ciofCA, ^ijte, -ppeAfCA. Third Declension (An ctiioniA^ 'DioctAotiAt)). 91. The third declension includes (1) per- sonal nouns ending in oifv or eit\ (all masculine), (2) derived nouns in acc (all feminine); (3) verbal nouns ending in aCz and AtfiAin or AriiAinc; (4) most nouns ending in t, (5) other nouns ending in consonants which are, as a rule, masculine or feminine, according as they end in broad or slender consonants. 92. The genitive singular is formed by adding x\. If the last vowel of the nominative is 1, preceded by a broad vowel, the 1 is usually dropped in the genitive, as moin, genitive, tnoDA. The vowels of the nominative often undergo a change in the genitive. These changes are the reverse of the vowel changes in the 1st and 2nd declensions (§ 60). Change — 1, 10 or ei (short) in nom. into ca in the gen. u or ui „ ,, „ o ,, ,, ,, ^^ iJ >5 >J ^•^ 55 )5 5? 93. The nominative plural is usually similar in form to the genitive singular; but persona] nouns ending in oit^ and ei|\ add i to the nominative singular to form the nominative plural. 15 Examples ("DeiftnijieAccA.) -An loc Ar\ cpiof An bi'ooip An buAdAilt the la lie the girdle the boatman the boy Singular. N. &A. ATI toe An cpiof An bA-ooip An bUACAlll Gen. Atl lOCA An cpeAfA An t)A-o6pA An buACAllA Dat. (ap) ATI loc (ap) An scjiiof {&\\) An TnbA-oditt (ap) An mbuACAill Voc. (a loc) (a CpiOf) A t)A-D6ip A bUACAlll Plural . N. & A. nA locA nA cpeAfA nA bATDOipi nA buACAilU Gen. nA loc nA scpiof nA mbA-D6ip(i) nA mbuACAill(i) Dat. (ap) nA (ap) nA (ap) nA (ap) nA loCAlt) CpeAfAlt) bA-o6ipib buACAlllffe Voc. (a loc a) (a cpeAfA) A bATJOipi A buACAllll 104. The following nouns form their nominatives plural by adding rniA to the genitive singular; — Am, time; ft^ut, a stream; "oiAuim, a back; gtAenn, a piece; cle^f, a trick; An Am, a soul; ipAt, a reason; At, a ford; cAt, a battle; cfAt, a time; bi^c, a flower; 51.1t:, a voice; C10C, a shower; mot), a manner; cui-o, a portion. Fourth Declension (An CeAt|iAthAt> "DioctAonAt)). 106. The fourth declension includes (1) diminutives in in, (2) most nouns ending in a vowel. All the cases of the singular are alike in form. The nominative plural is formed by adding i (if the nominative singular ends in e the e is dropped). Singular Plural Singular Plural , N. & A. An bAi-ofn nA bAiTDini An geACA nA SCACAf Gen. An bifofn nA mbAi-oini An geACA nA n^eACAi Dat. (mp) An (inf) nA (as) An (as) nA TnbAi"oin bAiX)inib nscACA 5eACA<5 Voc. (a bAi-oin) (a bAiT)inl) (a seACA) (a seACAi) 16 113. b^ite, a town; teine, a shirt; mite, a thousand; ceine, a fire; caoi, a method; "o^oi, a fool; f-Aoi, a wise person; ■o-p^oi, a druid; and "otAoi, a curl, make nomi- natives plural, bAitce, t6ince(»4CA), milce, ceince(A6A), cAoite, x>Ao^te, f^oite, "of Aoite, and •oUioite. Nouns ending in -Oe or $6 take te in nominative plural, e.g., ct\oit)e, cfioTote. The nominatives plural of -otiine and ni-o are "OAoine and Tieite. "Hie Fifth Declension (An CwijtiiAb "DioctAOtiA^). 116. Most nouns of this declension end in a vowel, and are, with a few exceptions, femi- nine. The genitive singular is usually formed by the addition of n, nn, or c (broad). The dative singular is formed by attenuating the genitive § 30, except in those nouns which add c, when the dative is like the nominative (usually). 119. The nominative plural is formed (1) by adding a to genitive singular, ^.^., pe^pf An-A, cAt\\.A(:.A ; (2) by the addition of e to the genitive singular, accompanied with syncope (§ 33), e.g. J 5Ait)ne, ciifVT)e, guAitne, ingne the nomi- native plural of 5At)A, ca^a, juaIa, iodja, (3) by attenuating the genitive singular, e.g., LxJiC^in, corriAff Ain. The genitive plural is similar in form to the genitive singular. 17 N.&A. Gen. Dat. Voc. N.&A. Gen. Dat. Voc. Singular (An tiiTfiif ViAtA^t>). An At)A ATI CAtlA ATI CACAOip AD CAOf A ATI IaCA DA h-AbATlTl ATI CApAT) TIA CACA01|^eAC TIA CAOpAC TIA lAtAtl (iTIf) ATI (as) ATI (Aft) ATI (a\\) ATI {a\\) ATI AbAinn 5CAfiAiT) gCAtAoit* 5CA01P15 Iacaiti (a aBa) a CA^IA (a CACAOip) A CAOftA A IaCA Plural (An tlirhif loifAi-o). TIA Vi-Aibne TIA CAiji-oe tia CACAOifeACA TIA CAOipij TIA Iacaiti (tia CA)1A1-o) TIA n-At)AT1T1 TIA 5CAPA-0 flA 5CACAOI peAC TIA gCAOJIAC TIA t AC An (iTIf) TIA (as) TIA 1l-Alt)nit) CAipxiib (a Aibne) A CAitvoe (&\y) TIA CAt- (ap) tia (ap) nA AOItieACAlb CAOHACAlt) lACAtlAlb (a CACAOHteACA) A CAOpACA A t,ACAnA IRREGULAR NOUNS (AintntieACA tieAiri-niASAtcA). 132. NoM., Ace., Voq. Gen. Dat. Sing. AtA^■[\, a father AtAX^ AtA^^ Plur. Aitfie, AiCfteAtA Ait^ieAC A^t'^eAtA^X) Sing. tteAn, a woman mnA mnAoi Plur. vnnA hAW mniit) Sing. X)6, a cow DO t)uin (b6) Plur. X)A t»6 buAit) Sing. tA, a day tAe tA, 16 Plur. t^eCe [awza) tAete, tA tActm Sing. mi, a month miofA mi, mif Plur. mio-pA miof miofAit!) Sing. fciAn, a knife ■peine fciAn, fcin Plur. fceAnA fciAn fceAnxMt) Sing. ftiAt), a mountain rt6it)e ftiAt), rl6i0 Plur. ft^ittce fl6it)ce fieibcit) Sing. cig, ceAC, a house ci$e ci$, ceAC Plur. ciste cijte, ceAC cistit) Sing. T)iA, God T)e "DlA Plur. "o6iCe •ofeite ■D^ltltl ■niAtAift, bfAtAijA, •oeA|\t)|AAtAif, are declined like acai|\. The gen. of -oeitibfiOn, a sister, is •oei|\t>feAtA|\, After numerals use mi and ti^; e.g., otz mi, f6 t^. 18 DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES (T)10CtA0tlAt) tlA ti-AIDlACC). First Declension (Ati Coat) tDfoctAotiATa). 134. This declension includes all adjec- tives ending in a broad consonant. The vowel changes for the genitive singular are the same as those in the case of nouns §§ 60,78. Examples (DeiftnitteAccA). Singular Number (tJiTtiif x^^tA^■6). N. & A. ATI ipe&\\ Tn6p ati peAp beAg ati peAji ^nficAd Gen. An pip ttioiji ad pip t»i5 ati pip 5n6cAi5 Dat. (a5) An t)peAp Th6p (as) An t)peAp t)eA5 (a^) An bpeAp 5n6cAC Voc. A pip TTl6ip A ^ip tig A pip 5n6cAi§ Plural Number (tJinii-p loi-pAit)). N. & A. nA pip TTiopA nA pip t)eA5A nA pip jndcACA Gen. nA t)peAp mop nA T)peAp mbcA^ nA bpeAp nsnocAC Dat. (a5) aa peApAit) (as) nA peApAib (aj) nA peApAi6 TnopA beASA gndcACA Voc. A peApA m6pA A pCApA beA5A a peApA gtldCACA Singular Number (UirnitA tJ^e^Mt)). N.&A. An seipppeAC TTi6p An seipppeAd beAj An seipppeAC jndcAC Gen. nA seipppije Tn6ipe nA geippp ige bise tia seipppije 5n6t&is» Dat. as An nseipppig (as) An nseippp'S (^s) ^n nseipppij Tri6ip bis 5n6tAi5 Voc. A seipppeAi TTi6p a ^eippp eAt boAS a seipppcAi sn6cA6 Plural Number (tlirtiin lotfAro). N.<tA. nA seippf CACA nA geippp oa^a nA se'Prr®^^^ m6pA bftASA Sn6tACA Gen. nA nseipppeAt tiA nsoipppeAd nA nseipppeAd mop mbeAS nsn6cAC Dat, (as) nA seippf©A6- (as) "a seippp^^*^" {*5) "'*' setppr^^d- Alb m6pA Alb bCASA Alb S^^tACA Voc. A seipppcAdA m6pA a i^eippfeAdA bcAjA a ^eipppcAtA SndcAdA Adjectives ending in -a<^ frequently resist inflection in the dative feminine singular. 19 Second Declension (An CAjinA "DtoctAonAt). 142. All adjectives ending in a slender con- sonant, except those in ArhAit, belong to the second declension. In the singular number all the cases of both genders are alike, except the genitive feminine which is formed by adding e. In the plural number all the cases of both genders are formed by adding e to the nomi- native singular, except the genitive, which is similar in form to the nominative singular. Example ("DeiimiifteAcc). Singular Number (Uirfiif tiAtxiit)). N. & A. An capaU mftic ad ceAtic tiiAic Gen. An cApAill tiiAic nA cipce niAice DaT. (ap) An jCApAll liiAic (ap) A-n scipc liiAic VOC. A CApAlll mAIC A CeAJ^C 1T1A1C Plural Number (tlirhif loi.fAi-6). N. & A. nA cApAilt TOArce nA ceA^CA niAice Gen. nA scapaU mAti nA sccApc niAic DAT. (Af) nA capaUai!) mAite (Ajt) nA ceAticAtB mAite Voc. A capaUa mAice a ^eA^CA mAice Third Declension (An CtiiowAii t)ioctAonA^). 146. The third declension includes all adjectives ending in Arh.Ait. In both numbers the inflections for the two genders are alike. The genitive singular and 20 the nominative accusative, dative, and voca- tive plural are formed by adding a (with syncope, § 33). Example ("DeifttiitteAcc). Singular Number (An v^^m^\^ V^AtA^^6). N. & A. All pOAp CpiOCtlATTlAll AH tteATI CJIIOCIIAtTIAlt Gen. ATI pip cpiocriAtTilA riA mriA cfiioctiAtrilA DaT. A5 ATI bpOAp CpiOCnATtlAll (as) ATI TDTIAOI CpiOCTT ATTIAll Voc. A pip cjiiocnATriAit a beATi cpiocnAtriAil, Plural Number (An tiiitiif loifAi-o). N. & A. riA pip cpiocriATTiVA da mtiA cpiocnAtiitA Grn. tia bpeAp 5cpiocnATTiAit tia mbAn 5cpiocnAiriAit Dat. (aj) tia peApAib cpioc- A5 tia mriAib cpioctiATTilA tiattiIa Voc. A peApA CpiOCriATTllA A TTIDA CpiOCn AtTltA Fourth Declension (An CeAC|iAtiiAt) T)ioctAOtiAt>). 148. All adjectives ending in a vowel belong to the fourth declension. *They are not in- flected. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (tiA ceinieAiitiA coiriDeitse). 153. In Irish there are two comparisons, (1) the comparison of equality, (2) the com- parison of superiority. The comparison of equality is formed by putting Corn before the adjective, and te (or leif before article) after it. If a verb occurs * Ce, warm, has ceo in the genitive feminine singular, and in its plural forms. 21 in the second portion of the sentence, Aguf must be used instead of te. "Ca Se^gin cotri t^i"oi]A te SeAtnuf. John is as strong as James. Uaitt) cotri m<Mt "o'peAp teAc-fA. / am as good a man as you. Hit fe coni tATOi-p ^^tif X)^ f6. He is not as strong as he was. 155. The comparison of superiority has three degrees — the positive, (^n t)un-ceim); the comparative, (^n l3|\eif-Ceim); and the super- lative, (ati cr.^t^-cenn). The Comparative and superlative have the same form as the genitive singular feminine of the adjective. The comparative is usually preceded by Tiiof (ni(t)) + if), and followed by tia (than); if a verb occurs in the second portion of sentence, use nA mAfv. If site 4n 5tMAn nA An geAtAt. The sun is brighter than the moon. We can also say: Ca An 5^1 An niof gite riA An gcAtAC. Ua fe niof tAi*ofe Anoif nA mAf a X)^ f6 iMArh. He is stronger now than ever he was. If the comparison is completely past in the mind of the speaker, ni t)A is used instead of niof, but if the present time is not com- pletely excluded, niof 7nay be used. If "ooiC tiom 50 fAit) f6 niof (ni \)a) tAi-Ofe nA SeAgAn. I think that he was stronger than John; but, t)A -ooic tiom 50 fAiG f^ ni X)6 22 lAiTD|\e riA Se^jATi. 7 thought that he was stronger than John. 159. The superlative degree must always be preceded by the verb if. (t)A is used in the past tense, and b^-o in the conditional). The highest hill in Ireland: An cnoc if Aoi|\'oe 1 ti-eifinn. 1f and t>A are relatives in such constructions. The following illustrate common idiomatic uses of the positive, comparative and superlative with the relative form of the verb if: — An feA|\ 05 if mof CAit, The young man of great repute; 111 f^ACA fiAtfi fexif If \M%A eA^iA r\A 6, I never saw a more fearless man than he; An fe^if 05 If mo CAit, The young man of greatest repute; ** t)eAn if mo neAfc Aguf bfig." Note also : — Tli fe^ffoe (=fe/iff +'oe) cu 6, You are not the better of it. Similarly; — '' rii cfuimi-oe aw to 6 ^n VAtA\ Til cfuimiT)e eAt aw ffiAn; til cfuimi'De CAOfA a ti-otAnn Hi cftiimiT)e cotAnn ciAtt." IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES. An ■ftun-ceim. -An ■Diteif-c^ini, An t!)un-c6im. An t)peif-c6im. beA5, small I-^Sa pupuf, easy V^V^f "r^. pA-OA, long fiA, puine lontriAin, beloved AnnfA mop, big mo S^p, near (of place) soipe. olc, bad meAfA pogur, near poigf e (poirse) m Alt, good peApp cpeAn, strong, brave cpeife jeApp, short gioppA gpAn-OA, ugly spAm-oe. bpeA5, fine bpeAJcA lom-oA, many tiA. mmic, often mitnci, mioncA Ap-o, high AOip-oe. ce, Weirm ceo coip, right c6f«A. 23 167. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES (11A ri-Ait)iACCA tiiiiineACA). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11, 12, 13, 14. 15, 16, 17. 18, 19. 20. 21. 22. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. 101. tiA t)un-uitTii\eACA. Aon CApAll AITIAin ; CApAtt. 1st. •6a CApAll. 2nd. cpi CApAill. 3rd. ceicpe (ceiciie)cApAitV. 4th. CU15 CApAiit. 5th. fe CApAiLl. 6th. ■peAcc gCApAitt. 7th. occ 5CAPA1IL. 8th. TlAOl gCApAllt. 9th. ■oeic gcApAitt. 10th. Aon CApAll ■oeAj. 11th. ■6a CApAll TDBAg. 12th. Cpi CApAlll -D^Ag. 13th. CeiCpe CApAlll TDBAJ. 14th. CU15 CApAlll -oeAj. ' 15th. f e CApAlll x>6a^. 16th. •peAcc 5CAPA1II -oeAS. 17th. occ 5CAPA1II x)eA5. 18th. TIA01 gcApAill •oeA5. 19th. pice CApAll. 20th. CApAll 11' pice (ap pici-o) 21st. (piceAT)). ■6a capaU if pice (aji pici-o) (piceA-o) ■oeic 5CAPA1II if pice (Af pici-o) (piceAT)). CpiOCA CApAll. •OACA^D CApAll. CeACf ACA CApAll. ■oeic 5CAPA1II If ■oAtA^o; CA05A CApAll ; leAc- CCA^D CApAll. Cfl pici^o CApAll; peAfSA CApAll. •oeic 5CAPA1II If CJ11 pici-o. peAccniosA CApAll. ceicfe pici-o capaII. OCCltlOJA CApAll. •oeic 5CApAill If ceicfe pidi'o. Tl6CA CApAll. C^A-O CApAll. CApAll A5t1f COAT). tlA h-Ofo-uitiijieACA. An ceA-o CApAll. An TDApA (caHHa) CApAll. An cuioriiA-o (cfCAf) CApAlV. An CeArtlAITlA-6 CApAll. An C1J15;»TIAT) CApAll. An feriiA-6 CApAll. An feACcrriA-o CApAll. An c-occriiAo CApAll. An nAoniA6 CApAll. An TDeicriiAT) cApAll. An c-AontriA-o CApAll "O^AS. An •OAf A CApAll •oeAg. An cfioniA'D CApAll -oeAg. An CeACpAlilA'D CApAll-OeAg. An cui5rhA-6 CApAll xieA'g. An f enTAX) CApAll ■oeA5. An f eAcoiiAT) cApAll x)6a5. An C-OCOTIAT) CApAll -oeAS. An nAotTiAT) CApAll "oeAg. An pictriA-6 CApAll. An c-AonniAO capaII piceA^o. 22nd. An ■OAf a CApAll piceA-o. 30th. 40th. 50th. An ■oeictnA'O CApAll piceA-o. An rflOCA-OA-6 CApAll. An -OAtA-OTriA-O CApAll. An CeAt|lACA-OAT) CApAll. An xyeictTiAO CApAll if -oaca-o An CA05A-DA'6 CApAll. 60th. 70th. 102. ^6^1 CApAll A5Uf ceA-o. An cfi piceA-OA-6 CApAll. An fBAfCA-OA-O CApAll. An X)eicrTiA-6 CApAll if Cjtf piCIT). An peACcrhosA'DAo CApAll. An ceitjie piceAxiA-o CApAll. An C-OCCrhoSA'DA'O CApAll. 90th. An •oeiCTTiAO caqaII if ceitf e piCfO. An nOCA-OA^D CApAll. An CeAT)lhA'6 CApAll. An C-AOnrilA-O CApAll A5Uf ceA-o. An X)Af A CApAll Aj;Uf C^A*©. 80th. 100th. 101st. 102nd. 24 The cardinals are used in counting (without expressing the noun), thus; a n-Aon, a x>6, a C|\i, A ceAtAi\y, A 01115, A fe, a feAcc, a ti-occ, A DAoi, A T)eiC, A 1i-Aon "oeAg, A X)6 "66^5, . . . A ti-Aon if -pice, etc. Notice a -do and a ceAtA^\^. The following forms are very convenient for use in arithmetic, particularly in dealing with large numbers: — 20. -OA -oeic. 60. fe-oeic. 30. cpi -oeic. 70. peACc n-oeic. 40. ceicpe •oeic. 80. occ maeic. 60. CU15 -oeic. 90. DAOi n-oeic. 9,876 trees. TIaoi mtle, occ scdAX), fCACC nx)eic if a fe x>e CJIAtlTlAlt). In modern Irish the numerals -piCe, 20; and compounds of pCe; ceA-o, 100; mite, 1,000, though nouns are frequently regarded as simple numeral adjectives which take the noun after them in the singular number. Strictly speaking, they should be followed by the genitive plural. The numerals from three to six both included, may take the singular number w^hen unity of idea is expressed, in which case they aspirate, viz.: — t)uAit f6 rtA cfi t)tiitte. CuplA, a couple, takes the singular, e.g., CuplA cAtAo^\^. Ufi, Ceit|\e, CU15, and fe (as well as fe^Cc, oCc, n^oi, and "oeic) cause eclipsis in the genitive plural: A Oe^n ha -ocfi mbo. THE DUAL NUMBER (An U\m\p t)ei^e). X)A, " two " takes the noun after it in the dual number, which has the same form as the 25 dative singular. All the cases of the dual number are alike, but the form of the genitive plural is generally used for the genitive dual. The initial of the adjective qualifying the noun in the dual number is aspirated. The initial of the noun after x)a is aspirated. In the case of the word z^^An, a third, how- ever, eclipsis takes place, e.g., '• -oa -ociM^n 5Aoite te c|\AnnAit!)." The t) of x)A is aspirated, except after words ending in -o, n, c, t, f. The initial of the noun, and not that of -oA, is affected by the possessive adjectives, viz.: — A -OA t!)|\6i5 "oubA, his two black boots. A t>A bfoig -outDA, her two black boots. A X)A mb|Aoi5 t)ut)A, their two black boots. N. & ACC. An "OA ctuAif tteAjA. Gen. An -DA ctuAy V)eA^. Dat. (a\\) An -oa ctuA^y X)eA^A. The Personal Numerals (tlA h-tlirii|teACA peA|ifAncA). •ouine 1 person. foCCAjl 8 persons. fbeijAC 2 pe: sons. fnAont)4|^ 9 „ fctMup 3 t'oeicne<it)^Af 10 ,, tce.xtt^Ai^ 4 Aoinne x>eA^ 11 ,, tcingeAiA 5 ■|"o^|\e^\5 12 ,, tfeifGAtA 6 ct^i ■Dunie-Oe^is 13 ,, tmoiAfeife4p"\ 7 ceiet\e "bmne tre^tcc^r / ■OeA^ U „ t These personal numerals, with the exception of bsi)vc, are masculine, and are followed by the genitive plural : e.g., ad cpiiip peAji, clATin All cftip peAjv; ah fteipc pOAji, clAnn iia beitice peAp. 26 yeACx: irouine ■06^5 •piCe tJuiTie •Duine ^suf V^^^ ^1 bei-pc If -piCe 22 cpi ■Oume If fiCe 23 "oAtA-D ("OA -piCTo) •otJine 40 ■oume <v5Uf "DA- t<^•o 41 ■oeiC TTouine ^ AJUf •OAtA'O I ■oei(iiieAljA|\ r 50 If -OAtA-O j Aoinne x>€a^ 17 persons. if •oaca'o 51 persons, 20 ,, cjM "Omne -oeAs ,, If t) At At) 53 ,, cfxi fitiT) T)uine 60 ,, "Duine Ajuf Cfii fiCiT) 61 ,, beifc If cpi fICIt) c^At) "ouine •Quine Aguf c6ax) beij^c Ajiif C^AT) 62 100 101 102 179. The Possessive Adjectives {r^A'h-A^x)^A6zA SeAVbA^A) are mo, wjy; -oo, thy; a, his, or her; A|\, our; iDutA, j'owr; ^, their. The o of mo and -oo is elided before a vowel or p: e.g., m'AtAi|\, my father. T)o usually becomes c' before a vowel: e.^., c'^tAift, ^/z_y father. 195. The Demonstrative Adjectives (n^ h-AToi^CcA UcAfbAncAC^) are fo (or fco), this; f^n, foin (or fin), that; and u-o, that or yonder: e.g., An leAz-X'A An pe-Ann fo, nA \.eAX)A^\^ fin, AgUf -An mAtA UT) ? The forms in brackets are used after slender vowels or slender consonants. The article must oe used before the noun with these adjectives: e.g., ^n X)eAn fo, this woman; ^n fCA^f f-An, that man; va fif feo, these men. 27 Exceptions — (1) Before proper nouns — pA-ofAis feo 'gAinne. (2) before the vocative case — A pi-p ux) tAXXl 197. The Indefinite Adjectives (riAn-Ai-oiACc^ 6i5CiniiceACA) are Aon, any; ei5in(c), eicmc, some; cite, other; uite, all, whole; pe, whatever; and the phrase, ai^ bit, an^/ at all. Aon and pe precede their nouns, the others follow them. "Dpuit aoti jAe-oitg -a^ac ? Ca bpuit x^Ti "otime eite ? 201 . The Distributive Adjectives (riAti-Ai-oi a^ca tliA|\CACA) are ^aC, jac aoti, ^ac/^; jaC t\e, ^t;^ry other, every second; {aw) uite, jaC tiite (or 'Cuite), every; -oo triot fe gAC uite 5At\fijn; bim Ann 5A6 -pe mbtiA"6Ain. THE PRONOUN (At! ponAltim). 204. The Conjunctive Personal Pronouns* (tlA potAAinmn baCa peA|\fAncA CotnnAfCACA) are me, I; cu, thou; fe, he; fi, she; finn, we; fib, jyoM; fiA-o, they. The Disjunctive Personal Pronouns* (riA ■pofAinmneACA peAffAncA 'OionAfCACA) are me or me, 7, me; ti\ (cu), //^ow, ^/^^^; e, he, him; S, she, her; x^\m,we,us; x\Xi,you; ia-o, they, them. * For use of these pronouns refer to Syntax — The Pronoun. 28 The emphatic forms are: tnife, myself \ cufA, thyself; feife^n, himself; fife, herself; finne, ourselves; fitife, yourselves; fiAT)f-An, themselves. 216. Sixteen of the simple prepositions combine with the personal pronouns to form Prepositional Pronouns. As, at with Ax^, on "Do, to le, with A5Am, at me ofm, on me "ooni, me tiom, me A5AC, , thee ope, ,, thee •Duir, thee tex\c, thee A-i^e, , him A^^^, ,, him •DO, him teif, him A1C1, , her uiiAti ,, her ■oi, her tei(te), her A5Airin , us otAAinn ,, us •Duinn, us tinn, us xijAit), , you o^aaX) ,, you "oitt you lit), you ACM, , them ofCA ,, them -ooit), them leo, them 6, from fe, vMoi, under Cun, towards Connavght Munster. uAim •pOtn CujAm Cus^m UA1C ■puc CtlSAC CUJAC U^Mt) ■pcJ. pAoi cuige Cuise VIAltl ruiti Cuici CuiCe u-Ainn Triiinn <^^15Alnn «i$Ainn • UAlb ■pi'nO CugAiO eii$AiD UAtA Vt'itA tUCA txxtA 29 1 j llonn , Af, U-pe, UAf, tAfV, ilo^iii, before out of through beyond, by U6iti^*iii Afxim C|^ioin, c|niii CA-pm, copm T\6riiAC AfAC C1MOC, rfic CApC, CO|\C Tloinio, Af cfi-o CAIflf, CAf\C lloimif Hoinipe AlfCe, AlfCI cpite CAipfe "RoitiAinn AfAinn ctu'iin CA-pAinti nOniAit) Af Alt) cr^iG CAUdlD TlCmpA AfCA C|MOCA CAjAfCA COl-fCA 1, in -De, off, from along with tim, around 1"Oip, between lonnAm ■oiom •p.i-pAm imiAtn eA-ojAAm lonnAC •oioc ■pA^AC uniAC CA-OpAC Ann ■oe TTAitAir uime iT)in 6 innce ■01, -oi (r>i;\Ae) umipi Tom i lonnAinn ■oinn -pAiuMnn uniAinn eA"0|\Ainn lunnAili X>\V) ■pA^AlD um AiO eAt)fAit) lonncA "OiolJ (PA];oca) u'.npA eAcof\t:A 235. The Relative Pronouns (tia pojXAinm- ne^CA CoilDne^fCA) are xi, icv'/o, which, that; n^C, zt/'Ao «o/, which not, etc. ; 50, that; and a (causing eclipsis), what, that which, all that: e.g., ^n 30 \:eA\K tiaC mbeit) Ann — the man who will not be there; -An t)eAn 50 tiptiit ^n X)6 aici — the woman who has the cow. ImteocAit) a T)ciocpxM"o if a •ocAinig |\iArh. N.B. — After a superlative, or any phrase equivalent to a superlative, *oa (-0^1^ in past tense) is used for who, which, that. t)eA|\|?-A'o "ouic 5-aC tJite nit) T)a bptiit (or, 5^6 a t)fuit) As^m — / shall give yoit everything that I have. 238. The Demonstrative Pronouns (riA potx- AinmneACA UeAfbeAncACA) are e (i) feo, this; e (1) fin or fAn, that; e (i) fiu-o, that {yonder); lAT) fo, these; \ax> fAn (fin), those; \ax> fiux), ^^c»S6 (3'O^zi^r), t)o t>'e fin SeAgAn. That was John. Ce li-iAT) f o ? ^Ao «f^ these'i An e fiuT) UorriAf ? Is that {person yonder) Thomas ? T)eAnf Ait) fAn An 5n6. That will do {the business). 243. The Interrogative Pronouns (tia -pof- AinmneACA liriAffuijceACA) are ce (cia), who, which; cat), cA^x>e, ceAfX) (cfeAT)), what; ce teif ? whose ? ^.^., Cax) ca a^ac ? "PF^^i^ ^^i"^ you'i Ce Acu if f cAf f ? Which of them is the better! Ce teif An teAt^Af ? Whose is the book ? THE VERB (All bniACAU). 247. In Irish there are two conjugations. They are distinguished by the formation of the future tense. In the first conjugation the 1st pers. sing, of the future ends in f ax) or 31 ^eAX), and in the second conjugation it ends in (e)oCA'o. Each of the conjugations has three forms (1) the Synthetic (Ati t^ir^i UAitce), (2) the Analytic (x\n fu^]\rr^ ScA^tx^), (3) the Autono- mous (An SAOf-Vuit^m). J49. The synthetic form is that in which the persons are expressed by inflections, e.g., •DO rhot^f 4. In the analytic there is only one form and the persons are expressed by means of pro- nouns, e.g., "oo rhot me e. In the autonomous form the action of the verb is merely expressed, without mentioning the subject, e.g., X)o motA-6 e. 253. There are three moods — the Imper- ative (An mo-i:) Ot^-ouigteAc); the Indicative (An mot) UAfCAC); and the Subjunctive (An TTloT) y!ofu^t>T:eA6). The Imperative has only one tense — the present. The Indicative has five tenses — the present, the imperfect, the past, the future, and the conditional (or secondary future). The Subjunctive has two tenses— the present and the past. 261. In both conjugations there are two sets of terminations — (1) the broad, (2) the slender. The first set is used with verb-stems ending in a broad consonant; the second with those which end in a slender consonant. 32 FffiST CONJUGATION (All ceAT) neimiii«). TDot, praise. "buAit, strike, heat. IMPERATIVE MOOD, (Ati mot) onDMisteAC). PLURAL. motATO 3rd moLAt) f 6 molArorf (A-QAOIf) SING. 1st molAim 2nd mot SING by All mi bUAll, PLURAL. {buAilitnif buAiLoAm biiAitit) buAiteAt) f6 buAitTOif. AUTONOMOUS, (An SAo-p-t)fiAtAf), motrATi. buAilreA^. INDICATIVE MOOD (AH mot) C>6^SCA6). Present Tense (An AinifeAti tAictieAc). SING. PLURAL. molAim molAirnro motAifx tnotAnn fib molAnn f6 motAit) AUTON., mote AH. {AX\ SA0f-t)tl1AtATA), RELA-\»^otAr (C. & U.) TIVE, /tflotATin (M.) SING. PLURAL. biiAitim biiAitimit? bUAltl|t bUAllf^ATin fib buAitcAnn f6 buAitiT). buAitceA^. buAiteAf (C. & U.) buAiteATin (M.) 33 Past Tense (An AimfeAti CAicce) SING. PLURAL. SIXG. PLURAL. rholAf rhol •AID <>f t)v^^1le*^f rhol f 6 rhol^tJA-p rhotA-oAf GuAlllf t)tiAit ye GuAite^-oAf AUTON (An SA0f-l!)tl1At4|\), motAt:) . tniAiteAt). Imperfect Tense (An AimfOAtt SnAc-cAicco). rhol-iinn tfiolci. rhol^t) ]-e rholAimii" itlOLvNt) fit) rhot-AToif t)u*iilinr; t>iJAilcei tnjAiie^T) f e buAitimif GlKMlf^t) fit) t)u»iilix)if AUTON., (An SAott-t)iMACAt\), motcAi. tWAitci, mot-p^Tt) fe Future Tense (An AimfeA|i f^AifcineAc) tnol-F-iimi"o mol-p.M*o AUTON., (An SAot^-tJiMAtAf). tnol£A|A. RELA-\niolTAr (C. & U.) TIVE, /riiolp^Mt) (M.) buAil-pp^-D bu^Ml-pit^ buAil-pit) fe buAilf iim'T) bUJ>llflT) fit* bUAllf IT) buAitfeAp. OuAilfeAf (C & U.) t>UAllf<Mt) (M.) 34 CONDITIONAL .iiolfAinri rriol-pAimif riiotTTA tfiol-pAt) Titt iiiot-pAt) -p^ rhol^^vorp AUTON., (All coitiseAttAC).* tiuAil-pmn t)iiAit-pimi'p buAil-peA t)UAil-pev\t) f ttt liuAit^.^eA'6 f6 t)UAit]rrorp ttUAlt^l SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Atl ttiot) t?0-S«lt)CeAC). Present Tense (Art AimfeA|t tAictieAc), mot AT) motAirniT) motAii^ moLAvO T'^ motdrt \^^ inol.Ai-o motAt(M.)/ "— AUTON., (An SAOii-t)iAiAtAit), motCA-|A. buAiteA-o buAitin DtiAiLit) \ t)UAiIe"t (M.)/ buAiVtrnro bUAltl"0 fit) f6 tlUAltiT) DtiAilceA-p. Past Tense (An AimfSAti CAicce). mot A inn mote A mot At) f6 motAimif motAt) fib mOtATOIf buAitmn buAitceA buAiteA-o f e AUTON., (An SAot\-bi\iAtAn), motcAi . Verbal Noun An Amm tDi^AtAfbA J> motAii. Verbal Adjective l^otcA. (An ATOIACC t)f1ACA|lt)A) / — buAitimff buAiteA-O fib bUAltTOIf tmAitc!. bUAtAt). buAitce. * n6 ATI AimfeAti ■fo|i-^'AifcineAc. f These are the correct literan,"- forms. They are alwa\'s used in Munster, except before vowels, when the other form is used (-6=5). The forms ttioIai-o and buAili-6 are really the older forms of tne 3rd sing, present tense indie. 35 The Analytic Forms of the tenses given above are exactly like the forms of the 3rd person singular of the various tenses. The analytic form is not used in the 1st person singular, present tense, and is rarely found in the 1st and 2nd person singular, imperfect tense. The second i in the terminations itnit), AitniT), etc., is not pronounced long in Connaught or Ulster. 276. The Past, the Imperfect, and the Con- ditional are usually preceded by the particle ■oo when no other particle precedes them. In the spoken language t)o is often omitted, except when the verb begins with a vowel or -p, or an unaspirable consonant. The x)' has become so closely united to the verb, when the latter begins with a vowel, that we frequently find it aspirated, just as if the verb began with this consonant, e.g., tliotv ■b'ot -p^ t)fx}>on (for niojt 61 fe); An cufA An gAffUn A "D'ofCAlt An t)OttAf ? The initial of the autonomous form is not usually aspirated, e.g.,X)o biAife^-o An pumneos; •DO ti-Aft^uije^t) An feci. The Relative form is the same as the 3rd person singular in all the tenses, except the present and the future (in Connaught and Ulster). 278. The particle used formerly before the past tense was fo. It is now never used by itself, but it occurs in the following com- pounds : — 36 At^, whether (Ati+fo); su^a, that (so-r|\o); CAf\, where (ca + |ao); niof, wo/; niu|\A|\ (or muriAf), unless; n^p, //w/ wo/; t)-ah, of all those who {whom), to whom; te|\, by whom, by which; ce'-p? who was. (This last form is used only with the verb if). These compounds of ^o are not, however, used before the following Past tense forms: — fUA^AAf, pACA(f), fADAf, "oeA5^(f), -oeACAf, •oexi]\nA(f) and (in Munster) x^-out^x^fc. Usage now differs in the case of the verbs cAtijAf, cujAf , ct>A"L^(f) and ftig^f . 282. In the first conjugation the c in all terminations beginning with this letter is generally aspirated, except when the stem ends in one of the consonants, "o, n, c, t, f, t, 6, x), 5, e.g., CuifceA; cufCA. SECOND CONJUGATION. (All cAutiA neitnniti). 291. The second conjugation comprises (1) verbs of two or more syllables whose stems end in -15, or -U15, and (2) syncopated verbs. 293. Verbs in 15. b-Aiti^, gather, ceAnnuij, buy. Derived verbs in (u)i§ have exactly the same inflections as those of bu^ii in all the tenses, except the future and the conditional. 37 INDICATIVE MOOD (All mot> CASCAC). Future Tense (An AinifeAtt fTAifcineAc). SING. bAiteot^T) b^iteoc.Mn PLURAL. DAiteocAimiT) bA^^.foc■.'■■^■6 fit) bAil,eoC*M"o fe bAiteoc^MT) AUTON., (An S.iOR-t)fi4t4iA,) *t)Aiiteoct^-p. PLURAL. ceAnnocAimiT) SING. ce^nnocAt) ce-AnnocvAin ce^nnoc.M"D f6 ceAnn66-Ai'o ceAnnoc^Mt) fit) *ceAiin6cc4ii. Relative ^ ^^^^i^eoc^r (C & U.) teAvnocAv An fuif'.n > — — ^— CoiBtie. fCAj t)^i^eoc^TP (->!•) CeAti6c.M-6. CONDITIONAL (Atl COltljeAttAC). ftAiteoCAinn fftAiLeoccA t)Aiteoc^At) fe t)AiteocAiniif t)<Mleocx}-6 fit) bAiteotAToif ceAnn6c4inn ce4nn6c<Mmif fceATinocci ce^nnoc^t) fe ce<\nn6c^''t) fit ceAitinoc^M'oif AUTON., (An S40i\-t)iMAtAf ,) ■ft)AiteottAi (aoi). "fceAnnoccAi (<4oi). Verbal Noun., bAitiujAt) Verbal ^ », . , ^ . ' Adjective/ — • ceAnn^c. ce^nnuijte. SYNCOPATED VERBS (tiA bniAtuA cuimniste). 292. Verbs of more than one syllable whose stems end in it, in, i|a, if or 1115, belong to this class. pu^S^ijA, proclaim. coi^it, spare. * Frequently pronounced as if spelled bAileopAp, ceAiinopAp. t Frequently pronounced as if spelled bAileopi,, ceAtitiopA, bAileopi, ceAnnopi. 38 All the tense endings (except future and conditional) of -puAgAif are like those of mot, the stem being -puA^iv; those of 001511 are like buAit, the stem being 00151. The 3rd person singular, past tense is *o'-puA5Ai]\ -pe and coigit f 6 : the 2nd person singular, imperfect, o'f'tJASApCA and CoijiiueA. See Syncope, § 33. Future Tense (An AinifeA|t fTAifcineAc). ■pu A51A0 C AT) , &c., like ceAnnocAT). coisteoCAT), &c., like bAiteoCAT). Conditional (An ComseAttAc) •o'fruAj-iAocAinn, &c., like ceAnnoCAinn. Coi5teoCAiiin, &c., like GAiteotAinn. Verbal Noun (An Ainm t)tiiACAtti6A) ■puASAifc; ooigitc. Verbal Adjective (An Aixxacc bniACAntaA). '^A'^Ax^tA) coisitce. Rules for Formation of Verbal Nouns. 315. [a) Verbs of the first conjugation generally form their verbal nouns by the addition of At or QAt; final 1 in digraphs and trigraphs is dropped : •ooti, •ouriAt); mot, motAt); mil,t, mitteAt>; bfip, t)|\ifeAt); tmAit, bu^txi-o; "001$, n&SAt). {h) Verbs of the second conjugation in 1$ or tii$ form their verbal nouns in ug^^-o (or u); 2ifoui$, ^t\'ou$A-6 (or ifi"Dii); tJOiil-ij, b^itiujAt) (or bAiliu); mini$, miniu^At) (or niiniii). (c) Syncopated verDs whose stems end in it, in, or If, usually form verbal nouns by addition of c; coffin, cof^nic; •Dibijt, ■oibitic; lAb^Mp, tAb^ifc; 00,1511, coisitc. 39 There are, however, many exceptions to the above rules. The following classification of some of the modes of forming the verbal noun will be useful. (a) Some verbs have their verbal nouns like the stem, e.g., -pAf, grow; 6t, drink; fit, run; fn^tti, swim, etc. (b) Some verbs form their verbal nouns by dropping i of the stem, e.g., cn1|^, put or send, cuf; coifc, check, cofc; fcuifv, cease, fctlt^; etc. (c) Some verbs add AtfiAin(c) or eArhAin(c) to the stem to form their verbal nouns, e.g., CAitt, lose, cA^\XeAmA^■n{^■); cfeiT), believe, ctvei'oeAniAiTi(c;) ; pAti, stay, pAnArhAin(c) ; te^ti, follow, teAnAniAin(c) ; fc^f, separate, fCA-f\AitiAin(c), etc. (d) A few add A-n, e^n or iti(c) to the stem, e.g., te^g, knock down, ieAj^n; teig, permit, tei^CAn ; C|\ei5, abandon, cfeige^n; ceitg, throw or cast, ceage^n. {e) A few add Am or e^tri, e.g., feAf, stand, yeAyAxh; caic, spend, cAiteAtfi; "o^An, do or makq, -oeAnAYh; peic, wait, -peitex^tti. (/) A small number end in ^a, e.g., ^Ab, take, ■^AX)A^l•, pAj, find, ^ajaiI; ^rAg, leave, pAgAit; lompuij, turn, lompAa. (g) And a few others add jAit, peA*o, whistle, peA-o^Ail; slATn, howl, glAtnjAa. 40 318 IRREGULAR VERBS. (bniAtuA tieAtii-niASAtCA). Ciiim, I am. INDICATIVE MOOD (At! mot) CASCAC) 1st 2nd 3rd Relative Autono- mou'; Present or, ZA m^, CA cii CA f 6 CAI-Q etc. ACA CAtAl\ Habi- tual. Depen- dent. t)im bimit) ■puitim •puiLimi'o bit^ bionn -pib puiti-p ■puitci* bionn fe bit) fiiit fe ruiLTO bionn (M.) biof (C.&U.) ftnt biceAf fuiiceAf Past. t)10f GiotiiAf (OiOITlAlf) bir biobA^ bi f6 biOTDAf bi biteAf Depen- dent. •pAt)Af fAt)AmAti (•pAt)ATnA1'p) fAbAlf f Alb f 6 ■pAbA-OAf t^A1b fAbtAf Imper- fect. t)hin bite^ biot) fib bio* f 6 bix)if biot) bici Future. {or) boA-o beiniiT) X)6ax> tiCitriTO beif ben!) fib b^it^ be it) fib beit) f6 belt) b6it) f6 b6it) beit) (M.) beAf (C.&U.) beifOAf Con- ditional or Oeinn tiL-icCAt . lieiinif CcA-C fit) r»(5mTi. t)6itOA, etc. bo.\t) f6 be It) if be^t) be iff * The old tcnnination of the 2nd person plural pros, indie, is still used in: r^CAOi, puiLri, rjeipci, mAijici, and 5 cLoifci. f Frequently pronounced teipcA. 41 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Atl mot) posuiDceAC). 1st 2nd 3rd Autonomous Present (50) jiaoa-o jaaijaiia ^A^X) f6 tlAbniUlt) fAlO fit) |\Al3Aro \^AOtA\{ The negative particle for this tense is ni Past. (50 m) binn biceA btot) bimif biot) fib bi-oif oici. The negative particle is nA|\. IMPERATIVE MOOD (Atl mot) 6nt)tiist:eAc). bim bi biot) f6 bimif bit)it) bi-oif t>lceA1^ Negative particle is tia. Verbal Noun : beit. Oim is the only verb that has a distinct form to express habitual state (or action) in the present tense. 348. The Dependent Form (^n y:iu^m fpieA-oAc) of an irregular verb is the form that must be used after the following particles: ni, not; ah, whether; C^a, not; n^ or hac, that not, whether not; 50, that; ca, where; xtwm^a (inline), unless; •OA, if; the compound relative pronoun a or 5aC a, meaning all that; and the relative pro- noun when governed by a preposition. THE VERB IS. (a) In Principal Sentences (pnioninAit)ce). Assertive Interrog. Negative. Neg. Inter. *DeiTrine4c. "piApnuiceAC. "Ou'ilceAC. fiApp. X)iul. Present Tense if ^n ni w&t {■nAt) Past Tense and \b4 a^i niot\ n^f (1) Conditional, /b', •oob' a^X) m'onb w:\\\K^ (2) 42 Assertive Negative [so nibA tiA^AA (1) Pres. Subj. ^ gutiA ^gujiAb nx^|AAb (2) f-OA mbA tntit^A (1) Past Subj. "^^^^ „^^. ^^,^^,^, (2) (b) In Dependent Sentences (UAiToce SpteAriACA). Present Tense. =^^^;^^ n^c (tUc) (2) p„-. /5"r "^1^ (1) "50 tnbA riAc •mt»'A\ . Conditional. < jut^ ti.\h f^^' ^5t1|^b nx3it\b (2) Use lines (1) before consonants, lines (2) before vowels. 342. stem Present Tense Past Tense . A. bei-p-im ; ctig-Aim cu5-Ar \^zug, beitA(eAnn) fe UAbA,pj>j^.^^ J) CAb|i-Aim ; CU5- Aim tu5-A-p A. (»^)•oe1]l-m1 ■oiibtt-Af (■DubApc) "Oein, say. (A)T)eii\(eAnn) ye ■oubAi-pc fe D. Abfi-Aim, "oeiiA-iin "DllbtX-Af A. goib-im ; -pAg-Aim ■ptKM|\-eAf, or, r<^5{F-^i5)\^^^. $eib(exMin) \-e 1.nu^t^-Af r^$ /.,^«^- ■piKMli f6 D. TTAj-Ami; VAS-Aim puMli-CAf, or, VnK\l\-Ar A. giii-111 ; "oom-im ; 1Miiii-eAf , •Oeni-eAi' /'do wake - / \ ■oem J'*'^' " 5111(01111) re lAinne f^ D. "oSAn-Aim ■oeAi\iu\]\ -dein-eAf x>ein-im I 43 Stem Present Tense Past Tense A. feic, see. D. ci'-m; -peic-im Ci(onn) fe peic-im ConnAC-Af (Connxic) Conn^ic fe f(e)AC-Af (feAC^) A. Ceig, go. D. ceig-itn c6i$-itn tUA-O-Af ; CuAlt) f6 "OeAC-Af, -oeAj-Af, CllA-^-Af X)e^\\, carry. A. &D. bei|\-im ; t)ein(eAnn) fe fUJ-Af ■^Ab,take,go.A.S:'D. ■^^\b-Aim $Ali-Af Ctoir,"\ , » p T^ ctuit^ }hear.A&D. cloif-im clum-im /ttlAt-Af (CuaIa), \cuAl,A(ro) fe c<x5, yconie. A.&D. cig-mi ; cAj-xMtn ; ceAj-Aitn Ci5(e4nn) fe tAng-Af (cAtlAs) CAinij fe ^t,eat. A.&D. it-ini •o'lt-eAf Th'- imperative mood of the above verbs is formed regularly from the stem, except C15 and -001)1, the 2nd pers. sing, of which are CA|t and AbAip: the other persons are regular. The imperfect is formed regularly from the Present Tense stem, and the Conditional from the Future stem. All the other forms are formed quite regularly. Wherever the .'^rd pers. sing, present? any difficulty, it is given in the above table. A. = Absolute (neAiTi]'plci.-oAc) ; D. = Dependent (fpleA-OAC.) The autonomous form of most verbs in the past tense has the termination -atj. Note the following, however: — bircAf, pAbfAf, connACCAf, yAcrAf, cuaIacap, cuATJCAf, -dc-acca]', CAnjcAt', ■OubApCAp, pUA)\CAp. The initial of the verb -oeipim is unaffected by nt; e.g., ni Tjeipim; tii x)vibAi\c. But An nx)oipeAnn cu ; 50 nxiubAipc pe nJop "ogbAitic pe, etc., are used in C. and U. 44 Future Tense Verbal Noun Verbal Adjective. (Past Participle) l)eAf-^v\"o; A. CAt)A]A--pA'0 CuUijl-AT) D. CAt)A1|lC CAlDAptA, CUgCA (a)t)6ai\-pa'o A. At»f 6C-AT) D . t\A-6 f\Ait)ce jeotvA-o, A. jeAti-At) 6^Ai]t;-eA'o, pAgAlt PA5CA tTAijce ]:aCca •o6An-pA-o A. •o^AtiArh •06 An At) TDeAncA c!-peA"o, peic- A. peAt) peic-pcAt) D. ■peifcinc fir'ICeAl i:eicte pAc-A-o; A. jlAJ-AT) •out ("ouIca) b6Af-pAT) \)\\e:t beij^te, t)ei|\tA 5eoV)-A'D; saD-^ta-o SAbAlL v;AV,tA clvun-poAT) cloipiTic, cloircm clof, ctoireAl, cluini'inc clf.ij'ce cluince ClOC-pAX) ceACc CA:-tA, CA5Al6e ior-(F)^^"o ito • t.r(- Defective Verbs. 423. Af (•Aff, -AffA), says, said — used only when the exact words of the speaker are given : Af-|M mi-pe, said I. X)Ai(\, it seems, it seemed; "o^t^ tiom, it seems to me, methinks. yi^A-oA^, I know, I knew : used only negatively or interrogatively, and inflected as a past tense ; yiQAXtAx^ •peA*ofxJi-p(if), ■pe^'DAif fe, etc. Of^UA, it happened, came to pass. "O'pobAif, or X)A -oobAiiA, it all hut happened; X)a ■Oot)xMi; -oom ctiicim, / had well nigh fallen, I nearly fell, peATDAim has no imperative. 435. Interrogative Words and Phrases. When ? cAtAm, c6 aw uai|\ Where ? ca, ce ^n aic How ? conuf (ciontnif), ce AW CAo^ ^^^ly ? ca-o n^ tAoX) (50), cAn cui^e How far ? \ c6 aa pAi-o How long ? J An ■\^a-oa Which {pron.) ? ce, cioca, ceocA. Which {adj.) ? ce An . . , What ? CAX>, c6a|\'d, sotdS WTiither ? ca WTience ? ca-o Af How much ? c&(c^) rfieAt) An ni6f ., f c6(ca) m^A-o How many .^ \Annio Who ? ce (cia). CAtAin, ce An uAi-p, conu-p, ca-o, c^ajit), ^oto^, c6 (ca) tneAT), An mo-p. An mo, ce are followed by the direct relative particle a and the proper Absolute form of the verb. The remainder are followed by the oblique relative 50 (suti), HA, nAC (nAjA), A and the Dependent form of the verb. 445. ADVERBS (DO-bniAcnA). Am At, out Atnuij (C), outside Ath, AiriAC . h'. ivever AttilAix), tJais, so Anocc, to-night At\ Aon Cor\\ , ,, ,n-Aon(iop/^^''^^ A|\ oijni, scarcely A|\ ^CUl, wards An Alt, hither Anonn, thither hack- 46 T)e gtiAt, usually 1 ^cem.far off xMtiAnAt~i-p, the day after to- morrow A m ^ n A 1 f 1 -p , the second day after to-morrow A\\.6^\\, last night Anoif , now Afvif , again Ann f An (fin) there Annfo, here Ann-puT), yonder A-p Ai-p , hack xMA bAtt, by and by, immediately Ap -ocuifX Ap "ocur /^^./^^^^ Ap triAToin, in the morning A|\ uAipit) \some- uAi-peAnc A J' /m^s Anoi-p ~ ■A-pip, WOt£' Aniop, up {from below) AnuAp, down {from above) AniAp, from the West A"ocuAi-6, from the North A.nx)eA]\' from the South Anoip, from the E. Apt)u ni-o^, the day before yesterday AnupAtt)\ , , . > last year ■whilst beAj: nAC^ , , - ralmost nAC mon j""'''"-"' ceAnA, already corn pa-da'pX An pAITt f •OA fipiO, in ear- nest *oe to, by day •o'oToCe, ipc' oit)- te, by night •ppeif in (lei-p) also ip^ (p*ioi) "DO, twice pe (-pAoi) tpi thrice cofA 'n Aip-oe, at full gallop "oe jeic, suddenly A\\. All •QCOIpC (50 •oiAip), immedi- ately •oe lACAip, ^y^- sently ■pAT) 6 (pom), /o«^ pAoi •OeipeA'6 (pe •6eipe), at last, at length 50 "oeo \f'^^ 50 \}\yAt{A6) J ever 50 leip T eji- 5011-ionilAn J /tV^/)' 50 nioC, ear/y 50 UlAt \ . , , 5orApAn^/^"^^;^^3' 50 niinic, often' 50 h-AnnAtti, sel- dom 50 p6 il, awhile f yet 50 "oeitriin, indeed 1 bpAT), /cjy 0^ pAp 1 ttpAt), before long 1 5Cotiinuit)e, aZ- nTO6, yesterday iiTDiu, to-day 1 nibApAe\ ^0- Am AipeAc j morrow t^ Ap n-A DipAC, on the following day A|\ niATOin in"oiu, this morning 1 inbliAt)nA, this year ipceAC {motion) .in ipcig {rest), inside in Ap An 5ceAX>nA, likewise niA-p pm, thus 0 CiAnAit), a tc'AiV^ ago 6 (na) Ceile, asun- der 6 -deA-^, south- wards 6 tuAi-6, north- wards Op i-peAL, secretly op ipt), openly 6 pom, since piAtti, ev^r piAp, back, west- wards poip, eastwards piop, downwards iniAp, upw.irds tAli, o« /A^ oj!A^ side \\m tpACnOnA (pA cpAtnutiA), t'n /Ag evening 47 450. PREPOSITIONS (neAtii-voCAlt). \^Ao^, pe,\ Vo iv^) f under AS, at A|\, on Af, out 5An, without •oAfA, &y (in assever- 50, to (motion) at ion) ■oe, off, front 1, a, in vo, to TOi-p, between te, with 6, from ■noirii, foim, before tA|A, cA-p, ovgy c-pfe (cjA?, c-pit)), through um, im, about c/if, urn, 5An and 1*01^ are sometimes followed by the accusative case. 609. The following are employed with the force of prepositions; they are followed by the genitive case. Cun (Cum), towards ix)CaoX), concerning a^a Cut, behind cimCe-AU, around X)o nein, according 1 ttoiai-o, a/fer to cx3.|A eif, fl//gy (0/ 1 niexifc, among time) 1 jceAnn, at the Ap ■puAi'o, a-\\ yvtX), end of throughout {of A\\. A^-^m, opposite place) 1 11-AgAit), against 1 n-^ice, near A\\ ipeA-t), -^ , 1 5c6if , te n-AgAit), 1 -crc.MteArh, l^^^" for (benefiit of fins' A 1 TMc J ^ or use of) 1 ^coinne "1 . . 50 ceAtin, to the 1 5comn,t>/«^^^^^^ end of ct\(e)A-pnA, across te h-Aif J Of corhAip, before Cf cionn, above A|\ 1*011, /or ^A^ sa^g 0/ 1 t)foCAiti, along with ■D'AirfrCeoin, m s^i7g 0/ 451. CONJUNCTIONS (tiA coninAisc). aC(c), 5w^ so, that ^"F^Vi T» 1» ^^^ riAC, riA, ^/za^. Cun ro, w orier 50, no 50, \ Att A fon 50, fiuT* If 50, c6 50, bio* 50, 51-0 IDA, if 50, although mA\\, as rriAf fin fSin, tfu^w .not so until muf A {mur\ a), if not, 50 "Dci 50/ unless ix)if >J5uf, 6o//^ nA, /^aw, nor no, or o, oif, coifc 50. .rtwi 48 ■OA, if Fe(t)) rr\A^,\accord- 6 r\At, since... not •oe bni'S 50, -pAoi X)o X'Qyx^m&i^ f ingas fut, fA-p, before ■pAt) If 50, CfA I'DCfeogo"! 'r 5O' because a^^ wox "S^ }■ so that X)AX)\\\%\-\r\,\there- I teit If 50 1 5CA01 50J uime fin J fore as if, even if. PART II. SYNTAX (c 01 rim em). The Article (An c-Atc). 473. In the following cases the definite article is used in Irish, though not used in English: — (1) Before surnames when not preceded by a Christian name: KA^X) An X)oYhnAllA6 Ann ? (2) Before the names of continents, countries, and some cities: An Ai-pfMc, Africa; An SpAinn, Spain; An Tloini, Rome; An Aitne, Athens; the genitive case of jAiUini takes the article. CACAifv TiA 5^i^1-^^5 Connx)Ae nA '^A^\Xme. The article is not used with ei\\e, and AlbA, except in the genitive case. (3) Before abstract nouns: 1f pe-Affv au c-ini|teAf nA An c-uAigne^f. (4) With the demonstrative adjectives, ex- cept in the vocative case, and with proper 49 50 nouns, An -pe^i^ -po, this man. Pa'djiai^ feo -AgAinne; a ■pi|\ <\x> tA\x\ (5) To translate '' apiece;' " per:' or " a " before weights and measures: tlAot (f^At) Ax\ ceAfin, sixpence apiece, tlAi|v fA (inf An) mbViAiDAin, owc^ a year. (6) With titles which precede their noun: An c-AtAi]\ peAT)A|A 0 lAo^Aifie, Father Peter O'Leary. An 'OoCcui|\ mAc Suit:)ne, Dr. MacSweeney. (7) To give emphasis: CuaIa fe An •otiine 'nA "OiAit), He heard someone behind him. (8) Before the names of classes: ZA nA •OAoine niof lAige nA niAfi a t)ix)if, People are weaker than they used to he. (9) Before the names of the seasons, months, and days of the week, except when they are used in the genitive case as adjectives. An m'oitj (or An 6 fo) An tuAn ? 7s this Monday ? In-oiu An Aoine, To-day is Friday. but, lA fArhiAAit), a summer day ; oit)Ce jeirhfit), a winter night; "Oe tuAin, on Monday. 51 In the following cases the article is used in English but not in Irish: — (1) Before a noun followed by a definite genitive (i.e., the genitive case of a definite noun); triAc An p\^, the son of the man; peAf An cige, the man of the house. When a demonstrative adjective is used with the first noun, the article is also used; TIa ^ocAit u"o m'AtAf, those words of my father. (2) Before the antecedent of a relative the article is often omitted; if e -ouine -oo t)i Ann n4 ScAn. (3) Before nouns denoting occupation after proper names; Ca-oj 'S^^'^, Tim the smith; Oifin l^ite, Oisin the poet; Cot\niAC bAitte, Cormac the bailiff. The Noun (Ati Aitiin). 474. In Irish one noun governs another in the genitive case : ceAnn An cApAitt, the horse's head; mAc An piii, the man's son. CAim A5 tofs oibt^e, I am seeking work. 475. Proper names are usually aspirated in the genitive case: Citt 1tlui|\e; teAt)A *OlAlMnAT)A. 477. Apposition has almost entirely dis- appeared in modern Irish, the second noun 52 being put in the nominative case; \.eAX)^\y 478. The genitive case of a noun is some- times used adjectively, and the initial ©f the genitive is subject to the same rules as regards aspiration and eclipsis, as if it were an ad- jective; e.g., SlAz pjAAif, a brass rod, ub Ci|Ace, a hen egg; ^n Cof cojMij, the forefoot. 480. There is no " partitive genitive " in Irish, hence nouns expressing a part of any- thing are followed by x>o or "oe with the dative; A^n C-fAxiob If Aoi|\T)e 'oe'rj citAnn, the highest branch of the tree; cuit) "oe ]ti-a ("oe da) |:eA|\Ait), some of the men. 481. The personal numerals (§ 177) take the article in the singular, and the noun after them in the genitive plural, except when they are used partitively — in this case they take -oo or "oe with the dative; An cuiseAf pe^jA, the five men ; An }^e^\\z rfiAc, the two sons ; tiAont^AfA "oe fTiA ■peA|\Ait), nine of the men. 484. A Christian name, when used in ad- dressing a person, is always in the vocative case, and is preceded by a; Pati tiotn, a g^Am-Aif, Wait for' me, James. There is no change of form, however, after titles; e.g., Ue^Cc, a AtA\]\ pe^-oAf. A AtA^\^ peA-oAiji means O father of Peter! 53 486. Surnames, when not preceded by a Christian name, usually take the termina- tion -At, and are then declined like mAfCAc (§ 57); or mAc may be used before tli (the genitive of O); tDpuit An pAoiAAC Annfo ? Is Power here ? CApAit An "DjMAnAij, O'Brien's horse; 5 At) i teit, a triic Hi CAoitti, Come here. O'Keeffe. Such forms as: — 6 iDfiAin ; ITIac CAtAtAij, mean the O'Brien; the McCarthy, that is the heads of the respective families. 488. A surname preceded by any of the words, 6, tiA (fern., tli), or triAc {fern., r\^c). is put in the genitive case. It is aspirated after rii or Tlie, also after tli and^tTlic (the genitives of O and tTlAc). SeAgAn O ConAitt, John 0"Connell; mA^]\e tli ConAitt, Mary O'Connell; i3nA tlic CAt^tAig, Una McCarthy; te^XyA^y SeAjAin tli ConAitt, John O'Connell 's book. The Adjective (Ati Ait)iAcc). 494. As a general rule the adjective follows the noun it qualifies; peA|\ mAit, a good man; teAt)At\ moiA, a big book. Exceptionse :—NumeT3il adjectives consisting of one word; possessive and interrogative adjectives; the simple adjectives a^-o, m6t^, DeAs, bAn, cAot, tcACAti, etc., used as prefixes, 54 and x)eAt,-{x)e^^-), "Ofoc-, fe^n-, e.g., "CA Ceit-pe CAp^itt -Aige; fin e a tig; cA ti)pof 'ouic ? tDATi-cnuic 6itveAnn 0; t)i Ati 'DfoC-puA'OA]\ puc. 495. When an adjective follows the noun it qualifies, and is not predicated of it, it agrees with the noun in gender, number and case; An pAii^tAje ttlOjA; t)|\uAC tia CAf^AAige t)Aine. 496. Whenever an adjective is predicated of a noun by a verb, the adjective never agrees with the noun, and is not inflected for gender or number: ca An -peAjA fAn tAit)i]\, that man is strong; ca ha pi|\ fin tAiT)if, these men are strong. 499. Adjectives denoting fulness or a part of anything, are followed by -06 with the dative : Gi An bAfAite tAn T)'iiifce, the barrel was full of water. 505. The Numeral Adjectives Aon, -oa, ceAt) (first), and cfeAf cause aspiration; if the noun begins with f Aon prefixes c (§ 28). Ce'f\ b'e An ceAT) fCAf ? t)i "Oa CApAtt Aige. 507. SeACc, occ, nAoi, "oeiC, and their com- pounds cause eclipsis, and prefix n to vowels: fCACc inbA, seven cows; x>e^6 n-ut)lA, ten apples. 508. Ufi, Ceitfe, 01115, f6 aspirate when followed by the singular number but eclipse in the genitive plural, e.g., t)uAa f6 nA c|\i buitte; ceAngAl nA 5CU15 5CA0I. 55 509. The noun after -piCe, XfAtAX) (-oa fiCi-o), cjAi -piciT), ceit-pe piciT), ceA*o and mite may be in the nominative singular or genitive plural, pee CAP Alt, twenty horses. The other numerals (except X)A) may take the singular number, when unity of idea is implied. SeAcc, oCc, riAoi, and *oeiC prefer the plural number. 514. The noun after -oa, two, is always in the Dual Number,* which in every Irish noun has the same form as the dative singular. All the cases of the dual number are alike, but the form of the genitive plural is often used for the genitive dual: For Examples, see page 25. 524. The Possessive Adjectives are usually followed by the word cui-o when we wish to express the portion of a thing or of a class of things which belongs to one or more persons: mo CuTo AfAin, my bread; a cuix) -pi on a, his wine; a cuto teAX)^]^, her books; a gcuTO CApAtt, their horses. The definite article is frequently found in Irish where the possessive adjectives might be expected; e.g., Conuf 'ca ati cftAince ? How is your health ? ; TIa f Anncuig cuto tia cotfiuj\- fAn, do not covet your neighbour's goods; Conuf AZA An cufAm ? How is your family ? ♦There are three numbers in Irish:— the Singular, the Dual, and the Plural. 56 The Pronoun (An ^otiAinm). The Personal Pronouns agree with the nouns for which they stand in number, person and usually in gender. The gender of the pronoun, however, is sometimes infiuenced by the sex of the person (or thing) rather than by the gender of the noun. This results in non-agreement in gender of the noun and pronoun, and may be accounted for, by the fact that the person (or thing) rather than the mere name dominates the attention of the mind, giving rise to what is known as sense construction. 1f rriAit An cAitin i. She is a good girl. If triAit An fcotCj 6. He is a good farmer. 1f etc An CotriA|\fA 6. He is a bad neigh- bour. 1f otc An 6orY\A\\fA i. She is a bad neigh- bour. also 1f bfc^g An aic €. It is a fine place. If mof An hAX) i. It is a big boat. In the foregoing sentences the nouns cAitin and \}AX) are masculine, while fcolos, aic and corhAffA are feminine. Like coiTi^ffA the nouns te^nl!), pAifce, cu, c<\pAlt, and t^og may take a pronoun of either gender. 532. The personal pronouns come after the verb; molAnn f6 tu, he praises you. 57 209. The Conjunctive forms of the personal pronouns are used only immediately after the verb as its subject ; in all other positions the Disjunctive forms must be used. The disjunc- tive forms are used with if, because the word immediately after if is never the subject (see § 589). 535. The accusative pronoun usually comes last in the sentence or clause to which it belongs; "o'-pAg fe fAn aic fin e. He left it in that place. 538. The Relative Pronoun when governed by a preposition causes eclipsis, except in the past tense (with regular verbs). In the past tense (regular verbs) it unites with fo, the old particle used with this tense, and becomes Af ; An A1C 1 n-A ('nA) li)fuit fe, the place in which he is; An feAf "D'Af geAttAf mo teAbAf, the man to whom I promised my book. 541. In colloquial Irish the last phrases and similar ones are tranlated thus: An aic 50 bfuit fe Ann; An fCAf guf (or Af) geAttAf mo teAbAf "oo.* Ann and "oo are prepositional pronouns, not simple prepositions. Compare the following: An beAn 50 ttfint An bo aici (or, An DeAn A5 a bfua An bo), the woman who has the cow. • Also, by analogy " An pe^p 'riAp goALlAf ino leAbAp "oo." 58 555. The relative is distinctly marked by the position of the words: "Ca An pe^f A5 obAijv. The man is at work. /An pe^fv ACA Ag obAijA. The man who is at work. The Verb (An btiiACAti). 547. As a general rule the verb precedes its subject: ca fe 65, he is young; Idi An peA|\ Ann, the man was there. When the subject, however, is a relative pronoun the verb follows, e.g., '' Sin i An iDCAn A rfiitt mife." Sometimes the subject is placed before the verb for the sake of emphasis, e.g., " Cof tiom ni jXAjAix)." 548. Transitive verbs govern the accusa- tive case, and the usual order of words is — Verb, Subject, Object: X)uA^l An pcAj^ fAn 6, that man struck him. For the conditions under which the initial con- sonant of a verb is aspirated or eclipsed see § 21 (g) and § 26 (e). 549. A frequent use of the subjunctive mood is with the conjunction 50 (negative nA|A), to express a wish: 59 5o mbeAnnuigit) "Oi^^ t)uic! May God bless you! " 50 mAijMt) At\ nj^e-oas flAn ! " May our Irish Language prosper! SlAince tu-^Az If CAt)Aif. A'f "oeAtti 50 *oeo tia fv^ftAij^! ^ riAt^ teigii!) t:nA fin! God forbid! 561. In Irish there is neither an infinitive mood nor a present participle, both functions being discharged by the verbal noun. When the verbal noun is preceded by the preposi- tion Ag (or a') it fulfils the purpose of a present participle. The verbal noun governs the noun immediately after it in the genitive case. Ua f6 A5 -out AbAite, He is going home. Ua y^AX) Ag ce^^Cc, They are coming. ZS n^ pAif-oi A5 fu^fAt) -061 1) f6in, The children are playing. t)i fe a' bAinc ah f^if, He was cutting the grass. Ua ah peAf 'ja t)u At At), The man is striking him. The verbal noun preceded by the preposition 1 and a suitable possessive adjective expresses a state of rest such as standing, sitting, lying, sleeping, awake, e.g., "bi ad bCAn 'ha feAfAtti A5 AH -oofAf, The woman was standing at the door. Ua f6 'riA fui-oe, He is seated. Ca f6 'riA tuige Af An T)CAiArri, He is lying on the 60 ground, 'CA^■D 'n.^ sco-dI-at!) Anoif, They are asleep now. t)ioT)A|A 'riA trouifeACc c^triAittin 6 foin, They were awake a short while ago. Note also the following usages with the preposition a]a. Ua ati bxS-o a\\ fnAtii Anoif, The boat is afloat now. Ua ati picciuiji a\k cfocA-b teif An bp-AUA. The picture is hanging on the wall. Sciati a|\ cAfVfAng, A drawn knife. Uait) da teAGAi-p a|a "oiol Anoif, The books are on sale now. 568. The verbal noun preceded by the pre- position x)o (or a) meets the need of an infinitive of a transitive verb (no purpose implied). Note the order of words. 'Out)Aif\c m'AtAi|A Uom An teAbAf "oo CeAnriAC, My father told me to buy the book. Da C(5i]A *ouiC An peAjA x>o X)4^^r^z, You ought to cut the grass. The verbal noun of itself fulfils the purpose of an intinitive of an intransitive verb, e.g., "OuGaii^c f6 tiotn -out 50 Cojacaij, He told me to go to Cork. If pcA^f liom fiuOAi, I prefer to walk. The verbal noun preceded by the preposition ie or Cun fulfils the function of an inlinitive of an intransitive verb (purpose being implied), e.g., tTAimg fe ie pAnAtiiAinr, He came to stay ZA f6 le t)eit Ann, He is to be there. If 61 SAifi-o Le -out oftA An tneix) fin, That amount will not go far with them. Ua r^ te ce^Cc aja bAtt, He is to come immediately. " TIa bi tuAt' Cun tAbAt^tA riA tCAfC Cun eifceACcA," Do not be quick to speak nor slow to listen. •O'lompuis r^ <^«" im teACcA, He turned to go away. CAimi-o uUArh Cun gtUAirce Anoir, We are ready to start now. A similar construction with the verbal noun of a transitive verb imparts a virtually passive sense, e.g., TZA ah 05 fin te -oiot in-oiu, That house is to be sold to-day. t)A rhoj^ te lAA-6 e, cfAt -o'a fAosAi, He was important at one period of his life. tDiomAf A5 peACAinc AtA A fAib te peifcinc, We were looking at all that was to be seen. Observe how Cun, te, and -o'ponn are used with the verbal noun of transitive verbs to express purpose, e.g., CuatO r^ <^«" ^" 'ootAAif (or An -ooiAAf) -DO -OunAt), He went to shut the door. tAinis fe teif An gcApAtt "oo CcAnnAC, He came to buy the horse. T)o t>e^r^ y^ 6 •o'fronn (or Cun) v^i^S^ '^ ^^^ oi(^z,ile did it to make you angry. "O'eitMS f^ '^^ feAfArii tun nA bpeAjA (or nA pf) "oo buAtAt), He stood up to strike the men. The preposition A5 with the verbal noun is used to denote purpose after a verb of motion, e.g., tAinis r^ •AS -oiot An CApAitt, He came to sell the horse. 62 The preposition ^ad with a verbal noun or verbal noun phrase has the force of " not " with an infinitive, e.g., AbxM|\ teif 5 An ce^Cc, Tell him not to come. 'OuIdaijac fe tiom jAti bAinc ieif , He told me not to meddle with it. IDub^MiM: fe liom jati ati *oo|\<.\f 'oo "ounAt), He told me not to shut the door. ^V^o]\ pCA-oAf 5An 5Ai|\i*6e niicM|\ a conn^c e, I could not help laughing when I saw it. Ua cuif eite A^Am le 5An e '-oeAnAtti, I have another reason for not doing it. Note also the following use of jati and the verbal noun, )r-A5pA|\ ^n obAi-jA j^n •oeATiAtfi, The work will be left undone. t)i CotAiriAc Ajuf A riunnnci|\ jAn -pitteAt), Cormac and his friends had not returned. INDIRECT SPEECH (ctAOti-ltltisltlC). Present Tense (An AitDfeAfi tAic|teAc). Direct. O An -pe^-p ^5 5iAnj."6 tia pjimieoise. Indirect. "OeiiMm 50 Opuil An pe^f A5 glAnA* tiA puinn- 60150. Direct. tli'l An ^oa^a A5 gtAnA* nA ^.^umneoise. Indirect. "OeiiMm uS pmi (nA6 Opiii) An feA|\ A5 stAnAt* nA inunneoise. Direct. j^-^"-^"''' ■^''^ V^'^\^ ■^^ V"'""so5- Indirect. "Oeif im 50 njlAnAnn An feAf An -puinneos. Direct. tli $lAnAnn An f(^A]\ An pinnneos. Indirect. "OeiiMm nA glAnAnn {n^C nglAnAnn) An peAp An -fMnnncos. 63 Past Tense (An ArnifeAfi CAicce). Direct. t)i -An pe/\-p ^5 sl^tiAt) r\A injinneoise. Indirect. "Oeipim 50 -pAiO An -peAp A5 5l4nA'6 n4 •puinneoise. Direct. Tli f aiG An -peA-p A5 ^lAnA-o nA -pumneoise. Indirect. "OeiTiim nA |\Ait) (nAC jtAiG) An -peA-p A5 ^lAnAt) nA puinneoise. Direct. "Oo $tAn An -peAf An puinneos. Indirect. "Oeipim ^u-p gl-An An ■peAt\ An -pumneos. Direct. tliop glAn An peAiA An -pumneos. Indirect. "DeTpim ni-p gtAn An -peAf An -pumneos. Future Tense (An AittireA|i frAifcmeAc). Direct. "bei-O An peA|\ A5 ^lAnA-O nA pumneoise. Indirect. "OeifMni 50 mbero An peAf aj jtAnAt!) nA pTjinneoige. Direct. rii Oei-O An ^es^ aj jtAnA-o nA -pumneoise. Indirect. "Deif im nS bei-O (nAC mbei-o) An i^eAf A5 5iAnA"0 nA -puinneoise. Direct. 5^^^'F^i"'^ ■*" ^^■'^1^ '^'<^ pumneos. Indirect. t)ei|\im 50 n5tAnpAi*6 An peAf An •ptnnneog. Direct. tli jtAnpAi-b An peA-p An pumneos. Indirect. "Oeiinm ni stAnpArt (nAC nst-An-pATO) An peAfi An puinneos. Indirect Question (ctAon-ceisc). Direct. An bpuil An ipeA^n aj 5tAnAt) nA pmnneoige ? Indirect. "piA-pfuismi "oioc An bpuit An -pcAp, -ijW. Indirect Command (ciAononDwsA*). Direct. S^'^" ■*" pumneog, & pi|\. Indirect. "OeiiAim teip An t)pe<it^ An puinneog -oo $tAnAt). Direct. tIA glAn An ptjinneos, a pi|\. Indirect. "Deiinm teip An G-peAp gAn An puinneos "oo glAnAt). 64 Direct. 5^atia*6 ati ipeA\^ An puinneos. Indirect. "Oeiinm ^n pe-i|\ -oo giAnAt) nA Truinneoise. Direct. V\a ^lA-nAi) An ■pe^f ah ■pumneo^. Indirect. "Oeifim jAn An -peAf -oo glAnA-C riA ■pmnneoise. rriA and "Da, If. As a general rule, when the verb in the principal clause is in the imperative mood, or in the present, imperfect, past, or future tense, m^, followed by the indicative mood, is used in the conditional clause. When the verb in the principal clause is in the Conditional, t)a, followed by the imperfect subjunctive,* is used. Subordinate Clause. Principal Clause. (Po-ClAfAt.) (p|iiorh(ilAfAt.) Imper. triA zS bt^^Aj Ann, bio-O. rriA'f 6 "OO toil 6, CAbAijA t)om An leAliA|\. Pres. " ms CAim bui-be, CA cnoit)e geAt lonnAm." " rn^'f mAit, If TiipeAC -oio^AtCAf "06. ' ' Imperf. XX\S fAitjeAt) f6 nA clot A, ni buAileAt) f6 Aoinne. Past. TY\A tAini5 f6 uai|\ t^ini5 f6 "oeiC n-nAi|\e. AttiAin, in A X)A bCAn UAf At i, cAt) A belli cofnoC- cuigte i ? Future, XX)i, t)ionn An IS 50 belt) An A CluiCe A^Ainn brei.$, 1 mbAij^eAC. Xr\A fctM'ot>Ann y& ni bpAigit) f6 pt^eA5i\A tv^Avn , uAim. Note the use of the present (and present habitual) tense after m4, when the verb in the principal clause is in the future tense. * The Conditional is sometimes substituted for imperfect subjunctive, after -oA, 65 Conditional. " *o,.\ i:)-pA5Ainn-fe ce/w Aijnif, no f*\t)A|\c Afi An 5COTioinn, SAp^nAij "oo teit)b- |MTin mAii A tei-Obpmn feAn-OpOs." (-ATtifiAn.) " X)a mheA-t) bAifce^C 50 S<?tti<Mn, ni OeAt) Ann AC ciot." T>A "ocAjtA (•ocioc-pA) At)4ile, -oo cui'ppi ■pAitce -poitiAc. Note the use of the Conditional after TTIa in the following example of indirect speech : — Direct. " VnA "OiotAim ^n bo, bei-C ^n z-SrO liom," A|\ feife^n. Indirect. "OubAiiAc fe 50 mbe^t) An c-i"6 teif, mi. ■OiolpAt) fe An bo. In the case of two conditions, the second may be introduced by 50, or by the verbal noun: e.g., TTIa tA^Ann ^n triAijifci-p if 50 t)feiceAnn fe cufA ^nnfo, beit) t^A\\. ofc. TTIa 6im An feA|\ if riA ■h-Aitnijim 6, cat) 4 ■C^Aflf At) ? TTlA tAjAnn An mAijifcif ^guf cu 'f'eifcmc Annfo, i|\t. TTIa Cim An feAp Aguf gAn € "d'Aicinc, CAt) a t)6Anf AT) ? A condition may be introduced by aC: — T)o tCgfAt) fe fein An cig, aC cuf cuige. 66 ABSTRACT NOUNS (AitimtieACA ceibit)e). An Abstract Noun denotes a quality, state or action considered in itself, and apart from anything in which it exists, e.g., milfeACc, binne-Af ; boccAriAf, oige, •oei|AeAnnAi$e ; • In Irish abstract nouns are, with few excep- tions, formed from adjectives. Formation. When the adjective ends in a broad con- sonant the corresponding abstract noun is similar in form to the genitive feminine singular of the adjective, e.g.: — Ait)iA6c: Aitim Ueibi^e bo5 bulge 65 6156 fl-Al, tr^ite •oeifAeAntiAC t)eifveAntiAi$e fCAft) feifbe ifeAt ifte. When the adjective ends in a slender con- sonant the corresponding abstract noun is formed by adding -ax to the genitive feminine 67 singular of the adjective. Sometimes --Af is added to the nominative singular of adjectives which end in a broad consonant. AiT)iAcc: Ainm Ceibit)e: Aoit)inn Aoit)neAf t)oirhin •ooirhne-Af ("ooittine) C1U1T1 ciumexif (ciuine) t)inn tutineAf (binne) tn^it rriAiiteAf (-peAtD-Af) ■puAi|\c TUAi-pce-Af (fuAif\ce) t)u<jn buAfiAf (buAine) x>X.ut "otutAf (x)l.uite) otc OlCAf . Many adjectives, including those ending in -Arh^a and -mA|\ form their corresponding abstract nouns by adding (a)6z to their genitive feminine singular (less frequently to the nomi- native singular). Ait)iAcc: M.u^■nu •Ditif ce ■ptAiteArhAi'L •OtJ|\ Aititti Ceibiioe: •oeACf^Cc, •oe-ACfA ^itneACc (Aline) "oitfeACc (x)it-pe) gileA^c (site) 5iot\tAACc (510^1^4) ceoCc (ceo) ■ptAi ce^iirilAcc 'LionTriAi|\eA(:;c (UonttiAife) ■Duf\<.\Cc (•ovii|Ae) 5Ak|AbA6c (5x3,1 |\be). 68 Most adjectives ending in a vowel form their corresponding abstract nouns by the addition of {a)6z. AiT)iAcc: Ainm Ceibi)3e c Attn A CAlmACc X)AnA •oatiaCc t)1At)A T)1A"0aCC CfO"OA Cf6t)ACC TiAorhCA iiAoiritACc UorhtA UotfitACc oil fee clifceACc beAnnuite beATinuiteACc. The following abstract nouns are for the most part irregular: Ait)iAcc: Ainm UeibDDe: fA-DA pAIT) beA5 ttiijeAt) teAtAti teiCeAt) (teitne) pUAf pUACC (puAi|\e) FUjAUf UfACC mot^ meit) mime minicije, mioncA boCc boCcATiAf (boiCce) lOtTTOA tiACC lonniuin lonttiuine, AnnrACc — cuifce. Where two forms of the abstract noun exist, there is a distinction drawn between their uses. The first form is used in reference to the name of the quality; the second form (given in brackets above) in reference 69 to the degree or intensity of that quality. This second form is the one usually found after the proleptic particle a, -o'a (=-oe + ^) and the preposition i, e.g., 1f cAittce An oit)Ce i te pu^Cc. Ua puACc riA ti-oi'OCe A5 tduL 50 fmiOjA lonnAtn. t)'A puAife (1) An oitxie if eAt> if fUAife A t)eimi'o. An mt)fAtAnn cu a fUAife (if) aca An oi^OCe ? Ua An oit)Ce A5 "out 1 t)ftiAife. Similarly with the words ciumeAf and ciiiine, e.g., 11uAi|\ A tiocfAit) citJineAf nA 'h-oi'OCc belt) COT)!. At) fAtfl A5AC. tDeix) An oi*oce A5 -out 1 gciuine Af\ bAtt. T)'a Ciiiine (i) An oitxie if eAt) if fCAff vA CoT)t6CAif 50 fAtti Anoif A Ciuine aca An oit)Ce. FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB IS. The copula if is used: — (1) to express ' Classi^cation ' as : 1f Aintfii"oe bo (2) to express ' Identification ' as : 1f e ScAn An "ooCcuif, (3) to mark ' Emphasis ' as : 1f A5 fit AZA f6. 70 In sentences of Classification and Identifi- cation the copula ' if ' predicates one sub- stantive of another. In the examples given above the words xMntfiTOe and Se^n are the Predicates while bo and An T)oCcuit\ are the respective Subjects. CLASSIFICATION. (A) — When we tell or ask what a person or thing is or was (without any reference to his or its becoming so) we use a Classification sentence, e.g,, If e^n fpToeog. An teAt)A|\ e fin ? If feiftneoif Ua'dj. t)A fti CoftnAC. The Predicate in a Classification sentence is alwa3^s indefinite. The words e^n, te^b^f, feifmeoif, and fi in the above examples are indefinite nouns. The following sentences are all of the Classifi- cation type: If fe^fv mife. 1f i<\fc X)i(\.AX>An. An te^bAf e f in ? -An "ooCcuif UAt)5 ? Hi 511 At m6in. Hi m6in 5U4^. 1f m^it 6 fin. (if) Uof^C flAince co'DtA'O. If cfUAj Uom "oo tAf. In the last example ' cfu^is tiom ' is the Predicate, ' -oo <i^f,' is the Subject. 71 1f is suppressed after An, ni ; also after cia(c6) and cax) when followed b}^ e, i or iax). Following ni and cia, however, it reappears as n (if) before vowels, e.g., Hi n-eA-o. Tli n-ion- SriAt) fxin. CiA ti-e fin Atnuij ? Ca-q e fin ADulDfAif ? but, Cat) if "ooij leAc x)e'n Aimfif ? CiA If "Doij tCAC A t)ein 6 ? (S) — In Classification sentences an in- definite predicate is sometimes replaced by eA-b (the modern form of the old neuter pro- noun). The * cAt) ' then functions as a temporary predicate or pro-predicate. The sentence, If cApAtt e fin, may be expressed in a more emphatic form as, CApAtt if eA-O e fin. In each of these sentences the word cApAtt is the real predicate as it supplies the information. In the second sentence the real predicate precedes the verb (if) and the pro- noun eAt) acts as temporary predicate after If. The pronoun eAt) is frequently coupled with some part of the verb if in replying to questions of the Classification type, e.g., An cApAtl, e fin ? If e-dX) (ni n-eAt)), otherwise Is cApAll (Hi CApAtt). xXn AlbAnAC e ? Tli n-eAt), J^e-beAt if CAt) e. An Af An nibofX) aza An teAt)A|\ ? Hi ri-eA-6 aC f a t)Of ca, but An • 72 mA^t AVi teAtDAf 4 fin ? If m^Mt (Hi m^it). V\aC bfe^5 An jAffun e fin ? 1f t)|\eA5, D^A 'a t!)eAnnACA'6. Note the following dependent forms of If ; T)eifini 511 f feifmeoit\ Sexin. *Oeifini nAC mom gtiAt. *Oeifim nAC AtbAnAC e. *Oeifini 5tif 5^^'OG^t- guf Ab eAt) 6. 5tif-At) is used instead of guf in the present tense before e (eifeAn), 1 (ife), iat), ion Ann, AtfitAi"6 and OA-O; similarly in the past tense 5ufb replaces 511 f before the same words and before fCAff, pu, fio|\, etc. IDENTIFICATION. In Identification sentences we tell or ask who (or which) a person (or thing) is or was. In such sentences the Predicate is always a definite noun, pronoun or phrase definite in sense, which serves to identify the Subject as some particular person or thing. DEFINITE NOUNS. A definite noun is one limited by its nature or by some accompanying word to a definite individual, place or thing or group of such. 73 The following are definite nouns: (i) The name of a person or place (but not a class name as 6ifeAnriAC, SAfAn^C, AlbAriAC). (ii) A noun preceded by the definite article. (iii) A noun preceded by a demonstrative or possessive adjective. (iv) A noun preceded by ^a6 (as it means each taken individually). (v) A noun followed by any other definite noun in the genitive case, e.g., mAc An (C) — The following examples will serve as illustrations of a frequently occurring type of Identification sentence. The logical predicate is underlined in each: 1f e Se^n An pe^f. 1f e ScAtTiAf mo 'oeA]\X)\\AtAM[\. An e fin -oo teAt)xi|\ ? If e. (Hi n-e). 1f mit^e An ccACCAife. Aft)'e SeAiriAf a t)fif An -puinnecg ? tlioft) e. X)o b'e pA-otAAis a G|\';f i. ** If e An coinfi Af ?;lAn gioijAe An •oeAj-Oume." Hi 11-1 fin mo t;uit)e-fe. *' If mire An c-Aof)Aife fojAncA." " T)ut)Aifc Se gufb e pein An c-AO"OAi|\e fO^AnCA." 74 " HaC 6 feo An peAjA a ttiot) 'riA fui"Oe A5 to|\5 *oeifce ? " 1f e e. (Tli n-e e). " 1f fitj-fe fAtAfin HA CAtttiAn." An cu pA-ofAig ? rii m6 1f mife Se^in. 1f 6 An mAi^ifci-ft e. Note. — Seo 6 (1) and Sin 6 (i) are frequently used instead of If e feo and 1f 6 fin. The sentence, 1f 6 SeAn An f eAf , given above is really the full, grammatical answer to the question: Cia n-e An peAf ? In the question information is sought concerning the identity of • An fCAf ' (the Subject). This information is given by the word SeAn (the Predicate); so that SeAn is the real Predicate. The pronoun, 6, agreeing with the noun Sein in gender, number and person, acts proleptically as a Pro-Predicate or temporar}^ Predicate. The word ScAn, alone, furnishes the logical, natural and complete answer to the question, Cia n-^ An pcAf ? The two sentences, "Oo t)'6 t)fiAn An |\i and 1)0 b'6 An fi t)fiAn, though composed of the same words convey distinctly different in- formation. The first is an answer to the question: Ce'ft)' 6 An f 1 ? The second answers the question: C^'ft)' 6 t)t\iAn ? The natural answers to these two questions are the words, t)|MAn and An |\i respectively 75 (D) — Note the following type of Identifi- cation sentence in which ellipsis occurs. Afl3'e Se^triAf a t!)-fMf ^n -pumneog ? This is really an abbreviated form of the question: -A|^t)'e SeAtTiAf An ce a tD-pif An -puinneo^ ? Similarly there occurs an ellipsis in the answer : Tlio|\1i)'e. T)o b'e Pa-oj^aij (An ce) a t)]Mf i. An analysis of the above sentence gives; — (An ce) A t)-f\if An -puinneog as Subject. SeAniAf as Predicate. The pronoun e (proleptic) as a temporary Predicate (Pro-Predicate) and A|\ti) (An4-t^o-}-bA) the interrogative form of the verb. Other examples of this (more or less emphatic) type of elliptical sentence are: — til "h-e A teAf A -oein f e (An |\u"o being under- stood after tcAf). Hi cu If peA|\-p A cuAit) Af (An ce being understood after cu). *' 1f 1 An "oiAf If cfuime if ifle a CfomAnn A ecAnn." 76 " Til Y\-^AXf r\A pi|\ ifiofA A t)AineAf (GAitieAtin) " Hi ri-6 An ce If Tn6 iteAnn if fiA -A rhAif- eATiri (rhAif e^f)." Observe that the superlative precedes the relative clause (E) — In the following examples another type of elliptical sentence is illustrated. The verb, If, and the proleptic pronoun are suppressed at the beginning. The logical Predicate stands first, thereby, receiving added emphasis: — TTIo tfuAg to ! TTIo 5f eiiDn CfoiiDe tti ! TTIo jfei'on mo fint! A fceAt fein fce^t 5AC einne. Til' AnAtn ifci5 tu ! (F) — In another type of elliptical sentence emphasis is attained b}^ making the Predicate stand hrst in the sentence, the verb ' if ' with a suitable pronoun as temporar}^ predicate following. Contrasts, epigrams and proverbs frequently assume this form, e.g., An fu*o if J5iof|\A *oo'n Cfoix)e if e if gioff a •oo'n t)eAl. (An fuT)) If 51 Off A T)o'n ^eAt is the Subject. An fuT) If 5iof f A Tjo'n Cfoit)e is the Predicate. The pronoun 6 is a Pro-Predicate or I 77 temporary Predicate referring to An \\ux> if 5iO|\|\x\ "oon CfOToe. 1f, is the verb. It will be noticed that this sentence would lose in strength if the Predicate were removed from its emphatic position, thus : 1f 6 -An nu-Q If 5ioff\A -oo'n cfoit)e if giofVfA X)o'n X)eAl. Other examples of this type are: — " An ce If 51 Off A "oo'n zeAmpMX ni n-e if 5iof|t-A •oo'n Atcoif." An ce If mo ot-dnn if e if mo X)u^1 Ann. " An fut) -A cionn An \.eAnX) if 6 -a jnionn -All le^nt)." An t-uib nA f Aijce-Af 'f 1 a foifCAf (foifeAnn). " An fut) -A X)eAt6CAi} x)uine 'f^ '^ rhA\\V)66At> •ouine." " An "oiAf If cfuime 'f 1 if ifle -a cfom-Ann A ce.Ann." " V\A nAoim If AOM[\X)e of comAif "06 if iax) If ifle Of coitiAif A n-Aigne fein." 78 (G) — Closely related to the last two types are the following : — '^ "PtiAcc tiA ftinneATi a t>feACAnn r\A tuipgne." " An fCUAt) tiua' If pex\|\-f\ a fcu-Ab^nn -An c-t;i|\tA|\." 5^6 n-Aon." " AitvjeAT) r\A n-oinfe^C a cui-peAf bfojA A|v bexin x^n ■pTobAi|\e." The first of these examples may be recast as : — 1f e -puACC nA fUnnedn a bjAeACAnn nA Lui|\5ne; or, "puACC nA ftinneAn if 6 a bfeACAnn nA tuifgne. The words, An fut), being understood before the relative particle a. Similarly for the other examples. (^H) — In the examples given under the pre- ceding sections (E — G) the Predicate was emphasised by placing it at the beginning of the sentence. The information convej^ed may also be stressed by reserving the Predicate to the end, e.g., If 6 fux) A "bein An feAf -ha ufCAf X)o CAiteAiri 79 An analysis of this sentence will illustrate its principal characteristics. (An) ixut) A "oein An pe^-p is the Subject. "UfCAiA -DO cAiteAtti teo is the Predicate. The particle nxS introduces the real Predicate. The pronoun e functions proleptically as temporary Predicate. If is the verb. This arrangement of the Predicate results in the information being conveyed in a rather formal and explicit manner; hence the fre- quent use of this form of affirmative sentence in definitions and explanations, e.g., Q,AX> If bfij ieif Ar\ t^focxM. ' A'ouAncAf ' ? If e bfig AJZA teif nA uAi^neAf. Ca-q e An nix) ' AX)UAncAf ' ? 1f e nit) e ' A'ouAncAf ' nA uAi^neAf. Further examples are : 1f e ceAX) t\ut) A "oein fe nA ArhfAn bjteAj binn "oo 5At>AiL "oumn. If e fuT) A •6einix)if nA ceiCeAt) Af luAf uAit) If e Ainm a t)i Aif nA SeAtDnA. 1f \AX> "OA nit) lAT) fAn nA t)1At) AJUf fOtAf . 80 The definite article may or may not be used before the noun which follows the temporary Predicate in the examples in this section. Its omission is explained by the fact that the noun is usually sufficiently defined by some other word or words in the sentence. In the example, If e -put) a "oeini-oif wa ceice-At) Ax< UiAf uAit), the relative clause A t)einiT)if sufficiently defines the noun |\u"o. For further examples of this type see 5T^^ime^|A r\A 5^^*01156, pages 307-308. (/) — A commonly occurring type of sentence analogous to the examples given in (H) has At instead of da to introduce the Predicate, e.g., If e A^^c 'nA|\ ttnc fe At 1 ttois uif^e. SeAfo A X)\ Ann At fo^jAA. 1f e An fiuT) e atza Annfin At AijAgeAT). (/) — Sometimes for the purpose of securing clearness, emphasis, balance, rhythm or other harmonious or desirable effect the Predica.te is reserved to the end of the sentence and is not introduced either by nA or At, e.g.. If e 1(1 At 5U|\ cugAt) An Ainni fin a|\ An aic ■DpoiCeAT) At)muiT) A t)eit Ann foirhe'fi"- (lf t) "olige nA ri-iAfACcA An c-iAfVfVAit)e "oo Dflf CAt). 81 If 6 t)|\eiC A cug^ii) AM(\ e "oo tui(\ a^ fct-At)- v^'6eA(:,z in- imi^cein. t)'e -pAt A cu-pAif AtCtnn^e "00 Cufi o|ac. ScAfT) A "Ouifij 1 riA feAn-rhAt)HAi ti)i A|v Cut ^11 cige. 1f e c|\io6 An poicin An com "oo ttiicim Af. If e If fA*OA tiom 50 bfAjAT) fUAitfineAf . Til "h-e If X)6i5 tiom 50 'onocfAit) fe. In this last sentence (ah fu-o) if "ooij tiom is the Subject; 50'ociocf ai-o fe is the Predicate. EMPHASIS. (K). As already mentioned the verb If is used to mark emphasis. This use is illustrated in many of the various types of Identification and Classification sentences already given. Consider the sentence : T)o cuai-o pA*of A15 50 "Ooife in-oe. It may be recast and the emphasis placed in succession on the words Pat)|\ai5, T)oife, m-oe, e.g., 1f e pA*ofAi5 "oo cuAit) 50 'Ooife in"o6. 1f 50 "Ooife "oo CuAit) pAt)fAi5 inDe. 1f in-oe -DO CuAit) pA'OfAig 50 'Ooife. The words 'Ooife and in-oe may also be emphasised by the use of if eA-o, thus: 50 'Ooife If eAt) "OO CtiAi"0 pA-OfAig inT)e. 1nx)e If eA"6 "oo CuAit) pAT)fAi5 50 'OoifC. 82 Other examples of the emphasising power of If are given below: If te n-inneAlt bAince a tjAin f e An c-A|\t!)A|\. te ri-inneAfL bAince if eA.t> X)o t)Air» fe ^n r-Ar\X)Ai\. If ^5 -pit te f^nAit) ACA fe. If te f An Alt!) AZA fe A5 ]Mt. If AJAC-fA If feAff A flOf. In paragraph (A) the words ^^ without any reference to his or its becoming so " are very important: because if there be any idea of change of state in the mind, we cannot use the verb 1f. If we wish to convey the idea that a person or thing has become what he (or it) is, and that he {or it) was not always so, we must use the verb ca. In such construc- tions the verb ca must be always followed by the preposition 1 (in) and a suitable possessive adjective. Ca f6 in' (inA) feA\y, He is a man {i.e., no longer a boy). 1f feAf €, He is a man {i.e., not a woman or a ghost). Ca fi 'nA mnAoi tfioitv Anoif, She is a big woman now. "Dftiit CO A-o' buACAiit riiAit ? Are you a good boy ? t)i A*o' CAitin til Alt, Be a good girl. The verb, if, has no imperative mood. reAnmAi snAmA'OAige (GRAMMATICAL TERMS) Adjective, Ai-oiacc. Form,, pumtn. A. compound, Com-Ai-oiAcc. A. demonstrative, A. ceAf bATlCAC. A. distributive, A. piAptAC. A. indefinite, A. 6i5CinnceAC. A. numerical, A. uiriiCAp'OA. Adverb, "OoibpiACAp. Antecedent, UeAtiiteACCAi-oe. Analysis, "OeAlu. Article (the), An c-Alc. Aspiration, Seiiiiiu. Attenuation, CaoIu. F. independent, ^. neAtii- fpleAT)AC. F. analytic, p. fCAjicA. F. synthetic, f. caiccb (JAhcAK F. emphatic, p. tjteife. Gender, innfcne. G. feminine, 'bAiTiinnfcneAC. G. masculine, ptjiinnfcneAC. Case, CuifBAl. C. nominative, C. AinmneAC. C. accusative, C. cufpoipeAC. C. genitive, C geineAriinAC. C. dative, U. caTdajacac. C. vocative, C 5AipmeAC. Comparison, ComneAls. C. degrees of, CeimeAntiA coiTineil5. (Positive, An 5un-ceim.) (Comparative, An bpeifceim.) (Superlative, An c-fAp-ceim) (Superlative, An Afi-o-ceim.) C. of equality. An ceim lonAnn- Alf. Condition, -al, ComseAll, -ac. Conjugation, Uennniu. Conjanction, CotrinAfO. Conjunctive, ComnAfCAC. Declension, 'OioclAonA-o. Diminutive (n), 'OifheASAT!). Disjunctive, "OionAfCAC. Eclipsis, Uipfoiu. Indefinite, 6i5Cinnce(Ac). Indirect (speech), ClAon-mnfinr. Inflection, ■pilleA-6 (mplleA-o). Interjection, UAiUbpeAf. Interrogative, •piAppuiccAC (CeirceAc). Intransitive, tlBAtn-Aif-oiteAC. Irregular, tleAin-tiiASAlcA. Mood, niox). M. imperative, m. op-outj- ceAC. M. indicative, m. CAfCAC. M. subjunctive, fn. pof'J''6coAC. Negative, "OmlcAC. Noun, Ainm. N. abstract, ..A. ceibni)e. N. Collective, SluA5-Ainm. N. common, A. coicceAnn. N. compound, Cotri-Ainm. N. definite, A. cinnccAC. N. indefinite, A. eiscmnccAc. N. monosyllabic, A. Aotnc|'iol- lAbAC. N,. proper, A. "oileAf . N. verbal, A. binAtApt)A. 83 84 Number, UitViift. N. cardinal, t)unuitiii|<. N. ordinal, Ojfouinmt. N. dual, UitViip -bci-oe. N. plural, U. lolt^AiT). N. singular, U. u^cai-o. fsumeral personal. U. fATICA. peAp- Parse, min-ocAlins. Parsing, mitroeAlu. Participle, UAnnj;AbAit. P. present, n. lAicpeAC. P. past, n. CAttce. Particle. mion-FOCAt, tTlip. Parts of speech, HAnriA CAinnce (inrtfce). Possessive, SeAlbAC. Predicate. V-S'T^eT- Prefix, Ueiriimjp. i'rep>osition, UeAjVipocAt. P. simple, XI. fimpti-oe. Pronoun. popAinm. P. disjunctive, p. -oionAfCAd. P. conjunctive, p. coriiriAfCAC. P. interrogative, p. piAp|iuiceAC. P. relative, p. coibneApcA (5Aoljiu\i\). Sentence, XlM, At)AitiC. S. principal, ppioiiipA-o. S. subordinate, ■popA-o. Subject, An c-AiTimniT)e, A-obAjt CAinnce. Suffix, lA]i-ihfii. Syncope, CuimpiiS. Syllable, SiollAb. Syntax, CoiTTipeift. Tense, xMmfeAji. T. present-habitual, A. jnAd- lAltpCAC. T. present, A. VAir^ABAC. T. past, A. CAicce. T. past-habitual, A. snAt- CAicce. T. future, A. pAifcitieAC Termination, poipceAnn. Transitive, Airt)i<eAC. Verb, t>Ri c w. V. defective, t). beAjinAd. V. regular, t). t'^ASAlcA. Voice, -pAoro. V. passive, f. ceAfCA V. active, p. sdiottiac Vowel, 5UCA, sucAise. Printed by Cnhill <$• Co., Ltd. Parkgate Printing Works, t)uhUli '..,f?: <T>? PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY