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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google AECHAEOLOGIA : MISCELLANEOUS TRACTS KELATISG TO a:n"tiquity. Digitized by LaOOQ IC Digitized by Google AECHAEOLOaiA: OR MISCELLANEOUS TEACTS RELATING TO AITTIQUITT, PUBLISHED BT THB SOCIETY OF ANTIQTJAKIES OF LONDON, VOLUME h. LONDON : PRINTED BY NICHOLS AND SONS, 26, PABLUUENT STBEET. SOLD AT THE SOCIETT'S APARTMENTS IN BURLINGTON HOUSE. U.DCOC.LXXXVIL Digitized by LaOOQ IC J^ TC l^CI DEC 29 1887 n cCtw_ ^(-K^ , c) ,_ 1 ^'-'-y Digitized by LaOOQ IC TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. — Masons' Marks at Westmimler Hall. By Edwin Fbeshpield, LL.D., V.P. 1—4 II. — A Note on the Hall of William Bufus at West^ntnster. By J, T, MiCKLETHWAlTE, F.8.A. - ... - 5 — 8 in. — The west side of Westminstei- Hall. By Somees Clabke, F.8.A. 9 — 16 lY.— •-Some Remarks upon the Book of Records and History of the Parish of St. Stephen, Coleman Street, in the City of London. By Edwin Fbeshpield, LL.B., V.P. - ... - 17—57 Y.-^Noies on recent excavations on the supposed site of the Artemisimn, near the Lake of Nemi, made by Sir John Savile Lvmley, G.G.B. By E. P. PuLLAN, F.S.A. 58—65 VI. — On a Saxon Chapel at Deerhurst, Gloucestershire. By John Henet MiDDLBTON, M.A., F.8.A. . . - - - 66—71 VII. — Remarks on the fifteenth-century IHptych of the Chevalier Philip Hinckaert, Chastelain de Tervueren, in Brahant. By Bvbbaed GrBEBN, F.8.A., Son. Member of the Spalding Society - 72 — 80 nil.— The Manor of Aylesbury. By John Pakkeb, F.8.A. - ■ 81—103 IX. — Some further Notice of the Diamond Signet of Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. ; of the King's Diajnond ; a/nd of the Sapphire Signet believed to be that of Mary Queen of William HI. By C. Deurt E. Foetnum, V.P.8.A. .... 104—117 X. — The Seal of Cardinal Andrea de Valle, A.D. 1517, idth remarks on some other cardinals' seals of that period, ascribed to Lautizio of Pei-ugia, and to Cellini. By C. Dbtiet B. Fortnum, F.8.A. 118 — 128 XI. — On the English medieval drinking bowls called Mazers. By W. H. St. John Hope, M.A. - . . . . 129— 19a Digitized by Google 71 TABLE OP CONTENTS. PAGB XII. — On Archaic conceptions of jyroperty in relation to the Laws of Succession ; and their survival in England. By G. Laueenob GoMME, F.8.A. 195—214 XIII. — Documents relating to the death and burial of king Edward II. By Stuabt Akchibald Moore, F.8.A. - - - - 215 — 226 XrV. — Some remarks upon the Regia, the Atrium Vestae, and the original locality of the Fasti Gapitolini. By P. M. Nichols, F.S.A. 227—260 XV. — The Alien Priory of St. Andreto, Hamhle, and its transfer to Winchester College in 1391. By Thomas F. Kibbt, M.A. 251—262 XVI. — Further Notes upon Excavations at Silchester. By F. G. Hilton Peice, F.S.A. 263—280 XVII. — On the Mural Paintings in All Saints Church, Friskney, Lincoln- shire. Communicated by the Rev. Heney John Chbalbs, M-A., Vicar of Friskney, and Rural Dean of Candleshoe - - 281 — 286 XVIII. — On Basket-work Figures of Men represented an Sculptured Stones. By Rev. G. F. Browne, B.D. .... 287—294 XIX. — Reginald, bishop of Bath (i iJ^—i IQ i) ; his episcopate, aiid his share in the building of the church of Wells. By the Rev. C. M. Church, M.A., F.S.A., Sub-dean and Canon Residentiary of Wells 295—360 XX. — Notes on an Ancient Boat found at Brigg. By Alfred Atkinson, A.M. Inst. C.E. ...... 361—370 XXI. — Notes from the Records of the Manor of Bottesford, lAncolnshire. By Edward Peacock, F.S.A. .... 371—382 XXII. — On excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford, in Lincoln- shire. By Georoe William Thomas, Esq. - - 383 — 406 XXIII. — On certain churches on the eastern coast of Italy. By Edwin Febshfield, Esq., Vice-President .... 407 — 420 XXIV. — The History of Malmesbury as a Village GoTmnunity. By G. L. GoMME, F.S.A. ...... 421—438 XXV. — Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London, dated respectively 1$45 and 1403 ; now, for the first time, printed, with an Introduction. By "W". Sparrow Simpson, D.D., F.8.A., Sub-dean of St. Paul's, and Keeper of the Records ... 439 — 524 Digitized by Google TABLE OP CONTENTS. Appendix. 1. The Standing Gup of the cihj of Westminster - - 527 — 529 2. On an iron sword of Scandinavian type found in London, now in the British Museum ; and a bronze stirrup of the same period found near Bomsey, in Hampshire, in the possession of Philip B. Davis Cook, Esq. ..... 530—533 3. Notes on a Danish sword found near Wallingford - 534 — 536 Digitized by Google LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE PAGE t I*. Masons' Marks. "Westminster Hall, west side - - facing 2 t II*. Westminster Hall, west side. Positions of the Masons' Marks facing 2 + III*. Westminster Hall, west side. Positions of the Masons' Marks facing 2 t I*V*. Westminster Hall, west side. Positions of the Masons' Marks facing 2 I. Longitudinal section of Westminster Hall - between 6-7 II. Elevation and Ground Plan of the West Side of Westminster Hall ...... facing 9 t III. Plan of the West Side of Westminster Hall (first-floor) between 10-11 t IV. Plan of part of the West side of Westminster Hall between 10-11 t V. Plan of the First-floor of the West Side of Westminster Hall between 14-15 + VI. General Plan showing the Buildings round Westminster Hall in 1716 - . . . . between 14-15 VII. Plan of Excavations at Lago di Nemi, on the site of the Artemisium ..... facing 60 VIII. Ex Votos, from the Artemisium, near Lake Nemi - facing 62 IX. 1. Portion of a Terra-Cotta / \ Frieze - o T • i- J _!.■ From the Artemisium, I ^ - 2. Inscnption and a portion ! ^^^^ j^ake Nemi '^"8 of a White Marble Cornice - . \ / t Presented by Edwin Fi-eshlield, LL.D., V.P. 64 Digitized by Google WST OP ILLDSTEATIONS. IX PLATE PAGE X. Saxon Chapel at Deerhurst - - • - facing 68 Inscribed Slab in Saxon Chapel at Deerhurst, Grloucestershire - 69 Greneral View of Saxon Chapel at Deerhurst, GHoucestershire - 71 XI. Dexter Panel of the Diptych of Philip Hinckaert - facing 76 Badge or Rebus of Philip Hinckaert . - - - 80 Crold Signet Ring of Mary, Queen of William III. - - 111 Diamond Signet of Charles I. - - - - - 112 XII. Seal of Cardinal Andrea de Valle, 1517 j f ' IIQ Sealof Cardinal. Egidio da Viterbo, 1517 1 " " ^^^^^ Xni. Examples of Mazer Prints .... facing 136 Print of a Mazer at Harbledown Hospital, Kent - • 138 Early fourteenth-century Mazer at Harbledown Hospital, Kent 139 Print of a Mazer at Harbledown Hospital, Kent - - 140 Print of a Mazer at St. John's Hospital, Canterbury - • 144 Mazer at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ... 144 Part of band of a Mazer at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge - 145 Sectional elevation of a Mazer at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge .--.--- 146 Plan of top of piUar inside a Mazer at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ...... 146 Print of a Mazer at St. John's Hospital, Canterbury . . 146 Mazer, and ring of its cover, at All Souls College, Oxford - 151 Print from a Mazer at All Souls College, Oxford, with arms and initials of Thomas Ballard .... 151 Standing Mazer at Pembroke College, Cambridge - - 152 Print of a Mazer (with section) at Fairford Church, Gloucester- shire ....... 156 Print of a Mazer at Holy Trinity Church, Colchester - - 156 Print of a Mazer at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge . 157 Maaer at Oriel College, Oxford .... 159 Mazer in the possession of the "Worshipful Company of Iron- mongers - ...... - 160 Standing Mazer at All Souls College, Oxford ... 166 Merchant's mark on print of a Mazer at St. Grdes' Church, Cripplegate, London ..... 167 b Digitized by Google W8T OP ILLUSTRATIONS. Mazer, with inverted tazza for a foot, in the possession of W. Jerdone Braikenridge, Esq. .... 169 Portion of the band (with section] of a Mazer in the possession of W. Jerdone Braikenridge, Esq. ... 170 Mazer (1585-6) in the possession of the Rev. H. F. St. John - 173 Print of a Mazer (1585-6) in the poBsession of the Rev. H. F, St. John ....... 174 Plan of Ruins between the Temple of Vesta and the Sacred "Way .-.-... 229 XIV. Fragment of Marble Wall and Tufo substructure of Marble Buildings ------ facing 230 Marble Wall of the Stanza dei Fasti - - - - 237 Restored plan and south elevation of part of the Regia - 247 Plan and architecture of the SvAwnms Janus, as designed by Ligorio ...-..- 249 * XV. Silchester. (Jeneral Plan . . _ _ facing 266 * XVI. Silchester. Plan of a building between the Forum and the Temple (Block VII.) - - - between 268-269 ' XVII. Silchester. Plan of the Baths (Block IX.) - between 274-275 ' XVIII. Silchester. Bird's-eye view of the Baths (Block IX.) between 27&-277 i XIX. Silchester. View showing section of Hypocaust in the Baths (Block IX. Chamber 8) - - - between 278-279 XX. Fr Jskney Church, Lincolnshire. Wall Painting of the Ascension facing 281 XXI. Friskney Church, Lincolnshire. Wall Painting of the Resur- . rection ..... facing 283 XXII. Sculptured Cross-shaft at Checkley, Staffordshire facing 288 Sketch showing position of an ancient Boat found at Brigg - 361 Sketch of stem-board - - - - - •363 Longitudinal section of bottom of Boat .... 363 Section of floor-ridge ...... 364 Section of shelf at stem ..... 364 Roman Intaglio found in an Anglo.Saxon grave at Sleaford - 404 XXIII. [Antiquities found in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sleaford facing 406 Digitized by Google LIST OP IlLUSTEATIOHS. Antiquities found in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sleaford PLATE 'XXIV. XXV. Antiquities found in an Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Sleaford facing XXVI. Silver-gilfc Standing Cup of the city of Westminster Sword of Scandinariim type found in London - Hilt of Sword of Scandinavian type found in London Bronze Stirrup found near Bomsey, Hants XXVII. Danish Sword-hilt found at Wallingford facing facing 406 627 530 531 533 534 Digitized by Google Digitized by Google —The Alien Priory of St. Andrew, Haynble, and its transfer to Winchester College in 1391. By Thomas F. Kiebt, M.A. Bead March 25, 1866. The priorj of St. Andrew, at Hamble, near Southampton, was a cell to the Benedictine abbey of Tyrone (Tinin or Turun), in La Beauce, a district south- west of Chartres, included in the old province of Orl^annois. In the Monasticon and Tanner's Notitia it is called a Cistercian abbey, but this is a mistake, and so is the statement in the Notitia that the priory was annexed to New College, Oxford. The priory stood on a "rise" or point of land. — " Hamele-en-le-rys " or " Hambleriee " is its old name — at the confluence of the Hamble river with Southampton Water, opposite Calahot castle. Hamble gets its name from Hamele, a thane of the Saxon Meonwaris. Leland calls the place " Hamel Hooke." The priory chtu-ch of St. Andrew is now the parish church. It was rebuilt by "Win- chester college' in the early part of the fifteenth century, and consists of chancel and nave, to which a south aisle was added five or six years ago, and a tower with three bells. There are scarcely any traces above ground of the priory buildings. Like those of the Benedictine convent of St. Swithun, at Winchester, they stood on the south and south-west of the church, so that the graveyard, as at "Winchester, is on the north side of the church. I do not know at what date the monks from Tyrone came to Hamble, or upon whose invitation, but they owed their pied a terre to William GifEard, bishop of Winchester, 1098 — 1128, who gave "to the monks of St. Andrew," a hyde of land called Hamle. The grant is not extant ; but I exhibit a confirmation of it by Henry de Blois (bishop 1129 — 1171). This little charter is in excellent preservation (see Appendix I.) The seal is in chocolate wax, and was 3J inches ' See Archaeological Journal riii. 86. VOL. L. 2 L Digitized by Google 252 TJte Alien Priory of 8t. Andrew, Hamhie, long when perfect. The counteraeal is oval, f inches long, no legend, subiect, a gem with two heads facing each other, " like Philip and Mary on a shilling." I have here also a certified copy of a bull of pope Innocent II. in which the pope confirms Gulielmus, abbot of Tyrone, and his successors, in the possession of divers churches which had been given to that abbey, including the church of '* St. Andrew de Anglia," which, coming as it does from the drawer of Hamble documents in the Winchester college muniment room, must be taken to mean St. Andrew's Hamble. This interesting document is written in a characteristic hand of the fourteenth or fifteenth century, and was no doubt made to be handed over to the college with the title-deeds upon the completion of the purchase of the priory. The original bull appears to have been " given at Valence by the hand of Almeric, cardinal deacon and chancellor of the Roman Church, xvij. Kal. Ap. Indict. 10"" A.D. 1132 Pontif. III." I have here also a charter of Hemy 11. confirming the right of the monks of Tyrone to a pension of fifteen marks per annum ad calceamenta (for shoe leather) which had been granted to them by a charter of Henry I. that is not extant. The charter before you is in excellent preservation, but the seal is a mere fragment. Thomas a Becket attests as chancellor, proving the date of the charter to he between the years 1155 — 11 62. The charter of Henry I. (1100 — 1135} may have been contemporaneous with the grant of bishop Giffard (1098 — 1128) and with the arrival of the monks in this country. We have another charter of Henry II. exempting the monks of Hamble from toll, passage, pontage, etc. throughout England and Normandy, but the seal is missing. We have also a charter of Henry, duke of Normandy, as he describes himself, granting to the monks a pension of twenty marks per annum in lieu of the above- mentioned pension of fifteen marks, and another of five marks granted by the empress Maud : but here again we have to regret the loss of the seal. The property of this priory cannot have been large at any time. They had bishop GifEard's hyde of land, represented by the present manor of Hamble, and the tithes, services, and dues arising from it and from another hyde of land at " Brixedone," which they had under a grant from Henry de Blois, made with the consent of Christopher, the parson of Bishop's Waltham, to which church these tithes had belonged. I am sorry to say that this grant of Henry de Blois, as well as some other documents of equal interest, are not now to be found in the college muniment room. They had also the chapel of Hound, the adjoining parish, and the chapel of Digitized by Google and its iramfer to Winchester College in 1391. 253 "West Worldham, near Alton, wHch was given to them by one Richard de Annecy, temp. Henry II. as I gather from the character of the writing of the deed of gift. Early in the twelfth century they were endowed by Qoce de Dinan with the church of Stanton Fitzwarren in "Wilts and by Herbert Fitzherbert with half a hyde there and two parts of the tithes of his demesne. Instead of keeping the church in their own hands, and paying a vicar, the monks made the mistake of letting the parson into possession of the church, on condition of paying them an annual pension ; and this is how Stanton Fitzwarren comes to be a rectory in other patronage instead of an appropriation to "Winchester college. A writ of the bishop of Salisbury directing the archdeacon of "Wilts to enforce payment of this pension to the monks of Hamble, bears date a.d. 1421. Then they had an acre of building land in the new town of Southampton which they acquired in the following manner : — One Richard Leycester had given them a rent-charge of 28 pence per annum, issuing out of this acre, " ad inveni- endum vinum ad missas." The rent-charge got into arrear, and, there being nothing on the land to distrain, the monks entered into possession of the acre, and in 42 Hen. III. made an agreement with one Nicholas Beket respecting it. (Appendix III.) I exhibit this agreement, as well as Leycester's grant, as the earliest example that I am acquainted with of a building agreement. The terms of the agreement were as follows ; — ^Beket was to be at liberty to enter on the acre and build houses and repair them without any limit of time (so that it was, in fact, a lease in perpetuity), and was to pay the 2Bd. a-year to the priory, as well as a prior charge of 20(i. per annum to the hospital of (Jod's House at Southampton, which was, I believe, the original freeholder, Leycester being their grantee. Then they had a place called Flexland, in Soberton parish, for which they paid a modus of one mark to the parson of Meonstoke, under an award of bishop Godfrey de Lucy (1189 — 1204). They had also the tithes of a meadow at Allington, near Bishopstoke ; and a pension of 408. per annum out of the rectory of that parish, which is mentioned in a taxation of the archdeacon of "Winchester in 20 Edward I. as then payable to the monks of Hamble, and is now received by "Winchester college, their auccessorB in title. The number of monks at Hamble must have been small, possibly six. I say this because they had a corrody from the monastery of St. Swithun at "Winchester of 6 gowns (pellidae), 6 pairs of shoes, and 6 pairs of boots (botae) per annum, with 21 loaves and 42 flagons (justae) of ale (quales in refectorio coram monachis ponuntur) weekly, which works out half a loaf and one flagon per diem if six was 2l 2 Digitized by Google 254 The Alien Friory of 8L Andrew^ Ha/mile, the number, The monks of St. Swithun used to receive 20,000 oysters at mid- Lent from the prior of Hamhle, as an acknowledgment of this corrody. The delivery of so much bread and beer at Hamble must have been a difficult task for the monks of St. Swithim's, though they had the advantage of water carriage all the way from "Winchester by reason of bishop Lucy having made the river Itchen navigable to Southampton. One is not surprised to find that dis- putes arose about the corrody in consequence. I exhibit a deed of agreement, dated April 6, 1337 (Appendix: IV.), between Alexander, prior of St. Swithun's, and Richard de Bello Monte, prior of Hamble, for compromise of an action by the latter for nonpayment of the corrody. The compromise amounted to this, that during the rest of prior Richard's life the bread should continue to be delivered, but not the beer and other things. Shortly after this adjustment of the dispute the troubles of the ahen priories began; and, on the breaking out of the great war with France, king Edward III. seized their estates. Hamble suffered the same fete as all other alien priories. The monks of St. Swithun seem to have taken advantage of the sequestration of the estates of Hamble priory to drop the pajrment of the corrody. At any rate, it ceased to be paid, and the wrong was not remedied until the year 1394, when bishop Wykeham decreed that it should be paid for the future. The bishop's decree is addressed to Robert Rodeboume, prior of St. Swithun; and to Tideman de "Winchcomb, abbot of BeauUeu, and Sir Bernard Brocas, the farmers of the priory under the Crown; and is dated July 24, 1394; at which date the sale to the college had been completed, as we shall see presently ; but the sequestrators had not yet given up possession. The decree is dated from the bishop's manor of Esher, and has appended to it the bishop's secretum in red wax. This is a circular seal, 1^ inch in diameter, nearly perfect, with the bishop kneeling to St. Swithun, with Our Lady and Child above, and SS. Peter and Paul on either side. In base are the bishop's arms, and the legend is — SKCttum tuglUImt be tuBlttiiain epi losntlon. The history of this corrody has interest for us at Winchester ; for, after the property of the priory became vested in "Winchester college, the corrody became the endowment of Wykeham's chantry in our cathedral church. At this time (4 Henry "V.) the estimated annual value of the corrody was ten pounds. I exhibit the duplicate grant of the corrody by warden Morys and the college to prior Nevyle and the convent of St. Swithun. (Appendix V.) The grant is Digitized by Google and its transfer to Winchester CoUege m 1391. 255 expressed to be in accordance with the intention and at the request of the late biahop, for a chantry of three monks to celebrate three masses daily in the chapel in which he is buried. Each monk is to receive one penny a day from the prior. The sacrist of St. Swithun is to find all things needful for the purpose ; and alms- boys are to sing every night in the chapel, in honour of the blessed Virgin, the antiphon " Salve Regina," or "Ave Regina," and then " De Profundis," with the Prayer of the Faithful, or "Inclina;" and the prior is to assign six shillings and eight pence yearly at the Feast of the Annunciation, for the use of the boys. The original deed of endowment should be, if still in existence, in the custody of the dean and chapter. The duplicate that I exhibit represents the acceptance of the endowment by the convent of St. Swithun. Of the conventual seal, a splendid impression in bright red wax, about two-thirds remains. A transcript of a charter establishing the chantry with this corrody, and a pension of forty-five shillings and nine pence given by bishop Wykeham in his lifetime out of the manor of West Meon, will be found in the Monasticon* *' Winchester Monastery," No. XIX. In the case of Hamble priory and, as far a& I know, of aU other alien priories, the "legal estate," as lawyers call it, was vested in the parent monaatery abroad; and the prior and brethren here exercised powers of management only, and paid a sort of tribute to the parent monastery. One of the grounds of complaint against the alien jiriories was that they sent specie abroad. There were several cells to the abbey of Tyrone besides Hamble and Andwell ; and the abbey kept an agent, or proctor, in this country to superintend them all. I have here letters under the seal of abbot John and the abbey of Tyrone appointing John le Eoier, abbot of St. Mary de Artisis, to bo their agent or proctor in England. The date is 28 January, 1360-1. The convent seal is much flattened, and only a fragment remains of the abbot's seal. Raoul dit I'Ermite, prior of Andwell, was pi^ctor-general of the abbey in 13 Edward II. and in that year concurred in a lease by prior Beaumont to one John Poussart " de tons les servises corvees et coustumes," of Hamble manor. I exhibit the lease. The seals are almost perfect, in dark green wax. The seals are (a) that of the prior of Hamble, a pointed oval If inch long with the martyrdom of St. Andrew, with a moon and star on either side, and a praying monk in base. Legend : 8' peioeis DS [tiA]MaL[a] ; (b) that of the prior of • Ed. 1817. Vol. 1, page 215. Digitized by Google 256 The Alien Priory of St. Andrew, Hamhle, Andwell, a pointed oval If inch long, with figures of Our Lady and Child and St. John Baptist beneath a double canopy, with a half effigy of Our Lord above, and a praying monk under a canopy beneath. Legend : 8' priobib DS DffA.nn€tD€twffLLe]. Here is a similar lease granted in 30 Edward III. by prior James Pasquier, who was proctor for the abbey as well as prior of Hamble. I have said that at the breaking out of the great war with France Edward III. sequestrated the property of all the alien priories, under a pledge (so it is said) that it should be restored on peace being made. The custody of the priory of Hamble with the priories of Andwell and St. Cross, two other cells of the abbey of Tyrone, was granted by letters patent on 22 January, 49 Edward III. (1376), to Thomas de Duffield. In 1371 bishop William of Wykeham had granted the custody of the priory in spiHtualUms to William de Salariis, a monk of Tyrone, and others his fellows. It does not appear whether the brethren were actually ejected. I incline to think they were not. William de Foxle, prior 1375-1390, had property in three counties and may have been able to maintain them. There was a vacancy in the year 1390, and the abbot of Tyrone presented two clerks, John Beel and John Kent, to the bishop, and he instituted John Beel to the priory. I exhibit the letters of presentation of John Beel, for the sake of the seals of the abbot and convent, which are in splendid preservation. The seal of the abbot is of English workmanship. It is a pointed oval 3 inches long, with the Holy Trinity under a fine canopy. In base is a kneeling figure of the abbot under an arch, between two shields, each bearing three falcons volant. The legend is : — ; S. POTEI : [ABBATI8] ainOTS [TEiniTAT' Dff TI]EOniO. The convent seal is that ad cav^as, and is of earlier date than the abbot's. It is a pointed oval 2^ inches long, with Our Lord sitting in majesty, under a slight canopy. Legend: 8'. aovoTVi - saec • theitatis • Da • Tmonio * ad ans. The alien priories were not finally dissolved until the Parliament of Leicester (1 Henry v.), but in the state of suspended animation to which Edwardlll. reduced them they can have been of no value to the abbeys abroad, who must have been glad to get rid of them when a purchaser offered, and this is the way in which William of Wykeham acquired a good deal of the property with which he endowed his two St. Mary colleges. The prices paid may not have been high, say six or Digitized by Google and its transfer to Winchester College w 1391. 257 eight years* piu-chase, but the coBts and expenses were considerable, owing to the number of people, from the Pope's nuncio downwards, who had to be contented. The first step was to obtain the sanction of pope Bonifaee IX. We have a copy only of his bull, dated iv. Non. Feb. 1391. The royal licence to prior John Beel to grant to the warden and scholars, clerks, the manor of Hamble, and the churches of Hamble Hound and "West Worldham, bears date the same year. Then we have a licence to alienate by Peter, abbot of Tyrone and the convent, and a grant by prior Beel pursuant to that licence. Then there is a letter of attorney by the prior, appointing John de Campeden, master of St. Cross ; John de Keten and others, his attorneys, to deliver seisin. Then we have a confirmation by the abbot and convent of Tyrone, in whom I have said the legal estate was vested. It is dated 1 Sep. 1391. The seals are perfect, in dark green wax ; that of the abbot has been already described. The common seal is a pointed oval, 3J inches long, with a rudely executed figure of the Trinity beneath a slight canopy. Legend : — SI6ILLTSR : OAPITVLI ; SAROTI : 8ALVAT0KIS : Dff : TyBOnia. Then we come to a letter of attorney from the warden and scholars, clerks, to receive seisin, and the title is completed with a release by Tideman de "Winchcomb, abbot of Savigny, one of the sequestrators of the priory. (Appendix VI.) This Tideman de Winchcomb waa made abbot of Beaulieu, Hants, in ] 393 ; bishop of LlandafE the same year; and in 1395 was translated to the see of "Worcester. He died in 1401. So much for the conveyancing part of the business. Now for the purchase- money and expenses. I exhibit an acquittance under the private seals of William de Siguenaux, prior of Trehonderia, and Giles, prior of G^ardens, as agents of the abbot and convent of Tyrone, for a sum of 1300 francs (ecus worth about 53. each), the price of the priories of Hamble, St. Cross, Andwell, and Titley, and the churches of Hamble Hound and West Worldham. The seals are circular, in dark green wax, f in. in diameter. The acquittance by the abbot and convent for the purchase-money bears date three days later, 8 September, 1391. Then we have receipts by the said William de Siguenaux and Tterius Morini, domdeellvs, for 100 francs paid them by the purchaser for their trouble in expe- diting the matter ; and by the priors of Trehonderia and Gardens for 30 francs " pro feodo sigilli," as sealing money, and for carrying the writings to Rouen and Paris. Digitized by Google 258 The Alien Pri&ry of St. Andreic, Samble, Tbis last mentioned acquittance is dated 19th June, 1392, but everything else was settled before the end of September 1391. In fact, the purchase only took seven months to complete. It would not be completed more quickly now. The only difficulty was to get rid of the sequestrators or farmers of the priory. One of them, Tideman de Winchcomb, executed a release, as we have seen, with some promptitude, for it bears date 15 Sept., 1392; but the other, Sir Bernard Brocas, seems to have stood out for compensation, as we have an acquittance of his dated 17 Sept. 1394, for a pension of 10 marks, granted to him by the king out of the priory. And it would seem from "Wykeham's decree quoted above, that both sequestrators were in possession at this date — 24 July, 1394, nearly three years after the nominal completion of the purchase. The following list of priors is taken from a certificate of bishop Wykeham, dated 5 Feb., 1392, for the information of the sequestrators: — Name of prior. Where iiistiCDted. Due. John de Estrepamacho South wark 4 Jan. 1317. Richard de Beaulieu (sic) Famham 2 July, 1322. James Pasquier Farnham 10 March, 1344 ■William de Monasteriis Highclere 28 Feb. 1361. "WUliam de Foxle Waltham 10 Aug. 1375. John Beel Bsher 20 Feb. 1390. Digitized by Google emd its transfer to Winchester College in 1391, 259 APPENDIX. I. HeDiicna del graoia WiDton Gpiscopas, Archidiaconis, Decanis, et nniTerso cloro per Dpiscopatum Wintoa constitnto, salutem. Donationem qaam Predecesaor noster bono memorie Willelmns Criffard regis Heurici senioris sssensn, et ConveDtus Winton concessionej fecit deo et monachis de Sancto Andrea de ana hida terre qne Tocatnr Haffia, sicat eorum Carte testantar, ratam habemus et presentis scripti monimine roboramnB. Testibns biia : BadnUo archidiacono Winton, Roberto archidiacono Snrreie, Magistro Nicbolaho, WaitFePO clerico, Willebno Capellano Episcopi, Criatoforo clerico, Willebno milite nepote Episcopi. Seal of the biahop in red -was., with effigy. Legend all broken away. Gonnterseal, a claeaical gem with two heads respectant. 11. Henricns Rex AngUe et Dox Normannie et Aqnitanie et Comes Andegavie Archi- episcopis, Episcopis, Abbatibos, Comitiboa, Baronibas, Jnsticiarii^ Yicecomitibns, MiDistria, et omnihns fidelibus Bois totias Anglie et Normannie, salutem. Sciatis me concessisse et confir- masse deo et monachis de Tyroii. in perpetoam elemosinam, pro salute anime mee et antecesBomm et sncceasornm meomm, quindecim marcas argenti ad calcefunenta eoram, accipiendas de thasauro meo ad acaccarinm menm in feato sancti Michaelis annnatim in perpetunm, sicnt Rex Henricns avns mens illaa eia dedib et carta ana confirmavit. Qnare volo et firmiter precipio quod ipsi singnlia annis illaa habeant bene et in pace ad predictnm terminom absque omni distnrbacione. Testibns : Fhilippo epiacopo Baioc*, Era' episcopo Lexovienai, Toma Cancellario, Roberto de novo b, Jollano dapifero, Hugone de claera. Apad Genomannim. Remains of the great seal. ni. Hec est convencio facta anno Regni Regis Henrici filii Regis Johannia xl" qnarto inter dominnm priorem et monacos do Hamele ex una parte et Nicolanm Beket Bath ex altera, videlicet qnod idem prior et monachi conceaserunt pro ae et euccesaoribns suis dicto Kicolao libemm aditnm edificandi conatmendi et reparandi domos in quadam acra terre -eisdem priori et monachis in carta qnadam Ricardi de leycestria assignata. Que qaidem -acra terre proxima est stegiia dicti Nicolai in Niwet* que vocantnr la galee * ex parte anstrali, Ita quod predictua Nioolaus et heredea aui sive sui assignati sive inhabitatorea eiusdem loci plene sine frande et dolo annnnm redditum viginti et octo denar' predictis priori et monachis ■ Query French Sti-eet. VOL. U 2 M Digitized by Google 260 . The Alien Priory of St. Andrew, Ramble, sd festnm sancti tnichaelis solvant inperpetnnm. Et hospital! domae dei Satti viginti denarioe annnatim. PredictuB Tero Nicolaos concessit pro se et heredibns Baia vel biub assignatis sive pro predict! loci inhabitatoribaB predictis priori et moDachis efc eomndem BQCcessoribas quod libere et sine aliqua contradictione possint in loco predicto et in feodo dicti Nicolai qui rocatur ia galee distringere per quemcnnque modum districcionis si con- tingat dictum redditum eisdem auo termino non solvi. In coins rei testimonium presens BCriptum per modom cirographi inter se fecerout et sigillis suis mutuo roborari (ate) adiectis hiis testibus: Matb Gese aldremanS Buth, henrico fiendr' einedem ville senescallo, Johanne Blnndo et Jacobo ysembard ballivis, Jolianne fortin, andrea de cruce, Radnlfo parro, Thoma de Andevare et aliis. Seal lost. IV. Presens Bcriptnm indentatnm inter religioaos viroB ffratrem Alexandmm priorem Ecclesie cathedralis sancti Swythi Wyntoti confectnm ex parte una et ffratrem Richardnm de Bello Monte Priorem de Hamele ex alters testator qnod cum Abbas de Tironio tulisset versos predictum Priorem Wjnton quandam assisam noTe disseiBine de quodam corrodio capiendo in dome sancti Swytthi Wynton qualibet hebdomada viginti et unum panem qoales in Refectorio coram ffratribns ponnntur qnadraginta duas jostas cervisie singulis annis pellicias sex et sex paria caligarom totidemque botarum de illis que deputantor elemosine fratmm Postea pre- dictoB Prior de Hamele attomatos predict! Abbatis in hac parte remiait predicto Priori Wynton et eiusdem loci conventoi omnimodam accionem exigendi predictae cerrisiam pellicias Cftligas et botaa pro| toto tempore bqo. Et pro liac remissione predictos Prior Wynton con- cessit quod predictuB Prior de Hamele et monaclii ibidem deo servientes pacifice percipient et habebunt predictos panes qoalibet septimana toto tempore predict! Prions de Hamele sine fXmtradiccione aliquali. In cuius rei testimonium uni parti presentis script! indentati penes predictum Priorem de Hamele remanent! predictus Prior Wynton sigillum sunm apposuit. Alteri vero parti penes predictum Priorem Wynton resident! predictos prior de Hamele Bigillam soum appoauit. Datum Wynton sexto die mensis Aprilis Anno domini m" ccc" tricesimo septimo, Anno vero regni regis Edward! tercii a conqoestn undecimo. Small oval seal in green wax, 1 ,^ by 1 inch. Subject : witbin a sexfoil, in cbief five billets, 2 and 3 j on a band in fess the bust of a bishop or mitred prior between a key and sword ; in base, two lions rampant. The fields are variously diapered. Legend : 8'AIi€XAni)BI • PBIOBIS ' winionia saoK'Tvm. T. Onmibns Christi fidelibus presens Bcriptum indentatom visuris vel audituris Johannes morys custfts ooUegij beate marie prope civitatem Wyntoii seynte marie college of Wyn- chestre vulgariter nnncopati et eisdem collegij socij et scolares salntem in domino sempi< temam. Cam quoddam corrodium sive preatacio annua subscripta a domo Prioratos sancti Swithuni Wynton Prioratui de hamele in the Rys in Comitatu Soth et eiusdem loci monachis debita videlicet nnaqoaque ebdomada viginti unua panes conventuales qnadraginta Digitized by Google and its transfer to Winchester College in 1391. 261 due JDBte cerriaid qualea in Befectoris coram monaoliiB dioti prior&taa sftncti Switnntu confratribns ibidem ponimtor necnon singoliB annia aex pellicie meliores de illia que depn- tantor elemosine fratrmn sex paria caligarum necnon sex paria botamm quomm omnium valor annnus ad decern librae efc amplina ae eztendit Poatmodum in et ad nos costodem aocioe et ficolarea noatrumque collegium auctoritarte apostolica et regia legitime et eSectaliter fuerit et sit translst' Noveritia noa prefatoa castodem aocioa et scolarea collegij antedicti obtcntu et contemplacione Reverendi in Chriato patria et domini nostri domini Wilielmi de Wykeham dei gracia Wyntoniensis Episcopi fondatoris nostri ao ad requisitiousm eiasdem necnon pro quadum cantaria trium monaoborum tres missas pro reverendo patre et fundatore antedicto et eina benefactoribas in capella in qua cnm in fata deceaaerib diapoanit tumulari cotidie celebrare debencium quorum quilibet a priore aancti Switbuni qui pro tempore fuerit siugnlis dieboa unum denarium bone et uanalia monete percipiet quibaa eciam Sacrista ecclesie snpra- dicte inveniet omnia officio misse neceasaria pro qao eoiam reverendo patre pneri elemoai- narie de elemoaina diet! Prioratua virentea qualibet nocte perpetnis futoris temporibus ad capellam predictam oantabunt in honorem beate Virginia autipbonam Salve Begina vel Ave Begina et conaeqneuter dicent paalmnm De Profundia cum orations ffidelium vel Inclina ad quomm opua et ntilitatem sepedictus Prior pro tempore eziatens aolvet annuatim Elemosi- uario dicti Prioratua aez solidoa octo denarios in ffesto aununciationia beate marie imper* petuum in dicto priorata per priorem et eiusdem loci confratres nnanimiter fundata ordinata pariter et concesea, pront in tenore ordinacionia dicte cantarie pleniua apparet unanimo consensu et asaenaa remiaiaae relevaase et onmino pro nobia et auccesaoribua noatris imper- petunm quietom clamaaae venerabili viro Thome Nevyle Priori dicti Prioratua aancti Switbnai et eiusdem loci Conventui eommque successoribna totum iua et clameum que habemus babnimua vel aliqno modo in futurum habere poterimna in predicto corrodio sen preatacione annua. Ita quod nee noa nee aacceaaores nostri aliquod ius vel clameam in eodem corrodio aive preatacione annua versus eosdem Priorem et conventum aut eorum sncceaaorea ezigere ve! vendicare poterimna iufuturum sed inde per preaentea imperpetnom sumua inclnai. Et noa vero predictus Thomas Nevyle prior eccleaie cathedralia Wynton et eiaadem loci conventaa ananimi aaaensu et consensu remiaimus relazavimus et onmino pro nobis et snccesaoribas nostria qoietum clamavimua prefatia Johanni Morya custodi collegij predict! et eiusdem loci aocijs et acolaribua imperpetunm omnimoda accionea clamea et demandas que habemna babuimua sen quovismodo habere poterimus infutumm reraus prefatos cnatodem socioa et acolares sen eorum successorea raciune Prioratua de Hamele in the Rys predicti sen alicuiaa parcelle eiusdem in manibus predictoram cnstodia sociorum et Bcolarium seu auccessores auorum ezistentis necnon omnimoda proficna occnpaciones et clamea que in eodem Prioratu de hamele in the Eya habere poterimus vel clamavimua pro corrodio predicto. Ita quod neo noa nee auccesaorea nostri aliquod iua vel clamenm versus eosdem cnstodem socios et scolares aut eorum ancceasorea ezigere vel vendicare poterimus infutumm racione corrodij supradicti aed inde per preaentea simus exclusi imperpetuum. In caina rei teatimoniom uni parti huina acripti indentati penes predictoa custodem socios et scolares remanenti prefati Prior sancti Swithuni et eiuadem loci conventus sigillum sunm commune apposuerunt alteri vero parti penes prefatoa Priorem et conventnm remanenti 2u2 Digitized by Google 262 . The Alien Priory of St. Andrew, Hamble. prediott custoB socij et scolares sigillom eanm eciam commane apposneniiit. Datum vicesimo primo die mensiB angnati anno regai regis hearici qaarti post conqaeBtnm Anglie qainto. Badoned: Memorandam qaod carta antiqiia de corrodio infrascripto liberata fait Priori et con- ventoi infrascript' die et anno infrascript* in presencia magistri Johannis de Campeden de mandato domini nostri fnndatoris et consensu omniam sociomm collegij. THe seal and counterseal of the priorj of St. Swithnn is appended, in bright red wax, bat only one-half the impression remains. The following deecription has been supplied from other and more complete examples: Seal — Subject : St. Swithpn sitting under a fine canopy with sitting figures at the sides of SS. Peter and Paul, also nnder canopies. Legend : + S' ■ aOMMVnff : OATriSDEALIS : SXtdQ. AFL'OR' : PttT : ST PATLI ecT sai swiTtii winron. Connterseal — Subject : A sitting figure of a king between the erect figures of a bishop and mitred prior, all nndar fine canopies. At the sides two lions of England and nnder an arch in base foar praying monks with the manue Dei issuing from a cloud above them. Legend : + FAQTTM Anno : eEIff : M : Cftc : ROnACaS' : inf : €tT : AnnO : EffCni EffSie : eCDWAEDI xx° n.° Examples of dated seals are very rare. VI. [Onmibus Christi fi]delibus hoc presens scriptam visuria vel auditnris Tydemannos de Wynchecombe monschns ordinis Cisterciensis salatem in domino. Noveritis me conces- sisse et [confirmajsse ffratri Johanni Beel monacho ordinis sancti Benedicti Priori de hamele in the Bys Wyntoii dioc'. totum statum meum jus et clamenm et quicquid [juris] vel tituli habeo vel aliquo modo habere potero in firma sea cnstodia Prioratns predicti et in omibuB terris et tenementis redditibua eb serricija ad predictum prioratum qnalitercamque spectan- tibua cam omnibus snis jaribus et pertiaentijs uniTersis. Ita vero qnod nee ego Tydemannos predictas nee aliqnis alius nomine meo aliquid ions tituli Tel clamei in predicto Prioratu cum pertinenciis nee in aliqua parcella einsdem de cetero habere exigere vel vendicare poterimas set imperpetnum iade simus exclasi per preeentes. In cnias rei testimoniam huic scripto sigillnm meum apposni. Datum quartodecimo die Septembris anno Regni Begis Bicardi eecundi post conqnestum qointodecimo. Fine seal of English work,* in red wax, a pointed oval 2^ inches long. Sub- ject : Our Lady, nimbed and with a sceptre in her left hand, holding the Divine Child on her right arm, beneath a canopy with panelled bat- tresses. In base, under an arch set in masonry, is a kneeling figure of the abbot. Legend : S' FBI8 : TIDCCfnAni D€CI 6BA : ABBTI8 \TM 8]ATiniAaO : ' See Proceeding*, 2nd S. ii. 46. Digitized by Google XVI. — Further Notes upon Excavations at Silchester. By F. G. Hilton Peice, F.8.A. Read February 11, 1886. Some years liave now elapsed since any paper has been read before this Society upon Silchester, which is without doubt the most interesting Roman city in this country. Comparatively speaking, very little has been done there since the death of the Eev. James Gerald Joyce, F.S.A., the rector of Stratfieldsaye, whose elaborate and valuable papers upon Silchester, amply illustrated with plans and drawings, published in vols. xl. and xlvi. of Archaeohgia, are well known to you all. Had it not been for him we should probably have remained in ignorance of the existence of the city, as it was he who inspired the late Duke of Wellington with such a keen interest in the place that he authorised excavations to be under- Between the dates of Mr. Joyce reading his last paper here in June, 1873, and his lamented death in June, 1878, several excavations have been carried out, but have not been described. The Rev. H. G. Monro, the present rector of Stratfield- saye, being naturally very much interested in the work, carried on the supervision for the Duke of Wellington, and completed some excavations that had been com- menced by Mr. Joyce, notably of the baths, and the block of buildings to the west of them, which he called the " cavalry barracks," and some others that have since been covered up. Shortly after this I visited Silchester, and was very much struck by the magnificent remains then recently excavated near the south gate. Ascertaining that no plans had been made of them, permission was obtained from the late Duke of Wellington to draw them; accordingly in the autumn of 1881 Mr. Henry Hodge was instructed by me to make the necessary and accurate plans and drawings, which are shown in the accompanying plates ; they appear to reveal the founda- tions of an important series of baths, which shall be presently described. In 1884 Mr. Hodge again visited the city and recorded the more recent dis- coveries which will be also explained. Digitized by Google 264 Further notes upon Excavations at Silchester. A short distance Bouth of the Forum, upon the via prmdpalis, Mr. Monro subsequently made another excavation of considerable interest, but, finding the distance from Stratfieldsaye too great to be constantly in attendance to watch the old men at the excavations, at his suggestion the late Duke of "Wellington asked the Rev. Thomas Langshaw, M.A., rector of Silchester, a careful archaeologist, to supervise the work for him, which he has since done with much zeal, and hae completed the clearing out of the foundations of this building, which will be described under the head of Block VII. Mr. Langshaw then excavated portions of a building near the temple, which exhibited very curious construction : a plan was made, but it is incomplete, as the excavation was stopped, and all filled in before it was finished ; it will therefore be as well to delay the description of it until such a time aa the ground can be again removed. These plans have been lying for many months to await a favourable opportunity of bringing them before this Society, with a view not only of placing upon record the new excavations, but of endeavouring to revive the dormant interest for the grand old city of Calleva Atrebatum. Early in the year 1884, the late Mr, James Fergusson, Mr. "W. H. Hall, of Six Mile Bottom, and myself, all greatly interested in the welfare of the old city, conferred together as to what had better be done for its preservation, and we decided that we should first of all see the late Duke of Wellington, and ascertain his grace's views, and to what extent he would be willing to go. We accordingly went to see him, which appeared to revive his former interest in the place, as he granted me permission to have further plans made, and undertook to employ some extra labour to supplement the two old men who, as he said, scrape the ground, and who were the remains of four, the other two having become effete; he further said he wished Mr. Langshaw, who lived upon the site, to conduct all the excava- tions, and if we could undertake to supervise him and assist him when necessary with a few hints he would be obliged. This was agreed to, and the next day his grace called upon Mr. Langshaw, and told him of our conversation, brought him copies of Mr. Joyce's journals made by Mr. Monro, and beautifully illustrated by Miss Monro, and promised that he should have a cabinet of coins to show to the visitors who came to see the remains; this was all carried out and things looked favourable for the future, when his lamented death put a stop to all further work. Application has since been made to the present Duke to have these favours continued, but he hesitates to sanction any further excavations at present. We proposed that, with permission of the tenant who leases the land, exca- DigitJzed by Google Further notes itpon Excavations at Silckester. 265 vations should be made in certain spots upon the sides of the roads or elsewhere, paying him compensation for the land so taken out of cultivation, then to map and describe the building or buildings uncovered ; should it prove to be of insuffi- cient importance to retain open, to fill it up and excavate another, and so on, until the whole or greater part of the city should be placed upon the Ordnance map, which Mr. Hodge has enlarged seven times for the purpose, and which would become a permanent record of the work done. This plan, which is now exhibited, has all the excavations up to date marked upon it of sufficiently large a scale to enable you to see every chamber in the various buildings distinctly.' It is reproduced by photo-lithography on Plate XV. In addition to the excavations made since Mr. Joyce's death, of which plans are now before you, a large block of buildings was discovered close to the south gate by Mr. Joyce himself, which he called " cavalry barracks," and which have long since been covered up. They have never been described, but Mr. Langshaw has kindly favoured me with a plan of the eastern portion, which he made before the excavation was filled in, and which is now placed upon the large map. Before describing to you the recent excavations, it will be useful to give a short account of the site. Oalleva Atrebatmn was the Roman name of Silchester, which the Britons called "Caer Segonte;" the present walls are of great strength, and probably occupy the site of the ancient British earthworks. In some places, more especially near the south gate, the wall is about 21 feet in height, and in others from 10 feet to 15 feet high, and about the same in thickness ; the masonry is composed of rough flints, blocks of greensand, and oolite, bound together with mortar ; and at intervals of about 2 feet 6 inches bonding coia^es of stone occur, and in some places these stones are laid in herring-bone pattern. The wall is supported with buttresses from the inside, and was surrounded by a wide and deep fosse, which may have been at times filled with water. Trees of great growth root themselves into the top and sides of the wall and adjacent debris, forming a continuous and sombre, forestal-like belt, completely enclosing the dormant city. The total circumference of the walls is nearly one mile and a half, and the area within comprises 100 acres. There were five entrances, or gates; four being on the north, south, east, ' The Ordn&nce map of 25 incheB, 344 parts, to a mile, enlarged eeveo times, gires 14 feet 9 incheB to a mile. For rongh measnrementa irith an inch rale, 3g inches Black = 100 feet, and 1 inch = 29 feet' 4 inches , Digitized by Google 266 .Further notes ti^on Excavations at Silckesier. and west sides of tlie city, which were the exits on the principal roads, arid a fifth a Uttle to the north of the east gate, apparently leading to the amphitheatre. The road from the north to the south gate is 2410 feet in length, leading on the south to Venta Belgarv/m, CWinchester) and to Sarvm. The road from LoTidmium and Pontes (Staines) entered the city on the east side, leading out at the west gate to Aqitae Soils (Bath), and to Coriniimi (Cirencester) by Spinae (Speen near Newbury). The east gate was 28 feet 6 inches wide in the clear, and set in a curtain recessed back from the main wall, the rounded inward sweep forming two flanking towers ; and connected with these were two guard-rooms on each side. These important discoveries were made during Mr. Joyce's investigation. The small gate, likewise on the east side, leading to the amphitheatre, was called by him the Porta Orientalis Circensis. The south gate is, however, the most perfect ; it is 22 feet 6 inches wide at the entrance, and the passage is 28 feet in length. Two roads converged to enter here; the one from Sarum and the other from "Winchester. Outside the walls, on the north and south, are some considerable intrench- ments, probably of British date. A modem road traverses the area. It enters the city at the farm a little to the south of the east gate, and leads out a little to the north of the west gate, dividing it into two unequal parte. There were several minor streets, leading off from the principal ones, which can be easily traced in dry seasons, when the com is ripe. The first excavation, that of the villa of 1833, was made in the south-eastern comer, not far from the wall mentioned in Archaeohgia.* The sites of all subsequent excavations Mr. Joyce described under the term "blocks," which designation should be adhered to. Block I. was at the angle of two minor streets on the north-east side of the city ; it consisted of a house, with a corridor 60 feet long by 9 feet wide, and seven chambers, paved for the most part with tesserae.^ Block II., a much more important excavation, was on the east of the via prindj^alis, at an angle of the road. It is about 365 feet north of the Forum ; and contained upwards of forty-five rooms, one having a good tessellated floor — ^which was removed to Stratfieldsaye, where it is now laid down — and some unusual forms of hypocausts. Block m. was another bouse, on the east side of the main street, upon the ■ Vol. XL. page 404. *> Ibid. Digitized by Google Arcbaeologii PLAN OP THB ROMAN STATION AT SILCHESTER. (Calleva Attrebatum COPIED rnoM THE ORDNANCE SURVEY BY HENRY HODOE. Digit zed by Cuogte -Gri^s.Phafo- Digitized by LaOOQ IC Further notes v^on Excavations at SUchester. 267 opposite comer to Block II. in the street running at right angles east and west : it was a most interesting bnilding. A full account of it wiJl be found in Archaeo- hgia, vol. xl. Block rV. was a smaller excavation, on the west side of the main road, north and south, and quite insignificant.' Block V. This is the most interesting featia* in the whole work. Here, in nearly the centre of the area, we have a forum and basilica ; the forum is. of the Greek type, nearly square, surrounded upon its three exterior sides by a double ambulatory, the fourth side being occupied by the walls of the basilica. The forum represents a rectangle; the longer side, east and west, measures 313 feet, and the shorter side, north and south, measures 276 feet. The ambulatories were probably covered by roofs. There were three entrances from outside ; that on the south was on the forum side ; the north entrance was common to both forum and basilica ; the principal entry was on the east. The quadrangle, or market- place, in the centre, is 131 feet by 144 feet. There were seventeen rooms or shops round the forum, which have been described by Mr. Joyce in Archaeologia, vol. xLVi. The basilica on the west side of this block is 60 feet wide by 268 feet long J at each end it terminates in an apse. Many objects of interest were dis- covered here, notably that unique specimen of a Roroan eagle in bronze,** found in what was supposed to be the aerarivm or treasury, the most southern chamber. Another eagle, of steel, also found in Silchester, was exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries by the Bishop of Carlisle in 1788.° Block VI. was at the angle of a road east of the forum, of which we know little. Block VII. was south of the forum, upon the side of the street, leading south- wards ; upon the opposite side of which wm another excavation, undescribed. South of this, again, was a temple, which the late Mr. James Fergusson con- sidered to have been a serapewn, it being of polygonal structure, having sixteen sides to both the inner and the outer lines of wall, with an ambulatory round it. In all probability this was an open building, as no remains of roofing slabs have been discovered. The quoins or angles of these walls are built with stone, the remainder of flints. The extreme diameter is 64 feet 6 inches, and the inside area 35 feet 2 inches in diameter ; the thickness of the walls 2 feet 8 inches. The ambulatory is 9 feet 4 inches wide. The height of the walling visible is about 2 feet. * See Arckaedogia, vol. XLVi. Plato xvii. ^ Ibid. vol. ilvi ■■ Ibid. vol. IX. p. 370. VOL, L. 2 Digitized by Google 268 Further notes wpon Excavations at Silchester. There is no trace of oolumiia, altar, statue, or mscriptioiij or any other indica- tion of the god or goddess to whom it was dedicated; but, taking into considera- tion its circular form, it may be open to supposition that the- goddess Vesta might haye been worshipped there, and that the adjacent building was the house of the Vestals. It may have contained sixteen figures of divinities at the various angles. The excavation of Block VII. was commenced by the Rev. H. G. Monro and completed by the Rev. T. Langshaw, rector of Silchester. It is situated 228 feet 6 inches south of the Forum, and has a frontage of 62 feet 1 inch upon the east side of the via principalis, which traverses the city from the north to the south gate. This building is 111 feet 3 inches long from east to west, with a width of 35 feet. The additional excavation on the south, which can hardly be considered to belong to this building, marked L on the plan (Plate XVI.), is 28 feet by 23 feet, and the corridor on the north side, marked M on the plan, is 52 feet by 14 feet. There are eight principal chambers and a corridor running eastwards to the large room at the end. It is probable that one of those marked G H may have been two separate rooms, as there is evidence of the footing of a wall that crossed it ; but whether this was so divided when the house was demolished one can hardly say, but in all likelihood it was the wall of the previous building, or of the same one having been altered, of which we have other evidence. For matters of con- venience, we have given letters to the chambers, by which we shall subsequently describe them. A. This appears to be the chief entrance to the building from the street, opening on the west, the pavement of which is about two feet below the present surface of the ground. The exterior wall is here wholly absent, with but slight indications of the footings. This vestibule, if so we may term it, is 19 feet 5 inches in width, with frontage on the street ; at the southern end of this it extends eastwards to a wall, about 10 feet from the line of the street ; this wall is 11 feet in length north-east and south-west, and, unlike the other walls of this building, it slopes at a considerable angle. The northern end of this vestibule opens out into a long corridor, B, 84 feet long, which extends to the large room marked I on the plan. This corridor varies in width from 9 feet 2 inches to 9 feet 4 inches. Near the pavement of red tesserae which crosses this corridor is a slight indication of a cross-wall, or the footing of one. On the west end of this corridor the ground appears to have been more disturbed or removed. The south wall is here 2 feet 3 inches high, with three courses of flints on both sides, and concrete below ; the lowest course and concrete being set out to 2 feet 3 inches, while the upper courses are only 1 foot 9 inches thick. Digitized by Google Digitized by LaOOQ IC Archaeologia. "-^5BitptJ.ed by-VnOOt^ IC SILCHESTER.-PLAN OF A BUILDING BETW f i- i- ^Itosl < sA j' VoL L. PL XVI. \' 1- ---" :l"|-^ *■ ;l ; 1 1 G H t 1- 1 -: ' ^ ■; i : ; L_L. — . « :r 1*1 \ /■■'■'i I THE FORUM AND THE TEMPLE. (SLOCK VII). Digitized by Google Further notes upon Excavations at Silchester. 269 C. This chamber, which may probably have been a shop opening on the street, is 20 feet wide north and south by 15 feet 8 inches east and west, inside measure- ments. At the north-west angle there is 8 feet 6 inches of wall remaining, 2 feet 3 inches in breadth, by about 2 feet in height. The remaining portion of the wall facing the street is gone, only the footing remaning. The north wall of this chamber varies in width from 1 foot 9 inches on the west, to 2 feet 8 inches in the middle, and 2 feet 7 inches on the east.- The eastern wall is internal, and is there- fore only 1 foot 9 inches in width ; the south wall is 2 feet in thickness. There is no trace of any pavement in this chamber. There are some massive stones in the wall at the north-west angle, and also where the wall is thinner, i. e. where it is only 1 foot 9 inches, breaking out to 2 feet 8 inches. Many of the stones in other places are exceptionally large, and are mostly of a ferruginous conglomerate, or pudding-stone, roughly axed or hammer-dressed and shaped, laid in mortar or concrete. D. This chamber is nearly of the same dimensions as the last described, being 20 feet by 15 feet 6 inches, the width of the exterior wall on the north varies in thickness from 2 feet 9 inches to 2 feet 6 inches, and is carefully constructed of large blocks of a coarse conglomerate set in concrete; the party wall between this and the next chamber eastwards is 1 foot 10 inches in width, and is composed of three courses of flint ; there is no pavement. E. is 20 feet in length by 9 feet in width ; it is paved for the most part with a salmon-coloured concrete, with a well-finished surface of broken tiles. At the south-west comer of this chamber is a red tessellated pavement, 6 feet by 6J feet, nearly perfect, composed of 1-inch cubes of pottery tesserae; this runs beneath the wall on the south, crosses the corridor B, and passes beneath the south wall of the same and onwards for a considerable distance southwards to be hereafter described (under L). The walls of this room are 2 feet 3 inches thick on the north, 2 feet on the south, (partly destroyed), 1 foot 10 inches on the west, and 1 foot 7 inches on the east ; the height varies from 4 feet to 2 foot 3 inches. F. This is a chamber of larger dimensions, being 20 feet by 17 feet 8 inches, with an opening into the corridor B, on the south-west comer, 6 feet wide ; there is no trace of any pavement ; the north wall is 2 feet thick, the south wall 2 feet, (partly destroyed), and the east and west walls are only 1 foot 7 inches. In this room there is a depression 1 foot deep, and the stones following the subsidence lay in a confused position. There are however several other depressions and gaps throughout the walls generally from various causes. 2o2 Digitized by Google 270 Further notes upon Excavations at Silchester. G. ia a narrow chamber, 20 feet by 7 feet 9 inches. The wall on the east is 2 feet in width, composed of rubble and pebbles, and is merely a footing. It is possible that this chamber included H as well, and that at some remote period it was altered, and the dividing-wall removed, and that previously this wall was a portion of the large block of masonry to be seen outside the wall of this chamber on the north, running in a northerly direction, thus shewing an alteration in the ground-plan during the later Roman occupation of the building. The other walls are of the same dimensions. H. This chamber is 20 feet by 6 feet 6 inches, with a 2 feet wall on all sides ; it probably formed one room with G. I. This is a large chamber approached from the corridor B ; its dimensions are 31 feet 1 inch by 24 feet 1 inch, with an opening at the east end of the corridor 9 feet 4 inches in width. . There is a slight indication of a division having obtained north and south in this chamber. The walls are solid and well con- structed, but irregular, as in some places the stones are laid very uniformly, whilst in others they are quite at random ; the characteristic herringbone method has been adopted, and is very observable in the lowest course of the three walls, and it may be also seen elsewhere. At the south-east angle a layer of one-inch red tesserae was found beneath the wall, indicating previous occupation ; the wall on the north and east is 2 feet 1 inch in width and 1 foot 11 inches on the south. Outside the east wall of this chamber ia another waU running parallel with it, which no doubt belongs to some other building, or perhaps it is a boundary. The walls on the south side of the corridor are composed of flints. K. This chamber was probably a shop, with a frontage to the street, 15 feet 1 inch by 17 feet 3 inches, with a massive pier of masonry on the north-west angle. Part of the wall shghtly projects over the roadway. The wall is wanting on the west side, south of the pier, and also a few feet of it on the south-west. The width of the wall on the north is 2 feet ; that of the south and east walls ia 1 foot 10 inches. L. This appears to have been only an open court-yard of irregular shape bounded on the east and south by a one-inch red tesserae pavement 7 feet 6 inches wide on the east and 29 feet in length, and 24 feet 3 inches in length east and west on the south. On the southern edge of this the tesserae appear to have been intentionally rounded off, so as to form a gutter. There is a portion of another corridor extending from it on the south. These paved ways appear to have been used either for passages between houses or they are the Digitized by Google Further notes upon Excavations at Silchester. 271 remains of a long paved corridor of some earlier building. The corridor or passage on the north, marked M on the plan, evidently belongs to or connecte some house or alley on the north with the building already described. It is composed of one-inch red tesserae, the pavement is 35 feet long by 8 feet broad, the wall on the east side of it ib 1 foot 5 inches broad and returns. This pavement is in a fair state of preservation, but it is undulating, and in one place there is a circular depression about 7 feet in diameter and 1 foot deep, partially filled with a mass of red concrete. The paving follows the depression evenly and free from disturbance, almost as though the sinkingwas intentional and so constructed. It is, however, contrary to reason that a basin should have been made in a passage, therefore one would almost suppose that before this corridor was paved a well had been sunk here, and that it had subsequently sHghtly sub- sided ; or, it might even have been caused by the agency of the earth-worms, continually at work bringing up fine earth from beneath the floor and casting it on the surface, which would cause the level of the tesserae to subside in the centre. Darwin ' instances several cases of similar subsidence at Silchester, the observa- tions having been carefully carried out by his sons and the late Mr. Joyce. On page 214 he gives a figure of a section of a floor measuring north and south 7 feet 9 inches wide ; the tesserae were laid up to a wall on either side; the surface of the field sloped from north to south at an angle of 3° 40'. The pavement, which was neariy level along lines parallel to the side-walls, had sunk in the middle as much as 7| inches; from such a fact as this and others accurately made by this great observer, we may therefore readily imagine the subsidence in this instance to have been caused by the earth-worms. Block VIII. (Plate XV.) was a building with three sides, and with an open quadrangle ; it is situated a little to the east of the south gate, and is connected by a wall with the south wall of the baths, which I shall presently describe as BlocklX. The buildiags of Block VIII. were of considerable extent ; their excavation was commenced m 1875 by the late Mr. Joyce, who called them " cavalry barracks," because part of the building was paved with very rough, and great heavy flints, such as might have been required for stables. The greater portion of it was covered in about 1880, and has never been described. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Langshaw for kindly furnishing me with measurements and materials of the most southern portion. This he styles "Building B," and considers it to be separate from the northern part, which he calls "Building A." The plan ' Vegetable mould and earthtcorms. Digitized by Google 272 Further notee upon Excavations at Silchester. of B, appears to consist of fourteen chambers, with an entrance on the north- east comer. Its length is about 128 feet by 40 feet at the entrance, and 35 feet in the other part. The outside wall on the south was about 2 feet in thickness; that on the east side was 3 feet 3 inches, composed of flints. The measurements of the various chambers are as follows : A, the large one on the south-east, 24 feet by 18 feet; B, 7 feet by 18 feet; C, 11 feet by 18 feet; D and B, 7 feet by 9 feet each; F, 17 feet by 18 feet; G, 13 feet by 18 feet; H, 19 feet by 18 feet; I and J, 7 feet by 13 feet each; K, 24 feet by 11 feet; L and M no doubt were the porters' lodges, and measure 9 feet by 3 feet 6 inches each ; N, the doorway, is 6 feet in width ; the corridor, 0, is 70 feet by 11 feet. In the latter chamber an abundance of oyster shells was discovered. Should excavations be ever sanctioned again, it would be of extreme interest to re-open this block, and have the remaining portion placed upon the large plan. Mr. Langshaw tells me there were other buildings to the north of it ; attached to one was a fine hypocaust. The space between this last described building and the baths, apparently, was a garden, or open court-yard, as nothing was found there when excavations were made. It is about 170 feet in length by from 60 to 80 feet in width. The court and buildings seem to have been enclosed by a boimdary wall, running from the north end of the Baths, and turning with a rounded comer away to the west. Block IX. — The Baths. This excavation was commenced by the late Mr. Joyce and completed by the Rev. H. G-, Monro : they are probably the baths which were first discovered in 1833, and then covered in, as the following accounts tend to prove. A short account of the 1833 Baths, by the Rev. John Coles, appeared in Archaeologia.* There is another account in the Gentleman's Magazine for Feb. 1833, by Mr. Kempe, giving an interesting description of these baths.'' A careful investigation has been made respecting the site of the baths which • Vol. xxYii. p. 418. " " Some labourers employed in catting a drain in the nine-acre field, within the wallB of Silchester, and abont 200 yards to the south- westward of the chnrch, stmck upon some fonnda- tioQB of Roman hnildingB. The Rev. John Coles being informed of the ciranmstance, obtained permission of Mr. Barton the farmer to prosecate the discovery, which he liberally did at his own expense. In a short time the foundations of a 1ar^e building, npwards of 80 feet in length, probably the Digitized by Google Further notes upon Excavatiom at Silchester, 273 were expoeed in 1833 by Mr. Colea, in consequence of a doubt as to the accuracy of records made about that time by Mr. Kempe and Mr. MaoLaughlan in reference to the site of that building.' The similarity between the 1833 remains and those now illustrated led to the belief they were identical. It appears that the Eev, J. Coles, in 1833, excavated a portion of the baths^ of which he prepared a plan. This was lithographed at the time, but a copy of it cannot now be discovered. Under the pressure of the farmer the remains and excavations were abruptly filled in. The Bev. H. G. Monro again excavated and completed the investigation Thermae or public hot-baths of the city, were revealed. The annexed Unee will show the general difiposition of the rooms of (his edi6ce. Nob. I, 2, 3, were apartmente, the dimensions of which I derive from a neat litho^raphio plan presented to me bj Mr. Coles, and from the information of John Brace, Esq. F.S.A. No. 1, 11 feet 8 inches hj 25 feet. No. 2, 12 feet 9 inches by 25 feet. No. 3, 19 feet by 26 feet. These were hypocansts, or sndatory apartments, the floors of which stood npon nnmerons ronnd and square pillars of Roman brick, each abont 3 feet 4 inches in height. The walls were 3 feet thick. The eastern- most chamber is No. 1 ; the floor of this room had been supported by seven ranges of pillars, seven in a row; the three first rows from the east were circular, the re- mainder square. The diameter of the pillars 9 inches; they stood on a plinth formed of a single tile of larger dimensions. The apertures 6 and 7 afforded a brisk draught to the praefnmium or furnace, and heat was thus di&ised all over the floor of the sweating rooms, and to the general volnme of air by dne-tiles placed as pipes, perforated with holes, in ranges against the walls. The floor was composed of large square tiles, on which, in a bed of cement, was probably laid a beaselated pavement. 5 was undoubtedly the natatio or water-bath ; here, at figure 8, was a leaden pipe inserted in a tile, having a triangular aperture, through which the element was sapplied. 4 was probably the apodytenum or frigidarium, the anti-room, where the bathers nndressed, as 3 was the media cella, or tepidarium, where they were shampooed (to adopt a term in modem use) by the strigils of the alvptae or vnctorei. The anti-room was paved with large square tiles, surrounded by a border of tesserae, each an inch square. A quantity of fractured window glass, fall of air bubbles, and having a coarse surface, somewhat resembling the graining of wood, was found on the spot. Such a substance mnst have been peculiarly necessary in the sudatories, as light would be ttans> mitted, while the cold external air was excluded." — Qent. Mag. ciii. 124, 125. ■ Mr. A. J. Kempe's Map, etc. Arckaeologia, vol. xxvii. p, 419, Plate xxzii. Appendix. Mc. Haolaughlan, Archaeological Journal, vol. Vllt. Digitized by Google 274 J^rth&r notes ti^on Excavations at Silcheater. ■which had previously been so very imperfectly performed, although that which had been done appears to have been carefully recorded and described at the time. In a communication to The Beading Mercury, Feb. 11, 1833, the Rev. John Coles announced his discovery, and in the same journal, Feb. 18, 1833, a corres- pondent (S. H.) furnishes a descriptive article upon Silchester. The following extracts are important : " To the indefatigable ardour of the Rev. Mr. Coles, the respected rector of the parish, aided by the exertions of another neighbouring clergyman, we are indebted for some recent curious discoveries. Within and as near as may be to the south- east part of the octagonal wall, which is distant less than a quarter of a mile from the Amphitheatre, excavations have been made, which lay open the base of structures, calculated to form matter of pleasing investigation for the antiquary, and which present the following appearances : — At the eastern end is a vault (or camera) of a hot bath, in which now stand about fifty pillars, some round and some square, composed of thick paving-tiles, seven inches in diameter, which it is conjectured supported the plaster floor of the sudatorium above. The remains of flues and a large accumulation of char- coal and ashes evidently show that here the heated air wm generated -which filled the sudatorium. The size of this vault is 24 feet by 12-J feet, and there is another west of it, divided by a brick wall, of similar size and appearance. Beyond that is another vault with a strong separation of wall between, near 5 feet high, whose dimensions are about 24 feet by 20 feet, and in this the bases only of pillars are visible. Adjoining to this is a bath, not ornamental but in a most perfect state ; it measures 12 feet by 8 feet, has a floor of large earthen pavement, and its sides are encrusted by an adamantine cement. The way in which it was supplied with water is still visible, by means of a lead pipe formed of very drossy metal or else in a state of great corrosion. Above and just beyond the bath is a large apartment, supposed to be the portico or vestibule, in which some portions of a tessellated pavement still remain, and a moulded skirting composed of cement. Many relics were gathered including (in the bath) a human skeleton, and in the leaden pipe connected with the same upwards of 200 Roman brass coins." Upon comparison it will be observed how similar these apartments are to the southern rooms shown in our illustration, and in several matters of detail which •are now absent, these contemporaneous descriptions of earlier excavations are extremely valuable and interesting. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by^^jOOf^lC SILCHESTER.-PLAN OF 1 VoL L PI. XVII. a Digitized 'o'^^yj'f/'^ BATHS. (BLOCK IX). Digitized by Google Fmih&r notes upon Excavations at Silchesier, 275 In a communication Mr. Monro says: "The baths of 1833 are the last excavated portion "which has been dug out since Mr. Joyce's death," This statement corroborates the identity of the two exoayations. Therefore we may conclude that Mr. A. J. Kempe was somehow mistaken in the situation of the baths of 1833, as being near the modem road and the church. The Rev. J. Coles, about the same time, opened three or four places, all close together. Marked upon the published plans of the city contiguous to these baths will be observed "Site of Roman Villa." This was probably another of these excavations, and the baths and villa are well remembered by old inhabitants. The plans made in the autumn of 1881 by Mr. Henry Hodge are repro- duced on Plates XVII., XVIII., and XIX. This excavation, which is in the nine-acre field, appears to indicate the founda- tions of an important series of baths. They extend about 114 feet from east to west and 94 feet from north to south. The general structure of the walls shows for the most part regular bedded, coursed masonry, not random work, and occasionally one observes instances where alterations or reparations have been made. The south main wall, which varies from 2 feet 6 inches in width at the western end to 2 feet 7 inches on the east, is built of four courses of flint and stone and two courses of bricks, then five courses of flint and stone and one course of bricks (or occasionally two courses), then three courses of flint and stone and two courses of bricks ; this observation was made in the wall close to the flue tile hypocaust in No. 8 where it is 5 feet 6 inches in height. The mortar is of brown colour, and the bricks, which ^e of the usual size of Roman bricks, are laid in reddish mortar. The stones are mostly hammer-dressed and roughly squared ; they consist of grey grits, oolites, and now and then marble and even blocks of chalk. In the western and north-western portions of the buildings flint mainly predominates. Large portions of the division-walls eastwards are built of bricks, which are well tied in and returned on the main walls by brickwork. The quoins and angles are generally of brick. There are sixteen chambers, and for convenience they shall be numbered. (See Plate XVII.) We will commence with that at the north end, which shall be called No. 1 ; the walls on the north-east and west are 2 feet 1 inch thick ; as No. 2 is of the same dimensions the two shall be dealt with together. They are evidently hypocausts, and measure 13 feet 9 inches in length by 9 feet 3 inches in breadth ; they each terminate in a semi-elliptic apse towards the east. In the apse of No. 1 VOL. L. 2 p Digitized by Google 276 .Further notes ufon Excavations at Sikhester. was a 3-inch leaden pipe, which passed through the wall at the level of the ancient floor ; the ends showed a rough fracture. This has been placed in the museum for better security. The praefumium existed at the north end, the entrance to the hypocauet was in the - centre of the wall, the passage being 5 feet in length and 1 foot 8 inches in width. The boundary wall near this point is surmounted by a course of bricks, embedded in thick white mortar about 2 inches in thickness. The bricks measure 17^ inches and 11^ inches by 1| inch. In chamber No. 1 were 27 pilae of square tiles 8 inches by 8 inches on plinths 12 inches by 12 inches ; they are built with half -joints of red mortar. No. 2 contained only 20 piles of tiles, but in both cases some few had been destroyed in excavating. The two chambers communicated by means of three air-passages cut in the wall. There was evidence when first discovered of one of these passages having been arched over, but that was entirely obliterated when last I visited the remains. No. 3 is a chamber measuring 12 feet 6 inches on the west side by 11 feet 10 inches on the east, and 13 feet 9 inches across. At the west end is an opening, evidently a doorway leading into the long corridor No. 5. There is an aperture in the wall on the east side, and two on the west side, both at the north end of the chamber, probably intended for drainage. No. 4 is a solidly-constructed chamber projecting two-thirds of its width beyond the main western wall. The outside walls are 3 feet 4 inches in thickness ; the inside measurement is 6 feet from east to west by 5 feet from north to south ; the depth is 2 feet 9 inches. It is lined with regular courses of brick, and there are no remains of wall plastering. It is paved with large bricks. From the fact of a chamber of such small size being so substantially built, it appears to indicate a superstructure of great weight, or one requiring extra protection. No. 5. This chamber, perhaps the apodyterium, is 52 feet 2 inches lq length by 17 feet 8 inches in breadth ; it is upon the same level as No. 3, whereas all the remaining parts of the excavations are some feet below. This chamber is paved with loose red brick tesserae, with some slight indication of pattern for 25 feet on the north side of it ; the remainder consists of eleven bands of rammed tile, with uncertain intervals of fragments of tile near the surface. The difference in level we thought might be accounted for by the presence of hypocausts beneath, but, finding a hole made by vermin, it was tested by Mr. Hodge early in August 1884, who made a section in the floor of room 7, which is upon this same level, and he found the floor to be composed as follows : — 4 inches thickness of flints in Digitized by Google I 3F THE BATHS. (BLOCK IX). Vol L. PI XVIII. W. Mwi; Mcto^m Digitized by LaOOQ IC Digitized by Google Ftirthe)' notes upon Excavations at Silcheeter. 277 black maddy wet soil, then 2 inches or so of fragments of 1^ incli broken tiles. On this foundfttion was a stratum of red concrete 11 inches thick, not compact. On the top was a stratum of 9 inches of very perfect salmon-tinted concrete graduated from coarse to fine, which latter was 1^ inch thick. The whole measured 2 feet 2 inches in thickness, or with the pavement about 2 feet B inches. The external wall at the north is almost entirely composed of flints ; at the- south end there are large brick blocks and a double course of thin tiles. This- may be accounted for by difference in period or object of construction. At the north-east comer of this chamber is a deep cutting, perhaps we- may call it a cloaca^ 7\ feet deep, which extends southwards for 14 feet 4 inches ; the lower part up to the second set-off is built of bricks, the upper being flints. This cloaca emptied itself outside the building on the eaat side through a passage- 1 foot 2 inches wide into an open court situated between the walls of No. 6 and No. 15. Even now the ground is very swampy at this spot. In company with Mr. Langshaw we dug in it a year or two ago to ascertain the course of this- drain, and we then discovered it about 2 feet beneath the surface ; it was paved' with 8-inch square tiles in two thicknesses, and passed under the floor of No. 16. Above it, in that chamber, oak beams were laid. There are four exits from the long chamber No. 5 ; one on the east side, leading into No. 7, the entrance- being in the centre of the wall of that chamber, which has had a tessellated door; the next exit was also on the east side, leading into No. 8, but the wall ia here destroyed, so very little now remains of it; the third exitwas on the west side, nearly opposite the latter, and leads into an ambulatory, which appears to connect these baths with the buildings of Block VIII. ; the fourth leads into No. 3 on the north. No. 6 is a chamber 14 feet 6 inches north and south by 12 feet 9 inches ; its walls all differ in thickness, that of the north and south is 2 feet 1 inch, the west wall is 2 feet 6 inches, and that of the east wall is 2 feet 8 inches. The floor is composed of loose red brick tesserae, with some indications of a pattern ; there is an opening in the south-west comer 3 feet in width. No. 7. This chamber is 12 feet 11 inches by 12 feet 9 inches. On the east, at 1 foot 6 inches from the angle of the north-east wall, is an opening 3 feet 5 inches wide leading into No. 9 ; this doorway was paved with white tesserae laid on a bed of red concrete 8 inches in thickness. This chamber was paved with concrete, but no tesserae were visible. At 4 feet 9 inches from the north, on the west side, is an entrance into No. 5, whioh doorway is 4 feet wide. At the south end the wall is 2p2 Digitized by Google 278 Further Twtes upon Excavations at SUckester. of unusual thickness, i.e., 4 feet 1 inch ; part of it on the west side is broken away. No. 8. This is a hypocaust of more than ordinary interest, exhibiting a series of horizontal flues composed of a layer of what are usually termed box flue tiles, measuring 17-^ inches in length by 9^ inches in width and 6 inches high, and of J inch in thickness, of red pottery, with two openings on each side 3 inches wide, and the entire internal height is 4^ inches. The chamber itself in which this hypocaust is contained measures 34 feet 5 inches east and west, and 15 feet 11 inches north and south; but the flue-tile hypocaust is in the western recess of it, which measures 11 feet 5 inches east and west by 8 feet 10 inches north and south. It may possibly have been quite distinct. There is only one upcast flue visible, and that appears to be somewhat of a similar pattern to the others set vertical, but it was so broken and also filled with red mortar that an exact opinion could not be formed. This arrangement was laid upon a bed of red concrete, the thickness of which is not obvious. These flue-tiles are overlaid with a solid covering about 10 inches thick of very superior concrete in three layers of strata, the lowest composed of white mortar mixed with nodules of chalk and pounded red tile, the next is salmon colour mixed with finely sifted unslaked lime, and the upper, which forms the bedding for the floor of tiles, is of red mortar with finely pulverised tile, the whole forming a very solid mass of perfect concrete. The paving tiles are about 8 inches square and about 1^^ inch thick; on these, overlying a portion of the surface, is a layer of white mortar or stucco 5 inches in thickness, on which, in the north-west angle of the rec^s, are laid a few ordinary building bricks as a pavement. (See Plate XIX.) The enclosing walls of this flue-tile hypocaust recess have been stuccoed, and there are evidences of various colours, but all is much perished, and the pattern or design is untraceable. The only other example of stucco plastering remaining is at the two doorways observable in the plate ; this has been much coloured, and some of the tints are visible. The whole depth of this chamber is 5 feet 6 inches, from the top of the south main wall, the composition of which has been already described when speaking of the walls of these buildings. There appears to be evidence of alterations having been made in this chamber at some time or other, as the floor over the horizontal flues has, no doubt, been added, and the upcast flue-pipe been filled up with salmon-coloured concrete. It had probably been constructed in the first instance as a hot bath, and then Digitized by Google .OCK IX, CHAMBER 8). Digitized by Google J Digitized by^ Google Further notes upon Excavations at Sikhester. 279 subsequently changed into a tepid plun^ or swimming bath, which may account for the immense thickness of the floor. Over the eastern portion of the room were several pilae of the usual 8-inch square red tiles, upon which a floor had been suspended, heated by hot air. No. 9. A chamber to the north of the last described, measures 14 feet 10 inches by 6 feet 11 inches. It has an opening or doorway 2 feet 9 inches in width, in the centi^ of the eastern wall leading into No. 10. On the south side, at a distance of 1 foot 2 inches from the west wall, is a block of brickwork 1 foot 9 inches in width, extending for 5 feet 9 inches along the wall ; a similar block obtains at the north end, only it is 2 feet 5 inches in width. There ai'e three piUie of red 8-inoh square tiles upon the floor, all that remained of a hypocaust. There is no doubt but that the blocks of brickwork likewise formed part of it. No. 10, the adjoining chamber on the east, is 14 feet 10 inches by 10 feet 2 inches ; it likewise contained three pilae of tiles. Outside the east wall is a block of rough debris, 5 feet in width, through which a channel 2 feet wide has been cut, no doubt the passage from the praefumiwm; there is likewise an opening on the south, leading into chamber No. 11 on (he east. No. 11. This chamber measures 27 feet 6 inches east and west, 24 feet 4 inches north and south ; it is divided into four compartments, the two southern ones may even have been separate rooms, but in the absence of sufficient evidence, I include them in this one. It was heated by means of a hypocaust, as twenty pilae of the usual red tiles were found upon the floor. A passage on the eaat, 2 feet 8 inches in width, leads into a chamber at the end, which may have been the kitchen. Upon either side of this channel are two small chambers. That upon the north we will call No 12 ; it measures 6 feet 5 inches east and west by 5 feet 7 inches north and south ; the thickness of the walls on the north and east are 2 feet 8 inches, and on the south by the channel only 1 foot 9 inches. It has a narrow opening into No. 11. No. 13. This small chamber measures 6 feet 5 inches east and west by 3 feet 4 inches north and south. It has no apparent outlet ; its walls are of the same thickness as the last described. No. 14. The most easterly chamber, measures 14 feet north and south by 12 feet 6 inches east and west. Adjoining its northern wall is a siogular angular projection, forming a small recess, which was probably a latrina. No. 15. This is a long chamber, 49 feet in length east and west by 6 feet 11 inches north and south. The walls are composed of flints laid upon brick footings. On the north this wall is 1 foot 8 inches in width. It has in the Digitized by Google 280 Further notes upon Excavations at Silchester. centre an opening 6 feet 8 inches wide ; upon each side of which is a large block of stone 2 feet 1 inch square by 5 inches in thickness, with 2 inches of mortar below. This appears to have been a main entrance ; it is the only one on the north side. Several attempts have been made to discover the road or street leading to this building, but without effect. It was probably approached by a long passage, connecting it with a minor street running east and west, which has not as yet been made out, but which, it is to be hoped, may yet be ascertained and placed upon the map. No. 16. This chamber is situated at the south-east end of No. 15. It measures 15 feet 6 inches east and west by 12 feet 4 inches north and south, and was probably floored with planks of wood, as on the south end of it are two long stripe of oak round-timber, beneath which, as already stated, the drain flowed. It wonld appear from the plan that there was another entrance on the south west, approached by an ambulatory, 60 feet long, from the building of Block VIII. which, as far as we can at present tell, may have formed a portion of the same building. It is certain that there was no entrance or exit on the south, as- the wall is there quite massive. There is reason to suppose that no other building existed between this and the city wall, but that the space formed the pomoerium. I cannot conclude without thanking Mr. Langshaw for his able assistance, and for much useful information rendered during the preparation of this paper. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by LaOO^^ IC Digitized by Google XVII. — On the Murai Painthigs in All Saints Church, Friehiey, Lincolnshire. Communicated by the Bev. Hbnby John Cheales, M.A., Vicar of Frishney, and Sural Dean of Gandle$hoe. SECOND PAPER. Read Ma^ 15, 1884, and Majr 13, 188$. Thb accompanying plates are copies of two fresh subjects in the series of mural paintings lately discovered on the clerestory'irallB of All Saints church, Friskney. Four of this series have been already described in the Archaeohgia,'' viz., the Assumption, the Stable at Bethlehem, the Last Supper, and the Gathering of the Manna ; the copies before us of the newly-found pictures represent (I) the Ascension, and (II) the Resurrection. I.— THB ASCENSION. This picture (Plate XX.) is on the spandrel over the easternmost pillar of the north arcade of the nave. It adjoins on the east the painting of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, a tracing of which has been shown to the Society as having been found on this clerestory next to the chancel arch. The size of the entire spandrel on which this was painted is 8 feet 7 inches in width by 7 feet 6 inches high. Unhappily the lower part of the painting was quite destroyed in fixing to the wall, at the restoration of the church in 1879, the scaffolding for repairing the clerestory windows, so that little more than half, the upper half, of the picture, as shown in this tracing, remains ; the lower part of this too ia so much injured as to make it extremely difficult to assign any meaning to the lines which faintly survive. Fortunately the best preserved portion of the picture is the central and principal figure, that of the Saviour himself. This stands out in very effective " Vol. xLTiii. 270. Digitized by Google 282 Mural Paintings in All Saints Churchy Friskney. prominence — light, and with rays of light, as from a " glorified body," upon a broad background of deep crimson. The dark background, by which, as in the painting of the Gathering of the Manna, is represented the distance, extends over the whole of the upper part of the spandrel, and from it stands out alone and conspicuous, even now, from the floor of the church below, the figure of Christ — alone, except that at each comer a small angel, with wings as in flying, holds forward with both arms extended a long scroll reaching downwards to the group below. That this painting represents the Ascension seems evident from the general character of the grouping, and may be said to be proved by one characteristic, which belongs to all medieval representations of this subject, viz., the footprints on " the Mount " beneath the Christ. This, as so frequently seen in illimiiuated manuscripts, is a small round summit, with the top, on which the footprints are seen, formed something like the section of a truncated tree. The slope up to this is painted green. Upon this green slope stand a group of figures, fewer in number than usually represented, four on the right and five on the left being discernible. The nimbus marking each head is almost all to show them, except in one instance, the head on the extreme right, which alone (on this side) is turned towards the Saviour. The eye of this face has been curiously preserved better than anything else in the painting, inasmuch as a little hollow in the wall, just the size of an eye, was chosen to contain it, and, thanks to this little recess, it has remained almost as clear and fresh as when first painted. To this figure, apparently, belongs the scroll which reaches upwards to that proceeding from the right hand of the Christ. On the left, next to the footprints, is a figure (the face resembling that of St. Peter in the Last Supper,) who also is looking upwards towards the Lord, with his right hand raised as high as his head. In an illuminated manuscript of this subject ' there is, as here, one figure with right arm extended ; but I have seen no instance in which any of the group of figures at the Ascension is represented with a scroll, as speaking. In the lower part of the space there appear hands, probably those of figures the outlines of which have perished. On either side of the group of figures are conventional trees, their foliage, like the slope of the mount, coloured green. The stems of these trees, as also the footprints and the nimbus round each head, are in yellow ochre. • British Mnseam, 2, 13, xv. Horae Beatae Vii^nia ei alia ogieia. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google 'ints Church, Frishney. 283 ni the same subject in illuminated usual treatment, viz. : — ^e incident in paintings of the 'o represent only the lower of the robe and the feet, 'teen of these, ■laced quite in the ■■ 7 feet 5 e north Nati- T:ion to Digitized by Google y Google Digitized by LaOOQ IC Digitized by Google Mural Paintin-gi in All Saints Church, Frishney. 283 Comparing tliis painting with examples of the same subject in illuminated mMiiiBcripts there are slight Tariations from the usual treatment, viz. : — 1. The cross bearing a banner, an inseparable incident in paintings of the Resurrection, but rare in those of the Ascension. 2. The full figure of Christ. It is more usual to represent only the lower portion of the Lord's body, often only just the bottom of the robe and the feet, rising above the mount with the footprints in it. 3. The small number of figures. There are frequently fifteen of these. 4. The absence of the Blessed Virgin, who is usually placed quite in the foreground. n.— THE BBSUKBECTION. This painting (Plate XXI.) occupies the space, 8 feet 7 inches by 7 feet 5 inches, of the spandrel over the second column from the chancel of the north arcade, and stands, in the series of Scriptural subjects, between that of the Nati- vity on the west and the Ascension on the east. No painting of the Crucifixion haa yet been found. I hope to discover it on the opposite wall, probably next to the Last Supper.' This painting, in its manner of treatment, offers some points which are sug- gestive of the great change which had been and was taking place in Christian art, when, on the completion of the enlarged church, circa 1420, this decoration was added to the new clerestory. The effect of the Renaissance, following the introduction of Byzantine artists into Europe after the conquest of Constantinople in the thirteenth century, had been a gradual but vigorous development from the rigid austerity and meagreness of eastern art. New, freer, and bolder conceptions of form and composition pre- vailed over mere servile repetitions of former traditional treatment. The manly, vigorous life of the west, and I think we may aay especially of the north-west countries, coming into contact with eastern art, touched and made the dry bones to live. The growth of architecture and increased church building at that period had their undoubted effect in the same direction, as the treatment requisite for large spaces, such as church walls, called forth a bolder method, more graceful outline, and greater skill in composition than had been possible in the miniature work of illuminated manuscripts. ■ Archaeotogia, xltui. Plate xui. VOL. L. 2 Q Digitized by Google 284 Mural Paintings in All Saints Church, Frigkney. Together with this came also a new departure, noticeably on this subject of the Resurrection, in the treatment of the theme itself, viz., in the representation of Christ himself rising out of the tomb. The reverence of early art had forborne to supply by any effort of imagination more than Holy Scripture had recorded. According to the maxim of the Venerable Bede, " "We cannot know that on which Truth keeps silence." As Mrs. Jamieson remarks, " an artist in the early ages of the church shrank from, or never dreamed of, a representation of a mystery not revealed to human sight over which the silence of Scripture rested like a pall forbidden to be lifted." In the painting before us I think we have examples of this transitional stage of medieval decorative art. The conventional treatment is maintained, but with a degree of individual adaptation which agrees with that development which is admitted in the words of DuranduB, even a century before this, that " various subjects of the Old and New Testament were painted according to the discretion of the painters." And that also, which had not until the end of the fourteenth century entered into the treatment, the actual rising of the Lord out of the tomb, is tere a pre- dominant feature. Hitherto, as in a lovely altar-piece by Duccio, as late as the fourteenth century^ the act was only referred to by representing an angel pointing out to the Three Maries the open tomb, and that treatment prevailed up to the fourteenth century. Here is represented a combination of incidents, in themselves separate and not simultaneous — the actual rising — the descent of the angel — the approach of the women — and the appearance (as when the Lord subsequently appeared to her alone) of the Magdalene. The picture before us plainly tolls all this with realistic simplicity. The central figure of the Christ is raised above and prior to all else in interest. It stands out from the dark background, which does not, I think, represent the darkness of night — not as signifying that the rising was before the dawn of day — ■ but is merely, as in all the other pictures of this series, employed to represent distance, as a medium for throwing out effectively the group of figures. This background is not carried on over the head of the Christ. That part of the wall is unfortunately so defaced that I can gain no clue to the meaning of the few lines which remain above the head. The right hand is raised, with the two fingers uplifted in benediction ; in the left is held the staff with flag of victory surmounted by a cross. The right knee and foot are advanced as if stepping out Digitized by Google Mural Paintings in All Saints Church, Frishney. 285 of the square tomb, the lid of which is closed — as showing the passing of the glorified body through the closed tomb, as afterwards through the locked doors of the upper chamber, where the disciples were assembled. This representation of the tomb as closed is exceptional ; the general use being to show the lid or upper slab lifted or placed transversely, as having been removed. It points to the change in treatment which prevailed in later examples (sixteenth century pictures), in offering proof that the rising was miraculous. In an example quoted by Mrs. Jamieson, by Annibale Caracci, there is represented the Christ rising not only through the closed lid, but also the lifeless body of a soldier lying upon the lid. Close by the knee which appears out from the lid, and on the right extremity of the tomb, is the figure of one of the soldiers fallen forwards on the tomb, the peaked helmet downwards, the shoulders and back curiously but not ungrace- fully foreshortened ; the right arm doubled up under the head, showing at the bend of the elbow a joint in its armour ; evidently the hand, though hidden by the helmet, still maintains its grasp of the spear, which is held upright, with a small pennant attached to it just below the blade. The character of the helmet— flugar- loafed and high, with 8hu*p peak— seems to mark a period certainly before 1450, for in the latter part of the fifteenth century the helmets were worn lower, and gradually became more flat or round. Beneath the tomb, and in the lower centre of the picture, are lines which seem to indicate the recumbent figures of two other soldiers; and out of the wreck of this portion of the picture there sur- vives a palpable sword as it were dropped from its owner's hand, for the clearly- marked hilt shows no trace of fingers grasping it. From the extreme right a group of women enter, whom we may conclude to represent Mary the wife of Cleophas, Salome, and Joanna, the drapery carefully drawn after the manner usually seen on medieval brasses. The central figure of the three, whose headdress is manifestly different from the other two, raises to her breast her clasped hands, the right arm being sup- ported by her companion on the right. The third, with face slightly inclined towards the figure with clasped hands, points with her left hand towards the Christ, while her right hand holds before her breast a vase containing (doubtless) the sweet spices for embalmment. On the opposite extreme left is a graceful figure of, I think we may say, the Magdalene, the head bent reverently downwards, and the right hand pointing, with two fingers extended, towards the Christ. The left arm, which hangs down, seems to holds a scroll, which, contrary to the usual treatment, is dravra almost in straight lines downwards. 2q2 Digitized by Google 286 Murat Paintings in All Saints Church, Frishiey. In all the picture, to wbicb I think we may assign considerable merit in grouping and composition, no feature is more graceful than the figure of the angel, which is poised with great lightness and delicacy of movement, as that of a bird just alighting on a spray, upon the surface of the tomb at its extreme edge on the left of the central figure. The wiugs, half folded, are beautifully placed ; and the hands, palmis mihlatvt, turned in adoring homage towards the risen Lord. I wish that any tracing could do justice to the expression of this and the other faces ; but it is impossible. Although there lingers about them in their effaced condition signs of a grace which I am sure they possessed, yet to trace here the bits of features which sur- vive would spoil them. I have therefore omitted these altogether, leaving the general outline only without marring the effect by the grotesqueness which mutilated features might present. The nationality of the painter is an interesting matter of conjecture. Possibly he was one of the monastic body of that house of St. Catherine's, Friskney, subsidiary of Bolington Priory, which we know had, since the time of Stephen, been there reclaiming the lands from the marsh and civilizing the fen-men. Possibly a German or Italian brother of the monastery, he may have learned art in the school of Siena or Pisa or Cologne, and so a faint ray from the light kindled by the genius of Giotto or Meister Wilhelm may have penetrated even so far as to this remote place. But may he not have been one of a native English gild who has left us in this work a suggestion that there was too an English school of painting, and that our country shared in a measure in that spring-tide of art which was rising on the continent P Certainly, I humbly submit, he has left us in the careful and graceful out- line, the skill of composition and grouping, in reverent feeling, in the general merit which this pictiuH) possesses, proof of a development of the trade or industry of decorative ornamentation in England into something worthy of the name of art. Whoever he were, I am thankful that his reverent conscientious work for the glory of God and advancement of art has escaped the ruthless hands both of Puritan scraper and churchwarden whitewasher, and that enough survives, after the lapse of nearly five hundred years, for a new generation, now at the end of the nineteenth century, to rise and call him benefactor. Digitized by Google XVIII. — On Basket-work Figures of Men represented on Sculpiwred Stones. By Rev. G. F. Beownb, B.D. Bead Hay SO, 1886. I BEG to invite the attention of the Society of Antiquaries to the occurrence of human figures sculptured on stones at Checkley and Ilam, in Staffordshire, the bodies being represented as formed entirely of interlacing bands, and producing the effect of wickerwork images. As far as I know, attention has not hitherto been called to this remarkable and suggestive feature, which seems to throw us far back into the past, and reminds us of the earliest descriptions of the land of Britain. The stones in the churchyard at Cbeckley, near Uttoxeter, are mentioned by Camden," in Plot's History of Staffordshire,*' and in a letter on the Penrith pillars in Archaeohgia, v6[. a. p. 4S. Gough makes Camden say (a.d. 1607), "in the churchyard of Cbeckley stand three stones like pyramids, two of them adorned with figures, but the middlemost is highest. The inhabitants say here was fought a battle between two armies, one armed and the other not, and three bishops fell in it, in memory of whom these were erected. The historic truth concealed under this tradition I have not yet been able to trace." Dr. Plot says of them (a.d. 1686) that they are certainly Danish, and that " the inhabitants report them to be memorials of three bishops slain in a battle here about a quarter of a mile E.N.E. from the church, in a place still called Kahed Fields, because the bodies lay there naked an4 unburied for some time after the fight." This tradition still remains, only the bishops have been made into kings. The stones are called the Battle-Stones. Dr. Plot gives an engraving of the stones, curiously inadequate and incorrect, but still very interesting. The stone » Cough's Camden, vol. ii. p. 49. " Ch. x. 63, 6*. Digitized by Google 288 On basket-worh figures of men represented on Smiptured Stones. I call No, 2 was then (1686) nearly twice its present height, and at the top a projection is shown, as if the commencement of an arm of a cross or a " wheel." The writer in Archaeologia (Dr. Ljttelton, then Dean of Exeter), writing in 1755, says that he was informed several years hefore, by an ancient inhabitant of the place, that the present plain pillar was placed there in the room of one of the old ones, thrown down and broken by accident. They are figured in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. sxxiii., and in Redfern's History of Uttoxeter. In neither case has the artist ■detected the special features to which I desire to call attention, nor indeed do the illustrations profess to represent the patterns on the panels. At the same time it should be said that Mr. Lynam's illustrations, in the Journal of the British Archaeological Association, are very careful and interesting, and valuable as shew- ing the general appearance of the stones. The larger of the two stones, which I will call No. 1, is about 4 feet 8 inches high; its four faces are shown on Plate XXII. The east and west faces are 20 inches wide at bottom and 16 inches at top, the corresponding dimensions of the north and south edges being 10 inches and 9 inches. Stone No. 2 is about 3 feet 8 inches high ; its east and west faces are 18 inches wide at foot and 14^ inches at top ; the north and south edges 9 inches and 8 inches. Each of the stones is the lowest part of a loftier pillar, being broken abruptly at the top but coming to an unsculptured termination at the bottom. It is said that they stand in stone sockets, sunk some little distance in the ground. No. 1 has on the north side two panels. In the upper is a figure of a man, with good legs ssiA. feet and with a staff in each hand. His head is gone, the stone being fractured at the neck. . His body is composed entirely of one band, interlacing with itself, the two ends projecting at the shoulders and grasping the two stafEs. The lower panel, which has an arched head, is filled with a double row of Stafford knots, formed by an endless band. On the south side are three panels. At the top is another basket-work body, with no head and with two staffs. In the place where the legs and feet would come, there is an interlacing pattern composed of two narrow ovals crossed, intersected by a broader oval. The lowest panel is filled with Stafford knots. On the east face there is at the top a pattern composed of three concentric circles, intersected by four semicircles formed by endless bands which pass on to a second system of concentric circles, of which only the lower half is left, the rest being broken off by the fracture of the pillar. Below are three basket-work bodies, side by side, with heads and legs, the central figure being the tallest and the figure on the observer's right the Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google On basket-work Ji^ures of men represented on Sculptured Stones. 289 shorteBt. On the west face there are at the top what appear to be the tronks of three men, side by side, in pleated dresses, without feet, the upper part being- broken away. Below this are three basket-work bodies, side by side, with heads but no legs. Lower still, in a panel with an arched top, are three more basket- work bodies, side by side, with heads but no legs, and below them again a like trio. Thus there are on this stone portions of 21 human figures, 18 of which are represented as formed of wicker-work. In some cases the ends of the interlacing band, which emerge at the shoulders, are shewn as arms; in other cases they pass up on each side of the face and look like a nimbus ; or they pass across into the system of the wicker-work figure standing nest to that to which they belong. The nimbus arrangement is more evident in the case of the Ham stone to be described later. The division of the panels is at the same height on each side of the stone. The west face, which is in several respects the most remarkable, is a good deal obscured by lichen, and it is almost close to the railings of a huge tomb, so that it is impossible to do justice to it. This is unfortunate, especially as it appears to be in better preservation than the other sides, owing something- perhaps to the protection which the tomb has afforded for many years. No. 2 has on the north side at the top a pEmel filled with interlacement, and below two figures face to face ; probably some kind of nondescript monster. This side is so much perished that comparatively little can be made of it. On the south side there is at the top a well-executed serpent-dragon head downwards, with its own tail in its mouth, and its body tied in triquetrae or Stafford knots, and below are two human figures of basket-work. On the east face, the upper panel is filled with Stafford knots, enriched by the interlacement of a second band, and shewing a sharp turn and doubling back of the band which is very unusual indeed on English stones, but is found in manuscripts and embroidery of the Oarlovingian period, in sculpture at Ravenna, and in Roman pavements. The lower part of this face ia occupied by four large triquetrae ; this arrangement being very un- usual on English stones. On the west face there are at the top a pair of bird- dragons, only decipherable by comparison with an almost identical panel on a stone at Dam, and below this are two rows of three human figures. Thus there are on this stone portions of eight human figures, and while No. 1 has no repre- sentation of a dragon or other monster, there are dragons on three of the four sides of No. 2. But nothing can be built on diversities of this kind, for neither stone is complete. The two stones in the churchyard at Ham, at the mouth of Dovedale, are figured iu the Journal of the BHtisk Archaeological Association, vol. xxxiii. on the Digitized by Google 290 On baaket'Work jigures of men represented on Sculptured Stones. plate already referred to. One of them may be passed over on the present occasion, as it has not the special feature to which I am calling attention. The other stone is almost complete, only the head and arms of the croBS being broken ofi. It is 7 feet 6 inches high, from the socket, and has been about 8 feet. The east and west faces are 17 inches to 18 inches wide at the foot, and 8 inches at the top ; the north and south edges 8J inches at foot, and 6 inches at top. The east face has four panels. The panel at top has an interlacing pattern, the two ends of the band passing up beyond the shaft of the cross and following the curves towards the arms, where no doubt they formed interlacing patterns arid passed away in like manner into the uppermost key of the cross. The panel next below has six Staffordshire knots, enriched by the interlacement of an additional band. The panel next below this has two concentric circles above and three below, with bands interlacing in semicircles. The lowest panel has two bird- dragons, with forepaws crossed and their bodies or tails interlaced ; this inter- lacement I could not decipher, on account of the presence of an upright grave- stone close by, but that hindrance has been removed since my second visit, and I should think the pattern can now be determined. In that case, the corresponding panel at Checkley will probably be decipherable also. The upper panel of the west face has been much the same as the corresponding panel on the east, but it has perished too much to say with certainty. The two panels below this are practically the same as those on the east face. The lowest panel has three basket- work human figures, much perished and undecipherable except by the experience of Checkley. The arrangement is much the same as at Checkley, the central figure the highest, the figure on the observer's left the next highest, and that on the right the lowest ; they have legs, and the bands more decidedly form a ring round the head than in some of the Checkley instances. On the north and south edges the uppermost panel has in each case an interlacing pattern, and the panel next below a system of plain Staffordshire knots. The lowest panel on the north has some very clear interlacements, but for their pattern and meaning I have no solution, except by a somewhat forced explanation ; that on the south has a basket- work man with a staff, all much perished. After working out this stone, I was taken to see a fragment some little distance off, in the Ley, a piece of ground lying below Ham Hall, above the place where the Manifold and Hamps rivers flow out of the rock after a subterranean course of some miles. This is a very massive stone, about 5 feet high, standing in a socket on two steps formed by two ancient stones of large size. It is a rectangular shaft, about 18 inches by 16 or 17. It was taken from the foundations of an old Digitized by Google On basket-work Jigures of men represented on Sculptured Stones. 291 cottage, when Mr. Scott Russell was transforming Ham into a model village, but its memory had not been lost during the time of its service as building material, and it was known as the battle-stone. At first sight it was hopeless to make anything of it, worn, battered, and covered with lichen and moss. But, after a sound scrubbing with a stable-brash, one basket-work man after another stood revealed to an eye instructed by the decipherment of the Oheckley stones. On the south side there are three large basket-work men in the upper panel, and three in the lower. On the north side, three basket-work men in the upper panel, and three concentric circles in the lower, interlaced with four semicircles, large bosses being used to fill up vacant places, as on some of the Checkley panels. The east side is worn away at the lower part, it is said by the wheels of carts when it stood in the village ; the upper part has a system of Staffordshire knots, enriched by the interlacement of an additional band. The west side also has almost perished, but the upper part has two large basket-work men, and the lower has the remains of four very bold triquetrae, arranged as at Checkley. Thus these four remarkable stones in Staffordshire, two at Checkley and two at Ham, ring the changes on basket-work images, Staffordshire knots, concentric circles, and interlacements, with a few dragons and triquetrae. There are on them thirty-eight human figures, eight panels of Staffordshire knots, seven sets of concentric circles with four systems of three circles and three of two, and six panels of simple interlacement; two panels of triquetrae, four of dragons or beasts, and one which is as yet a puzzle, but may mean three serpents, complete the inventory. Three of the four stones, it must be remembered, are only the lower parts of shafts, which, from the squareness and massiveneas of these por- tions, may have reached to a very considerable height. The only example of a human figure formed of basket-work which I have found on a stone other than these four is at Sandbach, in Cheshire. On one of the stones placed upright, round the platform on which the two magnificent sculptured shafts in the market-place at Sandbach stand, is the figure of a man from the waist upwards, the body made of an interlacing band, and the head being, as at Checkley and Ham, an isolated oval. The Sandbach stone has the peculiarity, that round the neck, as it were, is a separate collar, partly hid of course by the head, which presents the full face to the observer, and emerg^g from behind the head about half-way up the cheeks. The ends are tucked in at the top of the interlacing band which forms the body, and cross in front like a " comforter." It may be that there has been such an arrangement in some of the Checkley and Ham figures, but I have not detected any signs of it. Other figures VOL. L. 2 E Digitized by Google 292 On hasket-worlc figures of men represented on Sculptured Stones. at Sandbach give me the imprcBsion tbat they have had basket-work ornament on them which has now perished. On one stone in Scotland (Brodie) the characteristic and unexplained "elephant" has its body covered with an interlacing band, and on another (Glenferness) there are remains of interlacement on the " elephant" ; but in neither case is the body formed of the interlacing band, it is merely an ornament covering the body, which has the usual complete outline. In manuscripts of the Hibernian type, serpents and other creatures have their bodies ornamented sometimes with interlacements, as in the case of the Brodie "elephant," but the only figure really formed of basket-work which I have found in a manuscript is the figure of Our Lord, in the " Irish " Psalter at St. John's College, Cambridge. In that case the whole of the trunk is basket-work, the legs, arms, shoulders, and head being shown by ordinary outlines ; the beard, too, is a variety of the triquetra, with an interlaced ring, but it has an ordinary outline besides. It will be clear to any one who knows the very great variety of patterns on sculptured atones, and the remarkable manner in which the early artists contrived to make each stone unlike others, that between the Checkley and the Ham stones there must have been some unusually close connection. The only key which tradition gives to this connection is the fact that the Checkley stones and the Btone in the Ley at Ham are called battle-stones. Looking to the three accounts of the Checkley tradition, Camden's, Plot's, and the one now current, we see that besides the three important persons, accounting for the number of stones, there is probably another feature in common. The idea of one of the two armies being unarmed is unreasonable, and we may fairly suppose that one army fought in defensive armour, and the other fought without such protection ; perhaps the battle was sufficiently early for one of the armies to have but little clothing of any description. This would give us a meaning for the " naked fields." The basket- work trunks of the figures on the stones might represent the appearance of coats of armour, or it is possible that it may have been an attempt to indicate a naked figure in which the bones shewed prominently. Chain armour, when reproduced in stone, has something the air of interlacement, as on the effigies in the Temple Church; one of the finest shields there is covered with " basket-work." If it had not been for this tradition, I should have looked no further than the well-known fact that wicker-work was very extensively used from the earliest times in this island, times which we may call prehistoric so far as our predecessors here are concerned. And I cannot help thinking that, notwithstanding the special Digitized by Google On basket-work figures of men represented on Sculptured Stones. 293 tradition of the battle-stones at Checkley, and the connection with them which the identity of ornament and of name gives to the Ham stone, it is to this use of wicker-work that we must look for our explanation. But then there remains the question, to which I confess that I liave no answer ready, to what age must we go back to find artiste who could design and execute these elaborate monuments contemporaneously with a familiar use of basket-work images P The Sandbach stone, I may remark in passing, seems to me to account, by the collar it gives to the figure, for the high-shouldered appearance presented by early ecclesiastics when shown in profile on sculptured stones. The collar may represent the bood, or it may represent a special part of a priest's dress, something of the nature of an amice. Mr. G. F. French's paper in the Journal of the British Archaeological Associa- tion, vol. XV.,' in which he argued for a wicker-work origin for the interlacing ornamentation, at that time supposed to be all but peculiar to the British Islands, brought together a considerable amount of information on the subject. It is rather a fashion now to laugh at the Druids, but I for one quite believe Caesar's story of their basket-work images of monsters or of men. No theory accounts for the paneled interlacing ornamentation of our English sculptured shafts, and of the crosses sculptured on Scottish stones, so well as that of its being the descendant of early representations in stone of perishable crosses of wicker-work made by the first British Christians. Even if the early inhabitants had not been in the habit in Pagan times of erecting wattle-work pillars in places where mono- liths could not be got, we may take it as certain that, when they were told by Christian missionaries to erect crosses as a symbol of their new faith, they would employ for the purpose the beautiful art which had made their manufacture famous at Rome. That wicker-work crosses were made in the Middle Ages is certain; the last example on record, so far as Mr. French's researches went, indeed the only example on record, was in 1630, when Lord Dillon found on " S. Patrick's altar " on Lough Derg (the " altar " being a heap of stones at the east end of the church) a cross made of interwoven twigs. The parts of these stones wMch are not occupied by human figures call for the remark that there is nowhere any approach to a foliage scroll. I am accus- tomed to attribute the superposition of this scroll upon interlacing ornamentation to Wilfrith, and there is a good deal to be said for its being somewhat of a party badge at the end of the seventh century. The Staffordshire knot is not a wicker- » i,.D. 1859, pp. 63—80. Digitized by Google 294 On bashet-worh figwres of men represented on Sculptured Stones. work pattern, and it is found sculptured at Ravenna. The concentric circles, with semicircles interlaced, could be made in wicker-work, no doubt, and as we are deal- ing with " battle-stones " it may be that they are the descendants of the repre- sentation of a wicker-work shield, in which case the bosses would be something more than a mere device to fill a void space. Concentric circles of this character are uncommon on English stones ; there is an example on the fine shaft at Hope, in Berbyshire. Of the dragons and other creatures it is unnecessary to speak. It is probable that, when once attention is called to these basket-work figures, other examples will be found; indeed, I shall not be surprised if other examples are known already, for the field of sculptured stones is so large that no one need be ashamed not to know them all. However that may be, I feel that their pre- sence requires some special explanation, which I am not at all satisfied that we have as yet got, and I am not without hope that they may open a new and unex- pected chapter in historical archaeology. I may say, in conclusion, that we have examples from Peru and elsewhere of men and animals on metal plaques with their bodies formed of reticulated work, of spiral work, and of an " Etruscan " pattern. The curator of our Cambridge Museum of General and Local Archaeology has two remarkable specimens. But I imagine on the whole that the sole object in that case is to provide receptacles for pigments or enamel, and that the presence of these patterns within the outUne of the man's or the animal's form is not the survival of wicker or cable work. No doubt the other side of the question can be argued. It may be worth adding that Checkley lies geographically between Stafford and Ham, so that St. Bertram, who, according to the tradition, left Stafford and settled at Ham in Mercian times, and whose name is connected specially with the Ham district, and with the shrine at Ham, and with these stones, may have halted at Checkley, and put up both sets of stones, or may have seen the stones at Checkley and put up those at Ham. The font at Ham is very ancient, but there are ages of difference in style between it and these stones, and, curiously enough, the same is true at Checkley. Whether it is possible that there is any connection between the name Battle-Stone and the name Bertram, Bertolin, Bartolin, or whether, as the dedications about Ham are to Bartholomew, Bertram, Bartolin, Bartholomew, Bartlemy, Battle, have anything to do with one another, I cannot say. Digitized by Google XIX. — BeginaJd, Utluyp of Bath (ny^-ngi): his epieeopate, and his shard in Ike building of the chwrch of WelU. By the Rev. C. M. Chuboh, M.A., F.8.A., Sub-dean and Canon B^iidentiary of Wells, BMd Jane 10, 1886. I VBNTOBB to think that bishop Reginald Fitzjocelin deserves a place of higher honour in the history of the diocese, and of the fabric of the church of "Wells, than has hitherto been accorded to him. His memoiy has been obscured by the traditionary fame of bishop Robert as the " author," and of bishop Jocelin as the " finisher," of the church of "Wells ; and the importance of his episcopate as a connecting link in the work of these two master-builders has been comparatirely overlooked. The only authorities followed for the history of his episcopate have been the work of the Canon of Wells, printed by "Wharton, in his Anglia Sacra, 1691, and bishop Godwin, in his Catalogue of the Biahope of England, 1601 — 1616. But Wharton, in his notes to the text of his author, comments on the scanty notice of bishop Reginald ;' and Archer, our local chronicler, complains of the unworthy treatment bishop Reginald had received from Godwin, also a canon of his own cathedral church.^ ■ Begm&ldi gesta historiciiB noeter brevins quam pro Tiri dignitato enorraTit. Wharton, Anglia Sacra, i. 871. i> Hiatoriciis noster et poet enm Oodwinns nimis breviter gesta Be^naldi perstringani qnae pro egregii viri dignitate nairationem magie applicatam de CanoniciB istls Wellensibos merita snnt. Archer, Ohronieon WeUense, live annaUt Eccleriae Oathedralis Wellentis, p. 75, Dr. Archer, archdeacon of Tannton, 1712, of Wella, 1726, and oanon residentiary, died 1739. He was the friend and correspondent of Thomas Heame. His hand can be traced in notes thronghont the Wells chapter registers. He has left books of manuscript notes, and a valnable chronicle of Wells history from the earliest time to the end of bishop Drokensford's episcopate, based on most careful study of the episcopal and chapter registers. VOL. L. 2 8 Digitized by Google 296 Reginald biahop of Bath ; We start therefore, with some distrust of our guides, to trace the history of bishop Reginald's episcopate, and his share in the building of the church. We find now, that the authorities quoted both by Wharton and Qxidwin are not the only or the original sources for the early history of the church of Wells. They are rather the traditions of the fifteenth century, as imderstood and inter- preted to us by bishop Grodwin and Wharton in the seventeenth. 1. The Canon of Wells is the title given in Wharton's Anglia Sacra to a composite document — ^two anonymous manuscript tracts of the fourteenth and fifteenth - CMituries found in . the Wells chapter register,' which Wharton has " woven together " to form one continuous history of the earlier episcopates : — (a) "Historia minor" contains a short catalogue of the bishops from Daniel, the legendary bishop of Congresbury, to bishop Harewell's time, 1367— 1386; (6) *' Historia major " is a longer document of the same kind, which begins with Edward the Confessor's time and ends with bishop Bubwith, 1406—1424. 2. Francis Godwin, canon of Wells, bishop of LandafE, 1601, and of Hereford, 1617, was son of Thomas Godwin, bishop of Bath and Wells, 1584 — 90. Though he had exceptional opportunities for examining the documents in the Wells registers, yet he seems to have been content to follow these same documents which Wharton has printed, varying his form of statement in the different editions of his book, viz., the English edition, " The Catalogue" ^c, printed in 1601, and the Latin, " Be Praesulibus Angliae Gommentarius" printed in 1615 — 16. Mr. Hunter has thrown out the conjecture that "the Canon of Wells," author of the Historia major of Wharton, may have been Thomas Chandler, chancellor of Wells, 1454, warden of Winchester, friend of bishop Beckington,'' and afterwards chancellor of Oxford, 1472-79. But the discovery by Mr. Hunter, in the register of Bath priory, of the manuscript of the time of Henry II,, which he printed in 1840 as the Eistoriola de Primordiis Episcojtatus Svmersetensis' has supplied earlier historical evidence down to the end of bishop Robert's episcopate. And now contemporary docu- ments in the Wells chapter registers, which have lately been made more accessible • E. iii. f . 296—302. ■* ReV. J. Hmiter Introduction to Hiitoria, p. 4, Ecd. Doc. Camd. Soc. Pnbl. 1840. ' Ecd. Docwnentt in Camden Soc. PTiblications. 1840. A Brief Hitiory of the Biakopri/; of Bonuriet, from its foundation to the year 1174. An extract from the Segiitrvm Prioratm Bafhon. — a MS. in the Library of the Hon. Society of Lincoln's Inn. Digitized by Google ■ ■ hie episcopate. ' "297 to the student, give additional and contemporaiy' information with regard to bishop Reginald's episcopate. I propose to sketch the history of bishop Reginald's episcopate, and to show, by the help of these unpublished documents, that there is ground for claiming for bishop Reginald a greater share than has been hitherto allowed him in building up the constitution and fabric of the church of Wells. Bishop Reginald Fitzjocelin de Bohun, and bishop Savaric, his kinsman and successor, were the two last in the succession of foreign bishops who held the see of Somerset from the time of Edward the Confessor. Reginald was of the family of de Bohun, of the C6tentin, the north-west comer of Normandy, where two villages — St. George and St. Andr^ de Bohun, near Carentan, in a district of plain and canal like Sedgmoor — still mark the cradle of the family. Richard de Bohun, bishop of Ooutances, 1151 — 1179, wa3 his uncle ; his father was Jocelin de Bohun, bishop of Sarum, 1141 — 1184. Another member of the family, Engelger de Bohun, is mentioned as one of Henry II.'s eyil counsellors who incited Henry against Becket, when at Argentan he uttered the hasty words which led to the murder of the archbishop.* Into this family married Savaric Fitzchana, son of Ralph, the lord of Beau- mont and St. Suzanne, and of Ghana, his wife, daughter of Geldewin, a Dane, lord of Saumur. He himself was made lord of Midhurst, in Susses, by Henry I. His SOD, Savaric FitzSavaric, inherited the lands of de Bohun; but, dying childless, he was succeeded in his inheritance by his nephew Franco de Bohun, son of Greldewin FitzSavaric, and his wife Estrangia. Savaric, bishop of Bath, 1192, in succession to his cousin Reginald Fitzjocelin de Bohun, was younger brother of Franco de Bohun." Reginald Fitzjdcelin was bom about 1140, before his father, the bishop of Sarum, had been admitted to the priesthood, yet so shortly before, that the question could be raised as an objection to his consecration to the episcopate in • W. FitzStephen, in MaieriaU for Hiitory of Becket, vol. iii. p. 129, R.S., " Engelgeras de Bohan, qaidam mveterataB diemm maloram," gave the counsel, " Let Iiim be cmcified." " BiBhop Stubbs in QerUleman'e Magaane, Not. 1863, and Preface to Epp. Cantuariemee, p. Ixxivi. note, baa supplied materials for genealogies of biebops Reginald and Savaric. 2s2 Digitized by Google 298 Begmald bisJiop of Bath ; after years. Sufficient testimony was at tbat time brought forwM*d to satisfy and to remove objections. Either as bom of Italian blood, or from early resi- dence in Italy, he bore the name of "the Lombard" or "the Italian." The schools of Lombardy, Pavia, Bologna, Padua, whence had come to Normandy Lanfranc and Anselm, were famous. The towns of Lombardy were asserting their independence of the emperor at iAns time, and Henry's wide-reaching continental policy, and the foreign marriages of his sons, were bringing English- men into close relations with Italians and Germans, as well as French.* Herbert of Bosham, in his life of St. Thomas, names " Reginald the Lum- bard " among those attached to the archbishop in his earlier days abroad. Though he laments his defection afterwards, in the time of the archbishop's quarrel with Henry, he describes him at this time as a'young man high-spirited, intelligent, prudent beyond his years in council, active and able.** From the letter of Peter of Blois, archdeacon of Bath, to K«ginald, when archdeacon of Sarum, we know that he combined a keen love of hawking with attention to business." These qualities would have been likely to have brought the young ecclesiastic into favour with the chancellor in his earlier days. ' In 1158 Becket, then chancellor, was gent on an embassy to Paris, with a large suite and much pomp, to arrange the betrothal of Henry's eldest son, then a boy of seveUjto Margaret, daughter of Louis VII, The marriage compact was finally completed, not without a quarrel and a reconciliation between the two kings, in 1160.'^ Perhaps Reginald joined Becket about this time, and, as Becket's friend, passed into favour at the French court. In 1164 he recieived from Louis VII. of France a piece of court preferment, succeeding therein the king's brother Philip as abbot of St. Exuperius in Corbeil. The deed of gift, of which ' On Henry's relations with Italy, France, Germany, v. Stubbs' Pref. to Benedict of Peterborough, ii. p. zxxi. On Italian affairs of interest in England at this time, v. Stubbs' Pref. to S. Sowden, u. p. Jtcii. *■ Herbert ot Bosham names some Lombards among the " eruditi " of Becket's followers, together with Beginaldns Lumbardns ; Lombardns of Piacenza, afterwards archbishop of Benerentnm, Becket's teacher in canon law ; Humbert CriTelli, of Milan, afterwards archbishop of Milan, and pope Urban III. in 1185, and others. Herbert thofi deecribes Beginald : — " Beginaldns natione Anglns, sed aicat edncatione et cognomento Lnmbardns, pro aetate pmdens et indnstrins, animosns et efficaz in ageudis, qni extra patriam aliquanto tempore nobiscnm fortiter stans, cito doloiis nostri fnit principium." Y. Materials for Life of Becket, iii. p. 524i. " Peter of Blois, Ep. 61. He reminds him when archdeacon of Samm, "cnram non avium sed oviom soscepisti," and warns him of the danger, " si non oves aTibns antefertis." " R. de Dioeto, vol. i. p. 302 (R. S.), an. 1168. They were betrothed 1160, p. 304. Digitized by Google his episcopate. 299 the original is extant among the chapter documents of Wells, entitles him " arch- deacon of S&rum," and recites that the preferment was due both to his own merits and also to the solicitations of his friends — " Donavimns pro honestate 8u4, et pro amicorum suorum prece." (See Appendix A.) The year of his appointment to the abbey of St. Ezuperius was the year of the archbishop's quarrel with the king. On January 25, 1164, the Council of Clarendon was held, and, after the meeting at Northampton, Becket withdrew from England to Pontigny. Bishop Jocelin of Sarum, father of Reginald, had been the leader and spokesman of the bishops in the vain attempt to mediate between the king and the archbishop, and to conciliate the archbishop after the scene at Northampton. He and Gilbert Ffolliot, bishop of London, became thenceforth the objects of Becket's violent hostility, and he excommunicated the two bishops, together with John of Oxford, dean of Sarom, and others of his opponents, from Vezelay, on Whitsun Day, 1166. In this quarrel Beginald took his father's side, and withdrew from Becket's party. Herbert of Bosham laments his defection from the archbishop's cause in his struggle and distress; but speaks kindly of him, and acknowledges that in after years his industry and high principle had marked him out for the episcopate. Peter of Blois about this time intercedes for Reginald with one of Becket's court, and defends him for having left the archbishop in duty to his father, whom the archbishop had denounced. But Beginald had now taken the king's side. His education, ability, foreign experiences, and conciliatory temperament soon made him one of the most acceptable of Henry's diplomatists at the court of Rome, where the quarrel between two violent and headstrong men was mainly fought out. In 1167 he was at Rome with John of Oxford, dean of Sarum, and Clarembald, ^bbotof St. Augustine's, when they obtained from pope Alexander the prohibition to the archbishop E^ainst publishing his censures pending the attempt at recon- ciliation.' He was there again in 1169, and accompanied to England the legates Gratian and Vivian, who were sent to effect the reconciliation;^ and he then incurred Becket's violent abuse for his activity and influence at Rome on the occasion."' In 1170, June 14, Roger, archbishop of York, together with the bishops of ■ W. FitzStephen, in ifaterialtfor Life of BecJcet, iii. 99, R. 8. " lb. vi. 565, R. S. « lb. Tii. 59, R. S. . . . . , Digitized by Google 300 Reginald bishop of Bath ; LoDdon, Sarum, Durham, and Rochester, crowned the young king Henry in Westminster abbey. The anger of the archbishop and primate blazed out afresh at this violation of the prerogative of the see of Canterbury. A formal recon- ciliation was effected with the king for a time ; but at the close of this year the six years' straggle between king and archbishop reached its tragic end when the archbishop was struck down by his murderers, the four knights' of the court, in the transept of Canterbury cathedral church, December 29th, 1170. Reaction in favour of the cause of "the martyr" at once set in. Henry, shocked at the outrage and sacrilege, and alarmed at the consequences to his kingdom and to himself, sent at once an embassy to Rome, of men selected as *' acceptable to the court of Rome, and well able to plead the king's cause," '' of whom Reginald, archdeacon of Sarum, was one. The letter to the king reports the result of the mission — they had arrived on Palm Sunday ; had been treated with little respect by the cardinals and denied audience by the pope, who was at Frascati ; the king's name was execrated ; Maundy Thursday, the day of public absolution or excommunication by the pope, was approaching ; Henry's excom- munication and the interdict of the kingdom of England was threatened. With the ^^atest difficulty " they obtained suspension of the interdict, and it had been averted by their pledging themselves that the king would stand to judgment and submit to sentence from the pope. So the interdict was averted ; but the «xcommunication of the murderers and of all concerned was proclaimed. The legates were sent to England or Normandy to receive Heme's submission. The king's purgation and penance at Avranches followed in the nest year (May 21 1172); the canonization of St. Thomas, ordered by the pope, was proclaimed on Ash Wednesday, 1173, and December 29 set apart as the festival of St. Thomas of Canterbury.* According to one of the conditions required from Henry by the papal legates^ ■ Tliree of the fonr knights held Unds in Somerset : Reginald Fitzurse — Richard Breto — Williun de Tnici. ' Qerrase says (i. 233, B. S.) : " misit nantios epectabilee et admodum loqaaces." R. Hoirdeu gives the names, vol. ii. p. 26, R.S. : Rotrodns, archbishop of Rouen, who stopped in Normandy ; Adding bishop of Evrenx ; Roger bishop of Worcester ; Richard de BlosBeville, abbot of La Talasse ; Reginald archdeacon of Samm ; Richard archdeacon of Lisienz ; Richard Barre and Henry Pinchnn, clerks. For the letter giving report, t, R. Howden, vol. ii. p. 25, ■ Oervase adds (ibid.) : " aliam viam snpplicandi, more scilicet Romano sunt a^^ressi — Tix tandem qaingentis marcifi interpositis admissi sunt." •■ Bnll for the canonization of St. Thomas, dated Manh 13, 1173. R. de Diceto, i. 369. Digitized by Google hit epiicopcUe. 301 Henry now proceeded to fill up the English sees which he had kept vacant during his quarrel with Becket. Reginald Fitzjocelin was nominated to the see of Bath, which had been vacant more than eight years, since bishop Robert's death in 1166. He waa duly elected by the two chapters, the prior and convent of Bath and the dean and canons of Wells* in conformity with bishop Robert's provision; and his election was confirmed at the Council of Westminster, in April, 1173. At the same time the sees of Winchester, Ely, Hereford, Chichester, and Lincoln were filled up ; and Richard, prior of Dover, the late archbishop's chaplain, was nominated to the archbishopric of Canterbury. But the young king Henry, under the influence of his father-in-law Louis of France, protested against the nomination of bishops in England without his con- sent, and lodged an appeal against their consecration at Rome. Reginald was selected to accompany the archbishop-elect to Rome to obtain the pope's con- firmation. They started in the autimin of 1173. There were tedious delays and diplomacy with the Roman chancellery; but at last Richard was consecrated archbishop by the pope at Anagni, on Low Sunday, April 7, 1174, and received the pall and his appointment as legate. The consecration of Reginald and the other bishops-elect was deferred under various pretexts \mtil the return to England. ** Soon after, they left Rome, on their homeward journey — one which has many points of interest for us. The travellers crossed the passes of Mont Cenis, and stopped for a time at St. Jean de Maurienne, in the territory of the count of Savoy. It was at this wayside station, on the old road between France and Italy, that Reginald, notwithstanding the delays interposed at Rome, was consecrated bishop of Bath. The chronicles do not tell us the causes which brought about his consecration. We are left to infer them from concurring circumstances, by which this distant Alpine district was being brought into close connection with England, and with our own diocese in particular. Henry had been negotiating in 1173 a marriage, for political purposes, between ■ The act of pope Alexander reciting and confirming the joint action of the two chapters is contained in Chapter DocvMenti i. 40. Cf. B. i. £. 94; R. iii. f. 266. ^ Howden, ii. 59, t. Reginaidi Spiit. ad regem. May 5, 1174. He Bays, "My own consecration and that of the others are deferred. Oar lord the pope has determined to settle nothing nntil reconciliation between yon and yonr Bon shall be bronght to pass." Digitized by Google 302 RegiTuild biahhp of Bath ; his son John and the eldest daughter of tlmbert, count of Maurienne. Early- death in that year saved her from this fate. In the terms of the marriage settlement, by which certain places commanding the passes of the mountains would have been secured to Henry, Reginald, arch- deacon of Sanmi, had been named as one of the u-bitrators on the king's side, in case of any change being made in the terms. Some business arising out of thwe settlements, and the closing of the arrangements, may have caused Reginald's delay at this time at St. Jean de Maurienne.' The presence of Reginald in these parts was opportune for another purpose which Henry had in view at this moment. At this time Henry had undertaken to found three religious houses in England, in partial performance of his penance for the violence of his words against Becket. He had enlarged and reconstructed the religious foundations at Ambresbury and Waltham, and changed the religious orders of the inmates; and he was now planting the first house of the Carthusian order in England. The site which he had given was at Withain, on the borders of the royal forest of Selwood, in the diocese of Bath. Henry was seeking a prior for the new house from the p>arent house of the order, the Great Chartreuse in the " desert of St. Bruno," near Grenoble. One of the envoys of the count of Savoy had told him of the fame of brother Hugh of Avalon. " Such a man as would not only ensure success to his new foundation, but would fill the whole church with the beauty of his holiness."*" The Great Chartreuse was within easy reach of St. Jean de Maurienne, and letters were sent to the archbishop and to Reginald, to use all endeavours to induce Hugh to come to England, to take charge of the Carthusian colony at Witham. The bishop-elect of the diocese in which it was planted was the fit person to invite Hugh in Henry's name, and doubtless it was felt that he would speak with more effect if he were the consecrated bishop. So, with this end in view, as we may conjecture, objections at Rome were overcome, and Reginald's conBecration was hastened. * R. HoTrden, ii. 41, 45. Cf. Benedict, wbo gires the docament. By the settlements the paases of Hont Cenis, and four castles commanding them, vonld have been aecnred to Henry and pnt into his hands. In November of the same year Frederick Barbarossa entered Italy through the Mont Cenis passes, bnmt Sneo, and besieged Alexandria, lately bnilt by the Lombard Leagae. Tide Stnbbs's Pref. to Benedict, p. xvi. on Henry's projects. >» Vide Tita 8. Sugonii, p. 54. R. S. Cf. Preface, p. xsi. Digitized by Google his episcopate. 303 Reginald was required to purge himself by oath of any complicity in the murder of St. Thomas. Testimony sufficient was given to estabHsh the legitimacy of his birth. He was consecrated by archbishop Richard and the archbishop Peter of Tarentaise, in the church of St. John, at Maurienne, on the vigil of St. John the Baptist, Juno 23, 1174." Then, as bishop of Bath, in company with the bishop of Grenoble, he journeyed to the house of the order in the " Eremo " or desert of St. Bruno, enclosed imder the pines and crags of the Grand Som and between the torrents of the Guier "Mort," and the Guier " Vif," entering it probably from Grenoble on its south- east side by Sappey and St. Pierre de Chartreuse. Hugh of Avalon, with much reluctance, and only by order of his bishop, undertook as his mission the charge of the new priory in England ; and it was the first act of Reginald's episcopate to bring to England, and to plant in his own diocese of Somerset, Hugh of "Witham, known afterwards to the whole church as St. Hugh of Lincoln. Then the archbishop and bishop Reginald continued their journey to meet Henry in Normandy.'' In the first days of August they were at St. Lo, in the diocese of his uncle the bishop of Coutances, and in his own country of the Cdtentin, and on the 5th of August, 1174, he consecrated the church of St. Thomas at St. Lo, dedicated to the memory of his old master, now the newly-canonized St. Thomas the Martyr." This church, probably the earliest consecrated to the martyr canonized only the year before, and consecrated by the bishop, who had been active against him, son of a bishop whom he had excommunicated, is a monument of the sudden revulsion of feeling which his murder had caused. It is still standing, though long since desecrated ; containing architectural signs of the period of its consecration — in the flat semi-Norman pilasters on the outside, in the massive * "Jn^ qnoqne moutiom trsnsoeadenfi intra valles Moriaoae, in eccleaia S. JoIuumiB, et in vigilia S. Joannis Baptistae, Batoniensem electam consecravit, archiepiscopo Tareutasiaa praeaente, mannm etiam apponente ; accepta prins pnrgatione Batomensie electi, qnod mortem beat! Thomae neqne verbo, neqne facto, neqne Bcripto procuravit scienter. Alii jaraTemnt quod, sicut opinabantnr, oonceptuB fait prinaqnam Jocelinns pater suns ad gradnm aacerdotii promoTeretnr. R. de Diceto, i. 391. R.S. *" ArchiepiscopoB, Batonienei comitatna epiacopo, Bnrgnndiae pramontoria, campeatria Galliae, Neustriae littora, com aliqna remoratioue tranacetidit, pertranaiit, attigit. B. de Diceto, i. 391. B.S. " The document is preaerred in the arohiTes of St. Lo. r. Somerset Archaeol. Proceedings, xiz. ii. 94. VOL. L. 2 T Digitized by Google 304 Beginald bishop of Bath ; round columns of the nave, and the apsidal end with six pointed arches resting on the Norman columns.' On August 8th they met Henry on the shore at Barfleur (Barbari fluctus), just arrived from England after an eventful month. On July 8 he had landed at Southampton from Normandy. He had gone through his three days' humiliating penance at the tomb of St. Thomas at Canterbury. He had crushed rebellion in the midland of England, and, with the king of Scots his prisoner, had now landed at Barfleur within the month. From thence the archbishop and Reginald crossed to England. The archbishop arrived at Canterbury on September 4, to become a witness of the fire which broke out on the next day, September 5, 1174, in his cathedral church, and burnt the choir to ashes. On October 6th Reginald assisted at the consecra- tion at Canterbury of the bishops of Winchester, Ely, Hereford, and Chichester, and there made his profession of obedience to the primate. On November 24th he was enthroned with much solemnity by the primate in person, who was then making a visitation of his province as " legate of the apostolic see," in his own church. It would be interesting to know whether Bath or Wells — the church of St. Peter, or the church of St. Andrew — was the scene. Ralph de Diceto says the presence of the legate made the event of the enthronisation especially memorable;'' ■ The nave of the ohnrah ia aboat 144 ft. long, hy 30 ft. wide, and is divided from aiBlea 15 ft. wide by six massive Norman columns on each aide. Two central columns on each side, larger than the i«st, Bupport a tower. Pointed arches rest on the colomss. It is a painfnl instance of thorough desecration — the nave is boarded over above the arches, and is used as an agricultural hall on market days ; the upper part is a theatre approached by a door at the east end, and stairs. Under the later tdwer arches is the atage of the theatre— there had been a representation there by a travelling company the night before I was there — on Sunday, June 27th, 1686. There were two traditions told to me at St. Lo about the church ; one, that it was built by St. Thomas when in exile — the other, that he was at S. Lo while it was building, and being asked to what aaint it should be dedicated, replied, " to the first martyr " — after events led them to take this as a prophecy and direction with regard to himself. " R. de Diceto, i. 398 (R.S.) : Intronizationem Batoniensis episcopi Dorobemensis archie- piscopuB, dum officio fungeretur legationie, visitando provinciam, sua praesentia multo sollempniorem efCecit, viii.° kalendas Decembris, et futuris reddidit memorialem. Archer, Chron. WeUeTise, f. 46, quoting B. de Diceto in support, but, as it appears, incorrectly, assumes Wells to be the scene. " Ricardna Gantnariensis legationie poteatatem exercena provinciam auam visitavit cnmque Welliam perveuisset viii. Eal. Dec. die Dominica Reginaldnm Batoniensem inthronizaviti" Digitized by Google his episcopal. 305 bat he does not name the place of the enthronisation. Archer assumcB that it took place at Wells, but he does not give any evidence in support. Bath had been the chief seat of the bishop, sedes praesulea, from whence the title was derived since bishop John's time, 'eighty years ago. Bishop Robert had done much in reasserting the equality of "Wells with Bath, but Bath was still recognised by the pope, Adrian IV., in 1157, as the sedes praesulea.' The bishops now, and for some time to come, until 1245, took their title either from Bath alone, or between 1196 and 1219 from Bath and Glastonbury, and the fair conclusion we are forced to draw is, that the legate on this occasion made Bath, aa the chief seat of the bishop, the scene of the enthronisation in person, though, no doubt, the bishop was enthroned in both his churches, and perhaps by the legate also, in Wells." In the earher years of his episcopate, bishop Reginald appears as one of Henry's counsellors in the chief national councils of the reign." * B. iii. f. 268, 28^—293. Confirmation of possessions of Bath abbey, by Adrian IV. Bishop R^inald had been chosen by tho joint action of the two chapters of Bath and Wells. R.i.f. 94. R. iii. f. 266. Cf. Doc. 1, 40. '' The contemporary docnmentary evidence is clear and consistent, that the title of the see from bishop John, 1088, to bishop Roger, 1244, was either "Bath" alone, or, between 1196 — 1219, "Bath and Glastonbury." On the other hand, we have the statement of the " Canon of Wells," writing in bishop Bnbwith's time, in the 15th centnry, "that bishop Robert obtained from the pope a decree that the bishop's seat shonld be in both chnrches, that the bishop shoald be enthroned in both his churches, and that the name of Bath should be placed first in the bishop's style." But this state- ment is not supported by the Sistoria Minor, nor by early docnments in the Wells registers. Archer, Chrcmicon Wellenae, t. 29, had long ago corrected Wharton and Godwin. As to the date of the first assumption of the title " Bath and Welle," he says, " Canonicus noster et Godwinus qnin et ipse WhartonuB hand satis perspicue rem narrant — Nnllns etenim episcopomm Bathoniensis et Wellensis nnncupatus est a prima sedis translatione per Johannem Turonensem facta usque ad annum 1244." Roger was consecrated at Reading, Sept, 11, 1244, by the title of Bath and Wells, "ad instautiam Domini Papae." Bat he kept the old title of bishop of Bath on his seal. Pope Innocent writes to him from Lyons, May 14, 1245, " We hear from the dean and chapter of Wella that yon resist onr ordinance. We now enjoin yon to call yourself bishop of Bath and Wells, and so to describe yourself on your seal." Vide Vatican Transcripts in the British Museum, Additional MS. 15353, vol. V. f. 235. Cf. R. i. f. 93—96. The subject has been elaborated in two articles in The QetieaXogiet for Jnly and October, 1885, First Bithop of Bath and Welle. - (1) During Henry's reign— from 1174 to 1189. Bishop Reginald at Westminstor, May 18, 1175. Howden, ii. 72. „ at Woodfltoct, July 1 » ii- 78. at London, March 16, 1177. „ ii. 120, 131. „ at Toulouse „ 1178. „ ii. 151, 165. „ attheLatoranCouncil,March, 1179. „ ii. 171, 189. 2t2 Digitized by Google 306 Reginald bwhop of Bath ; He was present at the Council of Weatmrnster in 1175, at which acts were passed to repress clerical scandals. At the Council of London, in 1177, he was one of the signatories to the award in which Henry adjudicated on the rival claims of the kings of Navarre and Castille. In 1178, he vas one of a joint commission, appointed at the request of the count of Toulouse by Henry and Louis VII. of France, to inquire into the heretical teaching of the sect of the Cathari, who were established in formidable numbers in the country round Toulouse and Albi, and became afterwards known under the name of the Albi- genses. Bishop Reginald had for his colleagues on this occasion, Peter, the papal legate, the archbishops of Bourges and Narbonne, the bishop of Poitiers, and the abbot of Clairvaux. They held their court of inquiry at Toulouse, and reported in condemnation of the heretical teaching of the sectaries. In the next year Reginald was one of four English bishops ' sent as representatives to the Lateran council, summoned by Alexander III., March 1179, at which, among other acts of historical importance, the Albigenses sectaries were condemned and excom- municated. He returned from the council with a deed of confirmation from the pope, his friend Alexander III., dated March 4, 1179, confirming the rights arid possessions of the see." During the next ten years of Henry's reign he does not appear much in public affairs. On the death of his friend archbishop Richard, in 1184, he strongly supported the king's nomination of Baldwin bishop of "Worcester to the primacy, against the claims of the convent of Christchurch to have the sole appointment, and afterwards he was influential in conciliating the monks to accept Baldwin. (2) Dnring Richard's reign, 1189—1191. Biehop R«^nald was present at Richard's coronation at Westminster . . . Sept. 3, 1189. Howden, iii. 8. At the Council at Pipewell . Sept. 15, 1189. „ iii. 14. At Canterbury . Nov. 26, 1189. E. iii. f. 13. At the Council in Normandy . March, 1190. Howden, iii. 32. He mediated at "the peace of Winchester," April 25,1191 R. of Devizes, p. 33, § 42. „ „ „ „ „ „ July 28, 1191. Howden, iii. 135. HewasattheCbancellorLongchamp'strial,Oct.ll91. „ iii. 145. Nominated Primate, at Canterbury, Nov. 26, 1191. „ iii. 168. His death toot place, at Dogmersfield, Dec. 27, 1191. Gepvaae,Opero Jtrf. 1.512, R.S. ' The other bishops at the Lateran Council were Hugh bishop of Durham; John of Oxford, bishop of Norwich; Robert FfoUiott, bishop of Hereford. ' This document is quoted later. See Appendix D. Digitized by Google his episcopate. 307 In tlie dispute which followed between the archbishop and his monks he was appointed one of the pope's commissioners in 1187. After Baldwin's death these events led on to his nomination to the vacant primacy in the last year of his Jife. (a.) Bishop Reginald in his diocese. During these years of his episcopate, 1174 — 1191, bishop Reginald was doing good work in his diocese, and they were years of diocesan life and progress. Church building was going on around him and under his eye at Bath, at Glastonbury, at "Witham, and in other religious houses in the diocese, and gifta and endowments were being made to the cathedral church of Saint Andrew in Wells. It was his policy to carry on bishop Robert's work and constitution at "Wells, to make Wells the headquarters and centre of the diocese, and to give it a fabric and a ministrant body worthy of the dignity of the cathedral church of the diocese. He resided at Wells — there is no evidence that he ever resided at Bath. Yet Bath was not neglected — the hospital of St. John Baptist, by which the sick and poor of the city had the benefit of the hot waters, was founded by him in 1 180, and endowed with lands "and tenements in Bath and its neighbourhood, and with a tithe of hay from bis demesne lands. It was put under the control and manage- ment of prior Walter and the convent of Bath, who also gave their endowments. Walter the prior, a man of learning and holy life, was a contemporary and friend of bishop Reginald.* Elected in 1175, he was with him in his last hours, when dying at Dogmersfield. The register of the priory of Bath contains a list of gifts made by the bishop to the convent, of lands and churches, of ornaments and vestments, of a statue of St. Peter, and also, strange to read, of the body of St. Euphemia, virgin and martyr. He also enriched their library with many books.** At Witham, between 1180 and 1186, prior Hugh was at work laying the foundations of bis Charterhouse, with a small band of French monks, meanly lodged, and endeavouring to support themselves under severe and ascetic dis- cipline, in the desert of Witham. The chapel of the friary, some remains of which in the transitional- Norman style are to be seen still in the parish church, and the necessary buildings for thirteen monks and about the same number of lay brethren, were finished, and the order and discipline of the house Was organised before prior Hugh was taken to be bishop of Lincoln in 1186. ' "Vir mnltae scientiae et religionis," A. S. 585. " See Appendix B. Digitized by Google 308 Reginald bishop of Bath ; The house became the home of those who sought a severer discipline amidst the growing laxity of other monastic houses. "Walter, prior of Bath, and Robert, prior of St. Swithun's, were two of those who entered the house late in life.' Sometimes it was found too severe a life for those who had entered it without counting the cost.'' "Walter left it again before his death. It was the home of retreat year by year for Saint Hugh when he came from Lincoln to take up again the simple life of a monk in his cell at Witham. The bishop, who had been the instrument to bring Hugh of Avalon to England, continued to support his work in the diocese. The king's charter was granted at Marlborough. A chapel had stood in the '* Ererao," the desert of Witham on the outskirts of Selwood forest, belonging to the priory of Bruton. The king gave to Bruton the rectory of South Petherton in exchange, and exchanges of land were made with the Witham owners. The house was dedicated in honour of the Blessed- Yir^n and St. John Baptist. The king granted lands which afterwards became the parish of Witham, and lands on Mendip for a cell of the Charterhouse near Cheddar. The house was exempted from all ecclesiastical visitations and imposts ; from all claims of sheriffs and officers of the forest. Bishop Reginald on his part, " cum consensu capituli Wellensis," granted exemption from tithes and dues to the Charter- house in the pariah of Cheddar." Other religious houses were growing up at the time in the diocese. The abbey of St. Mary at Glastonbury, the great rival ecclesiastical power which had hitherto overshadowed the church of Wells, separated from it by six miles of moorland, was soon about to go through a period of disaster and humiliation. * Richard of Devizes, the chronicler of the " Gesta Bicardi," 11B9 — 92, a monk of St. Swithnn's, paid a visit there to his late prior, to whom he dedicated his Chronicle, " to see how much nearer to Heaven was the Charterhonse at Witham than the Priory of St. Swithnn." He bears his witness to the greater severity of diacipline there, not without a toach of sceptical sarcasm. " Robertns prior S. Swithini Wintoniao, prioratu relicto et professions postposita, apnd Witham, dolore, (an dicam devotioneP) dejecit se in sectam Cartnsiae. Waltema prior Bathoniae prins ibidem simili fervore vel furore praesnmserat, sed semel extractns nihil minus videtnr adhnc qnam de redita oogitare." R. of Devizes, p. 26, § 30. See also the Prologne. " Beg. Prior. Bath, ft. 315, 316. * Henry's grant is recited in a con6rmation to the prior and convent of Witham by Innocent lY. in 1246, in which the bonndaries of the land are set out. Vatican Transcripts in the British MnBenm. Add. MS. 15355. vol, v. ff. 374—381. Digitized by Google his episcopate. 309 But under bishop Reginald's episcopate there were friendly negotiations and territorial exchanges and mutual concessions. Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, who ruled the abbey for more than forty years, 1125-1171, had lately died. Robert, prior of Winchester, succeeded. By an arrangement with abbot Robert, the church of Pilton was ceded to the bishop to form two prebends in the cathedral church, of which the abbot held one, without obligation of residence, but bound to pay three marcs to a vicar. The canon appointed by the bishop to the second prebend received ten marcs from Pilton. The abbot thus became a member of the bishop's chapter, and the Glastonbury writers deplore the advantage obtained over the abbey by this arrangement, whereby the bishop received the acknowledgment of jurisdiction from the abbot, as one of the canons of bis cathedral church." At the same time, to put an end to a long-standing controversy between the abbey and the church of Wells, the bishop granted the abbot a separate terri- torial jurisdiction, to be held by a special officer (the abbot's archdeacon) over the churches which were in the twelve hides of Glastonbury .'' The church of South Brent, which had belonged to Glastonbury, was ceded to the archdeacon of Wells, in lieu of seven churches of the Glastonbury archdeaconry, which the archdeacon of Wells had claimed, and it has ever since remained impro- priated tO' the archdeaconry of Wells, and in its patronage. The church of Huish, near Langport, was also annexed to the archdeaconry of Wells by bishop Reginald." Great building work had been going on at Glastonbury under bishop Henry of Blois — the builder of St. Cross near Winchester, founder of Romsey abbey, and refounder of Taunton priory. Abbot Robert carried on the work imtil his death in 1178. Then the abbey was held by the king, and put into commission to Peter de Maroi, a Gluniac monk, as administrator of the revenues during the vacancy. While the abbey was in the king's hands, on St. TJrban's day, May 25, 1184, a fire destroyed the whole of the abbey buildings of Henry de Blois, and only a new chamber, which had been built by abbot Robert, with its chapel, and the great bell-tower, remained.* > R. i. f . 24,, Izix. f . 25, Ixxv. Cf. Adam of Domerham, i. 235 ; ii. 351. " The abbey liad claimed exemption for the churches of the twelve hides from all local jnris- dictioD secular and spiritual, under a pretended charter of king Ine. The exempt jimfidiction was now conceded, and the juriediction of the abbot over the chnrchea made equal to a separate and exempt arobdeaconiy, " R^ioald's grant v. Adam of Dom. ii. 345, ' Adam of Dom. ii. 333. Digitized by Google 310 Reginald bishop of Bath ; Henry, grieved at the loss sustained by the Church while the abbey was in his hands, undertook to rebuild the church, and committed the work to Ralph Fitz- stephen, the chancellor, to spend all the available resources of the convent on the fabric. A charter was given by Henry, December 1184, in which he made himself and his heirs responsible for the fitting restoration. The work was of national interest, the revenues of vacant benefices were applied to the work, and a charge was laid upon certain churches in support. Ralph Fitzstephen is described as munificent in his gifts, and the royal treasury supplied what was required. A great store of relics of saints and worthies buried at Glastonbury was now displayed ; and the timely discovery or invention about this time of the bones of Arthur and his queen, and the pubKcation of the Arthurian legend, helped to draw a large concourse of pilgrims, and brought much gain of money to the - abbey. Bo rapidly grew the work, that in the second or third year after the fire, "on St. Barnabas day, 1186,'" or 1187," bishop Reginald dedicated the new church of St. Mary on the spot where the old church, the " vetusta eccUsia" had stood. At the same time the foundations were laid, and the building commenced, of " the great church," " major ecclesia" 400 feet in length and 80 feet in breadth. But with the death of Henry, in 1189, the works were stopped — until 1235. " King Richard's mind was more directed to military affairs than to the building which was begun, so the work was stopped because there was no one to pay the workmen."" Soon after began the great war with Wells, under bishop Savaric, continued under bishop Jocelin imtil 1219, in which the revenues of the abbey were consumed by litigation at Rome. No building was carried on again until 1235 ; and a whole century intervened before the next consecration of the church, then only partially built, on the day of St. Thomas the Martyr, ISOS."" So far we have followed out bishop Reginald's histoiy, as it is connected with the general history of the time, and described in the chronicles of Henry the Second's reign. ■ Adam of Dom. li. 335, describes the work, bat does not give the year of consecration, " Ecclesiam Sanctae Uariae is loco qno primitaB vetasta steterat ex hipidibns qnadrie opere speciosissimo con- Bommavit, nichil omatns in ea praetermittens." John of Glaetonbory (i. 180) names the year thne indefinitely, "qoam dedlcavit Beginaldne, tnnc Bathonlae episcopos, anno Domini millesimo cen- teeimo octogesimo circiter sexto die S. Bamabae." * Mr. Parker says, " more probably 1187." S.A.P. vol, xxvi. 28. • Adam of Dom. ii. 341. d John of Olast. i. 255. Digitized by Google ki$ ^nacopate. (6.) Bishop Beginald at WelU. But we turn to our own local documents, and to the history lurking in the unprinted manuscripts at "Wells, to learn more particiilarly what was going on at "Wells during bishop Reginald's episcopate. Wells was the bishop's seat all through his time, tmtil his translation to Can- terbury in the last days of his life. The charters of his time show his care to tread in the footsteps of his prede- cessor, and to carry on bishop Robert's policy at "Wells : (a) by confirming and increasing the privileges of the town ; (6) by adding to the number of the pre- bends, and increasing the permanent endowment of the stalls ; (c) by provision for the building of the fabric of the church. The municipal history, of "Wells is ancient and interesting. Its early charters are of especial value, as showing the relation of the town to the bishop, and the growth of the town around the cathedral chiu-ch. Two charters to the city by bishop Reginald stand at the head of these con- temporary records, and are of general as well as local interest. Early in his episcopate, certainly before 1180, as the names of the attesting witnesses show, bishop Reginald gave two charters to the town. In the first of these he recites the charter of his predecessor, bishop Robert ; and, desiring to follow the footsteps of his venerable predecessor, and at the request of the burgesses, he confirms with further grants their privileges then conferred. (Appendix C.) Bishop Robert had forbidden markets to be held in the precincts of the cathe- dral church, because the tumult of the buyers and sellers interrupted the devotion of the worshippers, and made the house of God a den of hucksterers ; and he ordered their removal to the open spaces of the town. At the same time, also, he granted to the citizens fairs with freedom from tolls on three festival times in the year, viz. on the eves and festivals of (a) the Invention of the Holy Cross ; (6) the feast of St. Oalixtus ; (c) the feast of St. Andrew. Bishop Reginald, in his confirmation of this charter, granted three additional days, viz. the morrow of each of these festivals. He also granted to the burgesses one moiety of the profits arising from the hiring of stalls, which belonged to him as lord. In the second charter, referring again to the example and the charter of his predecessor, he grants that the town of Wells shall be a free borough ; that every VOL. L. 2 u Digitized by Google 312 Reginald bishop of Bath; one dwelling within its limits and possessing a messuage in the name of a burgage should have freedom of dwelling, going, and coming ; also of mortgaging, selling, and granting their houses, except to houses of religion. He reserves to the bishop the payment of twelve pence a year out of every house in the borough ; forbids sale of raw skins, or hides, within the limita of the borough ; grants authority to hold a court for settlement of disputes, and for civil and criminal trials, except in cases where deadly wounds or injuries for life had been inflicted, without any fee to the bishop's justices. He reserves to the bishop right of appeal, and right to interfere or revise the sentence of the burgesses if they failed to do justice." These charters, two of a series of municipal charters, beginning with bishop Robert, conflrmed and amplified by bishop Reginald, and afterwards by bishop Savaric, the lords of the manor of Walls, and confirmed by king John, 1202, illustrate the peculiar position and character of "Wells as the ecclesiastical city growing up around the church, which Mr. Freeman has described so fully in his history of the cathedral church and elsewhere : " "Wells stands alone among the cities of England proper as a city, which exists only in and through its cathedral church, whose whole history is that of its cathedral church Unlike other cities, it has its mimicipal history; but its municipal history is simply an appendage to its ecclesiMtical history: the franchises of the borough were simply held as grants from the bishop." They have a further and subsidiary interest as setting out before us the names and designations of the representatives of the ecclesiastical corporation, of the townspeople and their trades, of the owners of land in the neighbourhood, the names of the farms and rillages, at the time contemporary with these bishops of Ihe twelfth century. Rishop Reginald gathers round him the officers and canons of his cathedral church, the landlords and the burgesses and townsfolk, to witness to the charter of purchase, which, as lord of the manor, he freely bestows upon them. At the same time, as their lord, he reserves to the bishop the right of administering justice and reviewing the sentences of the town magistrates. In the first of these charters, given before 1166, occur, the names of the first officers of the newly constituted chapter, as witnesses to bishop Robert's charter: Ivo the dean ; Reginald the precentor, nephew of the late bishop John of Toiirs ; and archdeacons Robert and Thomas. In bishop Reginald's charter, between 1174-1180, there are the names of the * See Appendix C. Digitized by Google his episcopate. 313 second generation of officers of the cathedral chapter : there is another dean, Richard of Spakeston (Spaxton on the Quantock) 1160-1180; another precentor, Hildebert or Albert, 1174-1185; another archdeacon, Richard of Bath, with title of local jurisdiction; William the treasurer; Robert the sub-dean: there are the canons Ralph of Lechlade, afterwards archdeacon of Bath, and dean, 1216-1220; William canon of Haselbury; and Peter of Winchester, afterwards chancellor, 1185. In both charters of bishop Reginald we meet with the first mention of a name which was to be more known and honoured than any in the history of Wells, Jocelin, the chaplain, the future bishop.* A large number of names representing the neighbouring landowners and the townsfolk of Wells sign on this memorable occasion in the early life of the city, when canons and clerks, burgesses and tenants, were called together by the bishop, their lord, to receive this first deed of city incorporation. (See Appendix 0.) We gather from other charters in the Wells registers, and the attestations to documents belonging to bishop Reginald's time, the names of some more of his con- temporaries in the diocese and in the chapter. ' The family of bishop Jocelin can be traced in the docaments of the time, e. g. Certificate by bishop Rainaad, that Walter Fistor of Bath had Bold land at Lanferley, to Edward de Wellis and to Hngli hifi heir for five marcs of silver. The original grant made to Walter by the late bishop Bobert had been burnt — the fee is Borrendered at the Hnndred Conrt. Witnesses: Ralph of Lechlade, archdeacon of Bath; Richard, archdeacon of Contances; Bobert of Qeldeford; Robert of St. Lo (de Sancto Laado) ; Jocelino, chaplain; John of St. Lo ; Godfrid the Frenchman, and others. Bishop Reginald was keepingnp his connection with hie nncle's diocese of Coatances. — Chap. Doc. i. 9. In Ohap. Doc. i. 10. Inspeximns of grant by Kalph de Wilton of all his land iu Wells to Edward de Wellis for 10 shillings annually, and a present of 50 shillings, and to Wimarc his wife a gold brooch, and 6 pence each to two of his sons. Witness to the original frrant ; Balph of Lechlade ; Alexander, snbdean ; Robert Fitzpane, sheriff of Snmeraet. Witnesses to the Inspeximns : William of Welesley ; Alexander, snbdean ; Jocelin, chaplain ; Peter de Winton, Mathias de Winton, It was a mark of honour to the see, and perhaps also in this case to the man. Brompton, writing at the close of the thirteenth centnry (f . 1158-d) says, " Atqne istud privileginm etiam hodie praeanles Donelmenses et Bathoniraises sihi rendioant." SaTario, as bishop of Bath, took this same place at the coronation of John. * TideHowden, Tol. iii. 29, for a list of some of the state offices sold bjthe king at this time. Digitized by Google his episc'cfdte. ' 319 champ, though he paid for it lOOOZ. less— " "Williehnns Eliensis electus, datia tribus miUibus lihris argenti, sigillum regis sibi retinuit, licet Reginaldus Italus quartum millerium soperobtUlerit." " On the strength of this unsiipported state- ment, a charge is brought against Reginald of selfish ambition. Undoubtedly, at such a time only such men as St. Hugh of Lincoln, as St. Anselm in earlier times, could pass through kings' courts and papal chancelleries without taint, or sus- picion at least, of worldliness and corruption. Whether he was tempted to offer a high price for the chancellorship or not is doubtful. But it is certain that at this time Reginald waa employing his money for the benefit of the diocese in buying from the king confirmations of all the possessions and privileges of the see, and the grant Of the manor of North Curry ; a costly purchase, which he made over to the canons of his cathedral church. Reginald was a man who mixed in the world, but he does not seem to have been covetous or personally ambitious as compared with his contemporaries, such as Hugh of Durham, Hugh Nonant of Coventry, and the chancellor Longchamp. He appears to have been pushed forward into prominent positions, and employed by others as a counsellor and an arbitrator trusted by both sides, rather than a self- seeking intriguer for high places. In 1191 he was twice employed as one of the arbitrators in the quarrel between the chancellor Longchamp and earl John at the pacification of Winchester, April 25 ; and again, between the chancellor and the rebellious sheriff of Lincoln, Gerard de Camville, July 28. He was one of those who opposed the chancellor for his high-handed treatment of Geoffrey; but he took no prominent part la his trial and humiliation in October, 1191. . It was probably his unaggressive, conciliatory line of conduct, which led to his election to the vacant primacy, rather than any secret intrigues on his pari;. A struggle had been going on since 1187 between archbishop Baldwin and his chapter, the prior and monks of the cathedral church at Canterbury. Reginald had been forward in supporting Baldwin as the king's nominee, and in conciliating the monks to accept him, in 1184. But now, when it may reasonably have appeared that the archbishop was using his authority arbitrarily, he did ■ R. of Devizes. De rebus geatia Bicardt, p. 9, § 10, ed. Stevenson. Biebop Stnbbs and others aesome that bishop Reginald is the person here so named ; elsewhere, Richard of Devizes calls him by bis ordinary title, Episcopas Bathoniensis. At the same time Hugh, bishop of Dnrbam, paid for the office of justiciar 1,000 marcs ; for the earldom of Northnmberland, 2,000; and 600 for the manor of Sedbergb. The king, "decern millia libras ai^nti de scriniis ejns diligenter eztraxit." R. of Devizes, p. 8, § 9. VOL. L. 2 X Digitized by Google 320 Ueginald bisHop of Bath ; not ehrink from opposition to the king, and from taking the unpopular side, of the convent. St. Hugh of Lincoln was on the same side afterwards.' The immediate subject of dispute was the foundation by the archbishop, out of some of the funds of the cathedral chapter, of a college and church of secular canons at Hackington, near Canterbury. The project gave much offence to the monks, who thought they saw in it, what was probably the intention, a desire to supplant them in their position as metropolitan chapter, and to substitute a body of secular canons (out of their revenue) who would be more amenable to the primate. They naturally resisted what" in their view must have appeared an act of usurpation and arbitrary authority on the part of their abbot, the archbishop. The king supported the archbishop; the courtiers, for the most part, went with him. The convent appealed to the pope. The pope. Urban III. in October, 1187, took up the cause of the convent, and appointed a commission, consisting of Reginald bishop of Bath, Seffred bishop of Chichester, and the abbots of Feversham and Reading, ordering them to destroy the building. "With the death of Urban III. in 1187, proceedingB were suspended. Henry died in July 1189. A new reign began in England. The quarrel was arranged for a time ; and archbishop Baldwin went on the Crusade with Richard. Baldwin's death at Acre was known in England in March 1191. The monks used the opportunity of the vacancy in the see to overthrow the scheipe of the late archbishop, and to secure to themselves the election of his successor. In May 1191, pope Celestine issued his mandate peremptorily to bishop Reginald and the commissioners, to execute the order for the destruction of the new buildings at Hackington, and on July 21 they were levelled to the ground. The monks had succeeded in one of their objects. They were now eager to secure the election of the archbishop. Reginald is ■ Vide Stnbba, Pref. to the Epittolae CantwirtemBS, p. liii. for the history of this controversy; aud letters to aud fi-om Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, in the collection. Also Letters of Peter of Bloia. Ep. cxxxv. ooclv. Vide Vita S. SugwU, p. 134-5. At this same time two of the chapter of Wella vei-ei Baldwin's agents at Borne, Peter of Blois, archdeacon of Bath, and William of St. Faith, precentor of Wells. The letters illustrate Peter's character. T. Ep. czxxt., his letter on Urban's death ; ccclv., his change of sides, in disgust at not having been paid his expenses. So he writes about May, 1191, " perdidi operant et impensas — meisqne peccatis ezigentibns permisit me Dominus occasione illins archiepiscopi damnose delndi ..." and he offers his services to the Convent. Digitized by Google his episcopate. 321 charged with secretly intriguing for the primacy ; hut there is no evidence that he sought the office, or took any steps to obtain it.' It was likely that his support of the convent, his position as pope's commis- sioner, and his execution of the pope's orders, should have won him the favour of the monks. He certainly had an active but self-interested agent in his cause in Savaric, his kinsman, who had some mysterious influence with the emperor Henry VI., and the king of Prance, Philip, son of Louis VII, the patron of Reginald in early life. If Savaric was intriguing for Reginald, he certainly was intriguing also for himself, and for the reversion of Reginald's bishopric of Bath. Under his influence, the emperor wrote in November 1191, to recommend the convent to take the advice of Savaric "dilectus consanguineus noster," in the choice of their archbishop. At the same time, Philip of France recommended Reginald as the friend of his father, who had given him the abbey of St. Eiuperius in 1164; and as strongly supported by Savaric, "our faithful friend.'"' The king's justiciars had appointed December 3 for a meeting of council to elect. But before the day, the monks, anticipating the meeting of the council, held a chapter on November 27, to assert their claim and to nominate their candidate. The prior tried to sound the archbishop of Rouen, the chief justiciar, as to the person who would be accepted by the king. The archbishop, as Oervaae hints," intended the monks to choose himself ; if so, he must have failed to make himself intelligible, or to have convinced the prior of his merits. " Would the bishop of Bath be admissible?" The archbishop did not say "yes," but the monks inter- preted his looks as favourable. "We elect," cried the prior, "the bishop of Bath." The monks re-echoed the nomination, and, laying violent hands on Reginald, thrust him, protesting, imploring, struggUng, into the archbishop's chair. The archbishop of Rouen protested in the king's name ; the members of the council threatened further proceedings ; but the monks supported their right to elect. Reginald re-asserted his unwillingness, but acquiesced in the election, and announced his intention of awaiting the pope's confirmation, with the words : "ansius, invitus consentio vel gratulabundus cedo." But all that had been done was made void by Reginald's death within a month of the election. He was on his way to or from his diocese, when he was seized with paralysis at his manor of Dogmersfield on Christmas five. " GervaBe ao says, " clam ambiens." Bishop Stnbba, Pref. Ep. Cant. Ixxxi. thinka " he was quietly laying his plans for the primacy." See also ibid. Ixxxiit. " Epp. Cant. Gcclxxxi. ii. ' Gervase, Opera Sitt. i, 511. B. S. 2x2 Digitized by Google 322 Begmald hUhop of Bath ; his ^iacopate. The prior of Christchurch was sent for. The archhishop, anticipating his death, ordered him to bring the monk's habit, that he might die as a member of the brotherhood. Hia hist words were, " God willeth not that I should be yom- archbishop. But I desire to be a monk, and one with you. Farewell, and pray for me without ceasing, as one of the brotherhood."' He died on St. Stephen's day. The body was taken to Bath, and buried before the high altar on the day of St. Thomas the Martyr, December 29. Peter of Blois, no longer now archdeacon of Bath, speaks of him as " Hagni nominis umbra," and marks — perhaps with malicious humour — the curious coin- cidence that his days of death and burial were the feasts of the two saints to whom the church was dedicated, which he had been instrumental in destroying. " It was as if St. Stephen had killed him, and St. Thomas had buried him." But Richard of Devizes, to whom bishop Stubbs gives the character of "an ill-natured historian, who never misses an opportimity of speaking ill," is witness to his love for his church of Bath, and the love of his diocese for him,'' and has condensed in two lines of an homely epitaph — in which he plays upon bis name, a high testimony to his character, Dam ReginatduB erat bene seque Buosque regebat — Kemo pluB quaerat — quicquid docuit faciebat.' Reginald's life is connected with interesting scenes and important events in the great reign of Henry II. As a statesman, he was one of the foremost in the second rank of able men whom Henry gathered round himself. As a bishop, though he was of another type from the ascetic and unworldly Saint Hugh, yet he rose far above the selfish and worldly bishops of his time, who were the scorn of Henry.'" Reginald had no opportunity of showing whether he was capable of ruling the church of England as primate, in those troubled times. We may think it was happier for him, and for his reputation, that he had not to undergo the trial. But at least Wells has reason to honour him as one of her chief benefactors, not only in ecclesiastical, but in civil history ; zealous and liberal, and wise in govern- ment ; and a worthy successor of bishop Robert. " Ep. ccclzxxviii. " Mihi non videtar quod velit Dens qnod vester Bim archiepiscopns. Vester aatem volo et deaidero esse monaclms. Valete, et gratia veatri incessanter, inceaeanter, oretis pro me. " " Qaam mnltnm diligebat, magis ab ea dilectna." = B. of Devizes, p. 46, § 58. ' Beginald rightly named, bimself and his flock ruled well ; How ? What he taaght he did ; there ia no more to tell. * William of Newbnry, III. c. xxvi. Digitized by Google Bishop Reginald's share in the fabric of the cathedral chmxh of Wells. It has been generally assumed by later writers, who have followed the Canon of Wells and Godwin as the original authorities on the history of the fabric, that we have no documentary evidence of bishop Reginald's work on the fabric of his own cathedral church. The Canon of Wells, as quoted in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, and bishop Godwin say nothing of any building works between the times of bishop Robert and bishop Jocelin. Professor Willis,' in his lectures on the church of Wells, passes from bishop Robert to bishop Jocelin, as the next prelate who comes architecturally on the scene. Mr. Freeman says, "We may pass more lightly over the time of the two bishops who came between the first great founder, Robert, and the second great founder, Jocelin. Their time is a most important time in the history of the see of Bath and Wells ; it is the most important of all times in the late history of the church of Glastonbury ; but it provides but little matter bearing on the history of the fabric, or the constitution of the church of Wells. The next bishop, Reginald, founded several new prebends, but I do not find any mention of the fabric in his time.'"* But we have additional evidence, contained in the chapter registers at Wells, which are of earlier authority than the Canon of Wells and Godwin. Professor Willis had access to these registers for his lectures on Wells ; and he says, that he " drew from these records many particulars of dates and facts hitherto unknown in relation to the progress of the building in the fourteenth and subsequent centuries." But, unfortunately, his researches did not extend to the earlier records bearing on this first portion of the history of the fabric. The first document quoted from his own observation is dated 1286. He exhorts members of the chapter, who have the opportunity, to pursue inquiries into the cathedral registers. ■ Someriel Archaeological Proceedingi, vol, xii, part I. p. 17, •• Cathedral Church of WelU, p. 70. . , Digitized by Google 324 MeginaU Ushop of Bath ; Mr. Freeman looks forward to the time when these and all such dociuuents " locked up in manuscript" shall be put into print. "We may be sore he will be the first to give weight to any evidence there may be " lurking in these manu- scripts " to illustrate the history of the cathedral church, which he has taught others to study. For, if we can discover charters contemporary with the episco- pates of Reginald and Savaric, they will give a continuity to the history of the fabric, which has hitherto been wanting, for the time between Robert and Jocelin ; and we cui test the claim of the Canon and Godwin to represent the earliest history of the fabric. These documents in the registers of the chapter of Wells have lately been calendared, and their contents printed in a volume published by the Historical MSS. Commission. This is the first step to the publication of separate documents which may have historical value. I propose to compare some of these earlier documents with the history of the fabric contained in the Canon and Qt>dwin. The contemporary document in the register of the priory of Bath, the Eixtoriola de primordiie episcopatus Somersetensis, gives the history of the church in Robert's time, 1135-1166. Porro non est oblivioni tradendum quod ecclesia Welliae sao consilio fkbricata est et auxilio. Et factam est cum perfeota esset eccleaia Welliao ab eodem domino, Welliae aBcitis sibi et adjanctis grandig et praeclarae memoriae tribus pontificibus G". Sar*. et 8. domino Wjgom. Roberto domino Here&rdiae, consecravit et dedicavit ipsam ecctesiam. The date of this consecration of the church after restoration is determined, by the dates of consecration and death of the three assisting bishops, as not later than the year 1148.' The three bishops were Jocelin de Bohuu, bishop of Salisbury, 1142-1184; Simon, bishop of Worcester, 1125-1150; and Robert de Bethune, bishop of Hereford, who was consecrated in 1131, and died in 1148.'' The writer of the Mistoriola, as if in fresh recollection of the event, goes on to tell how the anniversary of the consecration was marked by the grant from the bishops assembled of one hundred days of remission of penance to all who should come on the anniversary of that day to the church. The writer ascribes to bishop Robert in general terms the rebuilding of the church; and the consecration of the work is marked as a great event in the history of the church. No details are given of the condition of the church, or of the parts rebuilt. *• Angl. Sacra, i. 561. *" Stnbbs, Epitc. Succetsion. Digitized by Google his share in thefahric of the cathedral church of WeUs. 325 The next writer is the Canon of "WeUs of the fifteenth century. He goes more into detail about bishop Robert's work than the contemporary writer : " Dedicavit Ecclesiam WeUensem, praesentibus Qocelino Sarum, Simone Wigom, et Roberto Herefordensi Episcopis. Multas ruinas ejusdem Ecclesiae destmctionem ejus in locis pluribus comminantes egregie reparavit."* Godwin comes after, and varies the words of the canon : " Ecclesiam annosa vetustate labantem et properante ruina collspsuram partim refecit, partim de novo condidit."" "Whereas oar churche of Wells at this time was exceeding ruinous, and likely every day to fall to the ground, he pulled down a great part of it and repaired it,'" Br. Archer, who could find nothing in the registers to bear out these state- ments of the later writers, adds this significant comment, "unde vero isti hauserunt non constat.'** Here and elsewhere he puts us on our guard against accepting with implicit confidence the authority^of the Canon and Godwin. Bishop Robert died August 31, 1166. No mention of the fabric of the church is made by the Canon of Wells or by Godwin in their history of the time between Robert and Jocelin, who succeeded May 28, 1206> and consecrated the church in 1239. We are left to infer — ■ 1. That no building was carried on in Reginald's time; 2, That Jocelin found both the Saxon church and Robert's new work in ruins, and pulled down the whole church and rebuilt it. But we have evidence in contemporary charters which in some measure suppHes the blank in the history of the fabric, and leads to different inferences. While bishop Reginald was receiving and applying benefactions to the church from the clergy and laity of the diocese, he on his own part was making liberal provision by his own acts, both for the augmentation of the common fund of 'the canons, and also for the maintenance and progress of the fabric of the church. Early in his episcopate he had made over to the canons the " Barton " or home farm, which was the property of the bishop, free of the annual rent of twelve marks, which they had hitherto paid for it. " We have given to God, and to St. Andrew, and to the canons there, devotedly • Anglia Sacra, p. 561. '' Qodtein, Lat. ed. 1614. « Godwin, Eng. ed. 1601. "' Archer's C'hrotikon WelUiue, f. 42. Digitized by Google 326 • Beginald bishop of Bath ; seiring God, their Barton, free from all service, and expressly (nominatim) from the rent of twelve marks, which they were wont to pay to us yearly."* He had also given to the common fund of the chapter the tenths of all mill- dues on his manor of "Wells, ad eommunami canonicorum ibidem deo servientium.^ These benefactions to the income of the canons, given in perpetuity for him- self and his successors, were accompanied with another gift during his own life- time to the fabric fund of the church. In a deed done in chapter very early in his episcopate, in the presence of the dean Richard of Spakeston, William of St. Faith the precentor, Thomas, arch- deacon of Wells, and " almost all the canons of the church," he made over to the chapter, specially for the uses of the fabric, all the fruits accruing from vacant benefices throughout the diocese, until the work shall be finished. This grant is conveyed in a charter which recites in the preamble the duty incumbent on the rulers of the church, and his own continual solicitude that God shall not be dishonoured by the squalor and neglect of the beauty of His house. So, with the assent of his archdeacon, and in full council with his chapter, he had Bet himself to discharge this duty incumbent upon him of providing a fund out of the episcopal revenue, from the fruits of benefices " during the time they were ' B. i. f . 25, i. f . 59. " Bertona eat villa vel praedam fmrnentariam." The " canon's bam " is now (1885) converted into the cathedral grammar school, by the liberality of canon Thomas Bernard, chancellor, 1868. ■■ R. i, t. 40, czliz. " Carta de decimis molendinomm de Well." ; R. i. f. cxlviii. recited and confirmed hj Savaric afterwards. ' " The vacant benefice reverted to the diocesan both in spiritnals and temporals. He was the gnardiaa of both, bound to provide for the epiritn&l care of the flock, and also for the revennes chai^eable with that care. " This cnstom or rather common law was one of the Borvivals of the earlier condition of the Chnrch, when the endowments of a diocese were a dioeetan fond, administered by the bishop and synod, and applied to the support of a diocesan corps of clergy. " These fmita formed a regular part of episcopal revenue administered by a sequestrator-general, until the Act of Heniy VIII. which, in order to secure payment of his first-fruits from the incoming incumbent, gave to the incumbent the fruits during vacancy — leaving to the bishop only the duty of husbanding those fruits by a sequestrator, and providing therefrom for the spiritual duties." — Note by bishop Hobhonse. Bishop Jocelin in 1216, after consultation with dean Leonios and the chapter, granted to the commune two-thirds of the revennes of vacant benefices, R. i. f . 59. Bishop Roger in 1246 claimed all the vacant benefices ; but the chapter appealed to the grant made to them by bishop Reginald, and the bishop withdrew his claim npon examination of the charters. The chapter then made a free gift to him of the two-thirds (saving to the archdeacon the third part) in consideration of the debts of the bishop and bishopric. But they gave this only for the bishop's life, and their act was not to bind future times. B. i. f. 64. Digitized by Google his share in the fabric of the cathedral chv/rch of Wells. 327 vacant, which should be entirely applied during his lifetime towards the building of the cathedral church, until, by the help of GK)d, the whole work shall be brought to an end.' Other grants follow, which have a special interest as unpublished evidence bearing upon the history of the fabric. A group of contemporary documents bear witness that some building was going on in the church at the time, and that grants were being made for the completion of the work. The dates of these early documents are not expressly given; they can only be Mcertained by internal evidence and the names of attesting witnesses. There are three grants of churches neighbouring to one another in the district of Castle Gary, made probably by members of the same family, the Levels of Gary, either attested by witnesses who were contemporaries with bishop Reginald, or confirmed by Reginald himself. (a.) Robert de Kari, lord of Lovinton, gives to God and St. Andrew the advowson of the church of Lovinton, with one hide of 160 acres of land, and a messuage near the church." This deed is confirmed by bishop Reginald." (b.) Nicolas de Barewe,'* in ruri-decanal chapter at Gary (in capitulo apud Karl), " considerata canonicorum Wellensium honesta conversatione et surgentis ecclesie sue landabilis structura," gives up his life interest in the temporalities of this same church of Lovinton for an annual pension of two shillings.' Among the witnesses is Adam, the sub-chanter, who also witnessed the grant of Lovington. * " Universis Chrisli fideliboa ad qnos praesens carta perrenerit, Reginaldns Dei gratia Bathon. Episcopna salntem in Domino et Dei beaedictionem. lis qnibos est divina dispositione pastoralis officii cnra commissa et ecclesiamm solioitndo injnncta eammo opere providendnm est ut domnm Dei ea excolaat diligentia qnod dignitaa Domini in domas sqaalore non possit deveuastari. Hoc igitnr zelo dacti de assensn et consilio an^hidiaconoram nostrae amctoritatis ad hoc duximns, mnnimen impendendnm nt ad fabricam Wellensis Ecclesiae ad cajns regimen Bunns domino disponente admissi, fractiu et obventiones vacantinm ecclesiaram in noatra dioceei ezistentinm qoamdin vacaverint oonvertantor, et in nsos operationis ex toto cedant donee per Dei miserantis aimliiim conBometor. Factum est hoc in capitulo Wellensi, praeaente Ricardo de Spakeston, ejnsdem ecclesiae Decano, Willebno precentore, T. arohidiacono et ommbns tei-e illias ecclesiae canonicia." — L^er Buher ii. f. U. ■• B. i. f. 38, cm. Ib.i. 61, coxHi. '' North Barrow, the next pariah to Loyiaton. R. i. t. 38, cxxii.— Cf. R. i. (. 61, ccxli. • B. i. f. 38, cxixi. VOL. L. 2 T Digitized by Google 328 Reginald bishop of Bath ; (c.) Alured de Punson grants the neighbouring church of South Barrow, " in fundo meo eitam," to God and St. Andrew, to the commune of Wells, and to Reginald bishop of Bath." Among the witnesses are Thomas archdeacon of "Wells, Robert de Geldeford archdeacon, Alexander subdean of Wells, etc. These deeds follow one another in the register, as if, in the mind of the chapter clerk who copied them, they had connection of time and place. The attestations to these charters fix their dates to the time of Reginald. A special interest attaches to the charter of Nicolas of Barrow for the insight which it gives, though but a glimpse, into the state of the cathedral chapter at this time. The motives which prompted the grant of the church of Barrow, perhaps of others, was a desire to support in their work the canons who bore a good reputation in the diocese, and to promote the building of the church, which was now rising in beauty. He makes his grant " in consideration of the right conver- sation of the canons of "Wells and the admirable structure of the rising church." These terms in the preamble of a formal document have some force of meaning. They give an interest to the bare names of canons which occur as signatories to these documents of the time, they imply that there was attention to duty, piety, and devotion in dean Alexander and the archdeacons and canons, Robert of Guildford, Ralph of Lechlade, William of Martock, and doubtless Jocelin the chaplain, which commanded the respect of their brethren of the mridecanal chapter of Gary. And also at this time the church of St. Andrew was rising and becoming an object of interest and admiration to the clergy and laity of the diocese, so that when Nicolas of Barrow and Michael of Aldeford, and Ralph of Tarlington came up to Wells they would contrast their own little village churches with the proportions and architectural beauty of the buildings rising at Wells, and report that their cathedral church was becoming " exceeding magnifical," and a praise in the diocese, " laudabilis structura." Again there is another charter which tells more definitely of new buildings at Wells, and of the restoration of older work at this time. Martin of Carscumbe, presumably Croscombe, near Wells, makes a grant of three silver marcs towards the construction of the new work, " ad oonstructionem novi operis," of the church of St. Andrew in Wells, and another two marcs to the • B. i. f. 61, ccxliii. Digitized by Google his share in (he fabric of the cathedral chwrch of WelU. 329 repairs of the chapel of St, Mary there, ^ ad emeudationem capellse beatsa Marite ejiisdem loci."' The deed is attested by an unknown witness, Baldwin the chaplain. But it is dated with a precision which fii^ it to certain years — " in the second year after the coronation of the lord the king at Winchester." Two years are possible. Winchester was the scene of royal coronation twice during the last part of the twelfth century. At Whitsuntide 1170, the young Henry, eldest son of Henry II. (sometimes called rex junior, sometimes " Henricus III.")'' had been crowned at Westminster without his wife Margaret of France, by Roger archbishop of York. That disastrous event had brought down upon Henry the wrath of Thomas of Canter- bury for the violation of the privilege of his see, and of the king of France for the slight offered to his daughter. He was crowned a second time with his queen in St. Swithun's, Winchester, on August 27, 1172. If we might take our date as the second year from this coronation, and assign 1174 to thifl charter, it would fall in the first year of Reginald's episcopate, and it would be the earliest evidence of any architectural work succeeding Robert's consecration of the church in 1148. But it is improbable that the young Henry, though crowned and called rex junior and Benricus tertius in contemporary documents, would have been called dwninus rex during the lifetime of his father. There was another coronation at Winchester in twenty-four years. Richard I. who had been crowned in state at Westminster on his accession on September 3, 1189, was crowned a second time after his return to England, as it were " to wipe out the stain of his captivity and his foreign homage," on April 17, 1194, at • Carta Martini de Kartcumhe. Noverit nniveraitaa vestra qood ego Martimia dedi deo et eccleniae beat! Andreae in Wellia pro salate animae meae et animamm onmiam aotecessonun meonuD, tres marcas ai^nti ad constrnctionem novi operia — et dnas marcas ad emendationeia capellae beatae Mariae ejnsdem loci accipiendas de redditu de Maperton quern dominnB meiia H. de Novo Mercato mibi in solntionem debiti mei asaignaTit et in carta nostra confinnaTit nt haec donatio firma permaneat et inconcnsaa earn sigilli mei appositione roboravi. His testibns : Baldwino capellano, &o. Anno aecnndo poet coronationem domini Regis apttd Wintoniae. R. i; f. 41. Henry Newmarch (de Novo Mercato) was lord of the barony of Cadbnry in Somerset, 6 Richard I. Dngdale, Baron, p. 435. " Richard of Devizes, De rebut gestit Ricardi I. p. 5, § 3. " Bicardaa filins regis Henrici aecnndi, fratei- regis Henrici tertii," " Henry, son of King Henry the Second, is frequently styled Henry the Third in the early chronicles and contemporaneous State Papers, He died in 1183," Note by editor. 2y 2 Digitized by Google 330 BegmaM bishop of Bath ; Winchester. The year 1196 would then be the second year after the coronation, the fourth year of Savaric's episcopate. In either case the document is evidence that — 1. New building was going on in the church at Wells in the latter part of the twelfth century, either by Reginald in succession to Robert, or by Savaric in succession to Reginald. 2. That there was then a chapel of St. Mary which required and was undergoing repair. We cannot trace any other documentary reference to the " new work " in Savaric's time. But we have some clue to an earlier chapel, which may be the chapel of St. Mary now under repair. In a charter of bishop Robert of the date of 1136, there is mention of the chapel of the Blessed Mary, which bishop Giso endowed with land in Wotton. " Dimidiam etiam hidam in Wotton cum virgata terrae quam jocundae recorda- tionis Gyso episcopus dedit Oapellae Beatae Mariae." ' It may be that Giso built this chapel at the time when he was building the cloister and refectory for his canons, on the ground south of the church, where we know a "chapel of St. Mary near the cloister" was standing in Jocelin's time, and afterwards, and is mentioned repeatedly in later documents. This chapel may have been spared when bishop John puUed down the canonical buildings of his predecessor. These documents, relating to the years between 1174-1196, bear witness that building was going on at Wells in the latter part of the twelfth century, and in Reginald's episcopate. There are no fabric rolls of that date, but the charters of gifts and endow- ments for. the sustentation of the fabric and for the completion of work going on, and the acts of confirmation by bishop and chapter contradict the inferences drawn from the language of the Canon of Wells and Gt)dwin, that nothing was done between Robert's and Jocelin's time. It seems antecedently improbable that Reginald should have left the fabric of his own cathedral church to fall into ruins, or to remain neglected during seventeen years of an active episcopate. It was, as we see, a time of activity and progress in the diocese. The bishop was carrying on Robert's work, " following the footsteps of his predecessors, and led by their example." He was a vigorous man, a Norman, and might be supposed to have had that love of building which distinguished the race. He was high in favour with the ■ R. i. f, 31, " De ordinatione prebendarnm." Digitized by Google his share in the fabric of the catked/rcU church of WeUa. 331 kings Henry and Richard and Jolin his brother. He had travelled muchi and must have seen or known of new buildings rising abroad and at home — in his uncle's diocese of Coutances, and at Canterbury, where the rebuilding after the fire of 1174 was going on throughout his episcopate; in his own diocese — at Bath, where he was the restorer of two churches, the founder and builder of the hospital; at Witham, where St. Hugh was building his first church, and preparing for his greater architectural work at Lincoln ; at Grlaatonbury, where buildings of national interest were going on between 1184 and 1193, under Norman workmen ; and he was the consecrator of the first completed part, the chapel of St. Mary. There would have been sufficient to kindle the ambition of an active ruler to keep up and to beautify the church of one of the seats of his diocese, which his predecessor had begun to rebuild. But we know now from these documents, and from his own words, that the building of the church was the subject of his care and solicitude. We know that he was promoting the building by a large gift to the fabric fund for his lifetime ; that the work was being carried on, and the chiirch was rising and becoming a goodly structure in the land ; and that new work and repair of old building were being planned or carried out, to which offerings were made, in the first years of his successor's episcopate. It is alike against antecedent probability, and against positive evidence, that the church was neglected and falling into ruins between 1174 and 1196. "We turn now to the description of the church in Jocelin's time, as told by the Canon of Wells and GTodwin, and compare their statements with contemporary documents. The Canon of Wells, writing of Jocelin, says : " Ipsamque Ecclesiam vetustatis minis enormiter deformatam prostravit, et a pavimentis erexit dedicavitque." This is the description of a building allowed to fall into shapeless ruin, enormiter deformatam, by a century of neglect and decay. The rebuilding of the whole church is attributed to Jocelin, from pavement to vault, " prostravit et a pavimentis erexit." We are accustomed to vague descriptions in the accounts of restorations of dilapidated buildings, but it is important to weigh the words used in this case, as they affect the general credibihty of the traditions of the church and the date of parts of the present architecture. When we examine this description more critically, we observe that the same kind of language had been used by the Canon in describing the state of the church at Robert's restoration : " Multas ruinas ejusdem Ecclesiae (Wellensis) destructionem Digitized by Google 332 Iteginald bishop of Bath ; ejus in loois pluribus comminantes egregie reparavit." Again the peculiar expres- sion, "enormiter deformatam," is found in the chapter register of the year 1338, as descriptive of the damage done by the settlement of the central tower. The church is there described as"totaliter confracta et enormiter deformata." So that it is to be remarked that the same words are used to describe the church in ruins in Jocelin's time which had been applied with still stronger emphasis to describe the partial damage caused to part of the nave by the settlement of the tower. Bishop Godwin enlarges upon the text of the Canon, and describes, with more pretention to exactness, Jocelin's work. In the English edition he says : " Moreover, in building he bestowed inestimable summes of money. He built a stately chappell in his pallace at Welles and another at Owky, as also many other edifices in the same houses ; and lastly, the church of Welles itselfe being now ready to fall to the ground, notwithstanding the great cost bestowed upon it by bishop Robert, he pulled downe the greatest part of it, to witte all the west ende, built it anew from the very foundation, and hallowed or dedicated it October 23, 1239. Having continued in his bishopricke 37 yeeres, he died at last November 19, 1242, and was buried in the middle of the quier that he had built under a marble tombe, of late yeeres monsterously defaced." He varies and amplifies his statement in the Latin editions of 1614-1616 : " Ecclesiam ipsam Wellensem jamjam coUapsuram (quamvis in ejus reparatione ingentes non ita pridem sumptus fecerat Bobertus Episcopus) egregie refecit ac restituit, vel potius novam condidit. Nam partem multo maximam, quicquid nimirum presbyterio est ab occidente, demolitus est, ut cum ampliorem tum pulchriorem redderet, structura excitata ex polito lapide affabre insculpto, augus- tissima et spectatu dignissima. Triennio antequam excederet Ecclesiam jam abso- lutam dedicavit Octobris vicesimo tertio, 1239." " Humatus jacet in medio chori a se constructi." This account of Godwin is somewhat confused. In the English edition he seems to say that the west end was the greatest part which Jocelin pulled down. At another time he says " he pulled down from the west to the presbytery." But under certain variations in detail the language of these two authorities is decisive, that in their view — (a.) There was no building going on at Wells in the time between Robert and Jocelin ; (b.) That Jocelin pulled down and rebuilt the west end and the greatest part of the church. Digitized by Google his share in the fabric of the cathedral church of Wells. 338 We may say, as Archer said of statements by the same authorities on the state of the church in Robert's time : "Unde vero ista hausenmt non constat." Let us ascend to the earher authorities. (a.) In the traditions of fifty or sixty years earlier than the Canon (as given in the Historia Minor of bishop Harewell's time, 1367-1386), we have another and a simpler description of Jocelin's work : Cni Buocessit Jocelinas - . . qui ecdesiatn Batboniensem dedicavit — hie in primo anno oonsecrationis suae serviUum B. M. in ecoleeia Wellenei fecit quotidie decantari ipaamque ecde- siam a parte occidental! pro major! parte erexit et earn cum manerio de Wynescombe el advoeatione ipsius dotavit — capellas etiam cum cameria de Weill's et Wokj uobiliter constiuxit. In this description of the building the writer of the fourteenth century at least says nothing about ruins, but fixes upon the western part of the church, and the chapels at "Wells and Woky in the bishop's houses, the remains of which are of the same style as the west front, as the new building works by which Jocelin's episcopate was distinguished. Let us ascend still higher to contemporary documents. (b.) Jocelin notices the consecration of his work at Wells in two documents. We have no consecration deed — no contemporary historical account of the act of reconsecration by Jocelin, such as the Historiola gave of Robert's work in 1148. But the bishop mentions the consecration of the church twice in the introduction and preamble to two charters given to the church about this time. 1. In a charter confirming to the chapter the manor and church of Wynescumb, given " on the morrow of St. Romanus," he says : Omnibue Ohrieti fidelibuB ad quos praeeens carta pervenerit Jocelinus De! gratia Bathon. epiecopuB, salutem in Domino. Koveritis nos in dedicatione eccleaiae nostrae Wellensis quam die Sancti Romani mense Ko- vembris anno Incarnationis Dominicae 1239, in honorem Sancti Andreac Apostolorum mitissimi dedicavimos, dedisse et concessisse et hac present! carta coufirmasse pro nobis et Buccessoribua noetria in dotem ejusdem ecclesiae nostrae, et decano et oapitulo nostro Wellensi manerium de Wynescumbe. In cujua rei robur et testimonium datum Welliae in crastino Sancti Bomani anno Incama- tionis Dominicae 1339, et pontificatus nostri annozxxiv.' No more than the fact of the consecration is here mentioned. 2, Jocelin speaks with more particularity in the preamble to another charter,'' ' R. i. f. 50., iii. f. 53 tn don. Dngdale, Mm. u. 291. " R. i. f. &1, U. f. U, 45, iii. f. 8. ■ Digitized by Google 334 . Reginald bishop of Bath ; by which, in the last year of his life (1242) he increased the " quotidians," the daily apportionment of the common fund of the canons, and made ampler pro- vision for the maintenance of every member of the cathedral stafE : Omnibns Christi fidelibns praesene scriptum visuris vel auditaris Jocelinus Dei gratia Bathonienis epiecopus salutem in Domino. Poatquam ad episcopatns ofBcium no3 promoveri. permisit altissimus, omne stadium adhifaoi- tutis et adfano adhibemus, ut cultus divini nominis et decus ecclesiae nobis commissad temporibus nostris cumoletur et amplietur — qiiicquid ad dispoBitioneni, utilitateoi, et omatum ipsiae ecclesiae respiciat semper cogitantes, et ad effectnm pro viribos nostris deducere festlnantes, ecclenam Saneti Andreae Welleniis, quae periculum ruinae paliebatur prae sua vetutlate, cui, Jesu Cbristo Salvatore nostro permittente, presidemus ipsius auxilium invocantes, aedificare caepimm et ampliare; in gud de sola gua gratia adeo profecmua quod ipsam divinis preeibui et sacm vnctio- ntbus, cum altaribuM, vasHnu, veetimentia et reliquiU ad dtvinum cultum explendum in eadem devoU tolempniterque ameeeravimua. Et quia ecclesias aedificantibus, non solum de aedificio ipsiusque conaecratione oogitandum est verum etiam de minietrantinm alimentis Acta in capitulo Wellensi seictodecimo Kal. Kov. anno Incamationis domiui nostri Jesu Christi Mill" 00°. xlii. (1242) et pontiflcatus nostri tricesimo septimo. This charter is sealed by the bishop and the dean, John Sarracenus. We have traced to its source in Jocelin's own words the tradition passed on to us by the Canon of "Wells and Godwin, and adopted from them, that Jocelio was the sole builder of the fabric. Professor "Willis has assumed that ** Jocelin himself asserts in one of his statutes that he pulled down the church and rebuilt it." Do his words justify this assumption ? He himself makes no such claim ; he recites his share in the completed work of the fabric in a preamble to an ordinance for the better endowment of the church, which was yet to be done, and to which he looks forward as his more special act of grace and benefaction. He does not dwell so much on what had been done as on what remained to be done. He only alludes in the preamble to this past stage of his episcopate work, and passes on to be precise and emphatic on what is the special subject of his charters. He is not even careful to date precisely the day of his consecration of the church ;' he only » Tbere is a curioTia variation in the date of the day of consecration. The bishop himself fiioB the date as " the day of St. Romanus," and " in the month of November.' Mathew Paris, iii. 638, B. S. names the day of St. Romanns as the day of consecration, bnt fixes the date as Ang. 9, — " qointo idns Aognsti die scilicet S. Romani " — i.e. the day of St. Romanns, martyr. The day of St. Romanua, confessor and bishop, archbishop of Ronen.in the Samm Calendar, is October 23. In the Calendar of the Leofric Miaaal of the latter part of the tenth centnry, November 18 is marked as the day of St. Romanns, " Passio Saneti Romani." Digitized by Google his share in the fabric of the cathedral ehweh of Wells. 335 says it was " mense Novembrifl," though strictly " the 10 Cal. November," was in the month of October. The words themselves do not demand a fuller or more precise meaning than that he thoroughly repaired^ enlarged, and completed the church which he found unfinished, ruinous in parts, and in danger from the effects of a time of neglect. Such an interpretation is in agreement with the evidence already given of continuous work upon the fabric up to the year 1196. Such partial dilapidation and danger from cessation of work and neglect is probable from the circumstances of the time which had intervened between such a date as 1196 and Jhe recommencement of work under Jocelin. Let us compare briefly the history of the fabric aa far as it is mentioned in contemporary documents, and the chief events of the diocesan history between the last date cited, 1196, and the date of Jocelin's consecration of his church, 1239. It was about this time that bishop Savaric obtained papal sanction for his ambitious policy of annexing the abbey of Glastonbiiry to the see of Bath.' The abbey appealed. The war with Glastonbury followed ; costly missions to Borne, and ruinous Htigations drained to Bome the resources of convent and see, and stopped all building, as we know, at Glastonbury, and we may conjectiire at Wells. Savaric himself was an absentee from his diocese. Consecrated in 1192 at Rome, he was abroad, and chancellor of Burgundy to the emperor Henry VI. until late in 1197. Then he came to England, and for the first time after conse- cration he entered his diocese, but little of his time was spent among his flock. He died August 8, 1205. His erratic career was summed up tersely in lines written after his death — Hospes ent mnndo per mandum semper eundo Sic snprema dies eit tibi prima quies. Though Alexander the dean, Bobert of Guildford, and Balph of Lechlade, The BOmedajr, Not. 18, is marked in the calendar of the cliarch of Milau aathedayof St. Bomanoa, martyr, of Antioch. There is no mention of St. BomanoB in the later Roman Calendar. Did Jocelin GooBecrate the chnrch on Oct. 23, or Nov. 18 P It is an interesting question whether the day of onr dedication feast should be October 23, according to the Samm nae, or November 18, following the earlier Ambrosian and Lotharingian Calendars. Godwin asBames that Oct. 23, the day of St. Bomanus, bishop and confessor, was the day of consecration — if so, Jocelin, when he wrote " mense Norembris " must have meant the 10th of the kalends of Xuveinber, an inexact and aunsnal method of compntation. ■ Adam of Domerbam, ii, p. 364, gives the date " VI. Eal. Julii, m^-cxcvi." Fontifi- catns vero Domini Caeleetini papae tercii anno sexto. VOL. L. 2 Z Digitized by Google ^36 Reginald Bishop of Bath; Jocelin himself as canon, and others of the chapter may have been resident during Savaric's episcopate, it is not likely that the building would have advanced much, if at all, during that time. Jocelin was consecrated bishop of Bath May 28, 1206. The instnmientB of his separate election by the two chapters of Bath and "Wells are among the chapter manuscripts. They bear witness to his connection with the church of Wells from his earliest years, and his irreproachable character. " Cum in sinu ecclesiae Wellensis a primo lacte coaluerit et sine querela inter eos conversatuB asset." We are familiar with his attestation to documents in Reginald's time, and as a con- temporary with Alexander the dean between 1180 and 1209. He appears to have been also archdeacon of Chichester in 1182 and up to 1205. There could have been little building going on at Wells at the beginning of Jocelin's episcopate. The political troubles, the interdict upon the kingdom, and Jocelin's exile from 1206 to 1213, when the revenues of the see were seized by the crown, the struggle with Glastonbury until 1219, were causes sufficient to check any building upon the church. Not until after Jocelin's return from exile in 1213,' not until after the final concord had been made with Glastonbury, August 11, 1219, could Jocelyn have begun the completion of works left unfinished more than twenty years before, and the repair of older parts which were suffering from longer periods of dilapidation. The notices of the fabric in contemporary documents for these years are few and scanty, corresponding with such a disastrous condition of things at Wells. One charter only there is which contains grants to the fabric between the years 1196 and the time of dean Ralph of Lechlade. A charter of one of the canons, Alexander of Henstridge, contains a grant made to the dean and chapter of St. Andrew of land and money for the purpose of hastening the completion of the fabric." The only internal indications of date are the names of the prebendary of Henstridge, Alexander, and the initial letter R. of the name of the dean at the time. A series of documents record the grant of Henstridge by the Oamville family to form a prebend in the church in Reginald's time, and the initial of the dean's name in this particular charter might have been taken to correspond with Richard Spakeston, dean 1160-80 under Reginald. But a later charter, in which the name of Alexander the canon again occurs, agrees more directly with the date of Ralph * 15 John. May 24, 1213, Jocelin admitted to peace. Rymer, Foedera, i. Ill, 112. " B. iii. f. 383. Digitized by Google his share in the fabric Qf the cathedral chwrch of WelJa. ZZ'f- of Lechlade, dean iinder Jocelin in 1217-20.' Alexander the canon gives by this deed for his life the produce of the arable land of the rectorial glebe at Henstridge, half his meadow in Ridgehill and pasture adjacent, and one silver mark from the altarage of Henstridge, to dean Ralph and the chapter of St. Andrew in "Wells, for the fabric of the church, " ut fabrics celerius ad optatam consommationem mea sedulitate consm^t." He gives this in lieu of the sum assessed upon his prebend by the chapter ; it is to be paid quarterly into the hands of the canons who had charge of the fabric." We gather from this charter that an assessment bad been levied upon the canons for the fabric at this time, that Jocelin had begun to rebuild, and that voluntary offerings over and above the assessment were being made in this instance at least to promote and hasten the work. The date of building is so far fixed to the years 1217-1220,duringwhich Ralph of Lechlade, long time canon and contemporary with Reginald, was now dean under Jocelin. Beyond this charter we have very little documentary evidence about the fabric in Jocelin's time, before the year 1239. Fines levied upon any tenant or subject of the bishop under the dean's jurisdiction are to be paid to the fabric under a Statute of 1237." A clause in an early draft of the will of bishop Hugh of Lincoln, brother of Jocelin, dated 1212, when the brothers were in exile, provides for a legacy of 300 marcs to the church of "Wells* ; but the legacy would not have taken effect until after the bishop's death in 1237. The Close Rolls of Henry III. under the date October 3, 1225, mention a grant from the crown to bishop Jocelin, for the fabric of the church, of five marks annually for twelve years. No mention is made of this grant in the chapter documents. These are all the notices that have been found making any mention of the fabric in Jocelin's time previously to his own statement of the completion and consecration of the work in 1239. " B. i. i. 21. Eaetaohia de GamTille, who gives the charter, was wife of Oerai-d de CamTille, 7 John — 17 John, and survived him. Vide Dngdale, Baronage, i. p. 627. '' Cf. instances of assesBment for the fabric in later history, in Prof. Willis'a Imctore, Sora. Arch. Proc. vol. xii. part i. p. 23. The case of bishop Jocelin's levy of one-fifth is referred to as a precedent, in 1248. B. i. f. 69. ' B..r.i.4S,indoTt. a Draft of bishop Hugh's will, E. iii. f. 248, in dorg. 2z2 Digitized by Google 838 Reginald hish^ of Bath : We can understand how the work taken up after 1219 would go on and increase under favourmg circumstances. After the composition with G-laston- bury in 1219 the see was enriched by the ceded manors of the abbey. Bishop Hugh of Lincoln, brother of bishop Jocelin, was making gifts of manors and adrowsons to the see. Other gifts, such as that of Alexander of Henstridge, the crown grant of 1226, the rich legacy of bishop Hugh, falling in in 1237, all were making the see, which had been poor and impoverished between 1196 and 1219, now rich and increased in goods ; and Jocelin was enabled to bring his work of twenty years to completion by consecration in 1239, and then to go on to augment the endowments of the church. One more document completes the contemporary history of the fabric at the death of Jocelin. Jocelin died Nov. 19, 1242. He had ordered that his body should be buried at Wells. The canons of Wells by a stratagem, which the monks of Bath resented, secured the burial of their bishop in their own church of Wells before they had made known his death to the convent of Bath. Reginald and Robert, and every bishop since John of Tours, had been buried at Bath. But it was Btting that the bishop who had done so great things for Wells should be buried among his own people. The canons gave him burial in the place of honour, as the other bishops had been buried at Bath, before the high altar of the church of St. Andrew. No arrangements had hitherto been made for the burial ground outside the church ; but now, when the building on the west and south sides was completed, the ground was laid out around the newly-consecrated building, by a statute of chapter passed on July 9, 1243, during the vacancy of the see :' 1243. Jul. 9. Die Jovis proxime post translationem beati S. [Thomae] " detiberatum est de sepultura Willelmi de Chine canonioi ; statntntu est inde nt de caetero canonioi residentes sepeli- antur in claiiBtro per ordinem secundum dignitatem ordinis et conditionis — ita qnod majores minoribuB proponantnr [nisi forte sepulturds alibi vel in ecclesia vel extra designaverant in vita sua1° et ut incipiat sepultura eorum ad ostium ecclesiae versus austraro, adeo prope sicut fieri poterit, et ut extendet se usque ad angulum claustri direote — et sic deinoeps— cautum est etiani nt Qullus laicus vel vicarius sepeliatur inter eos — sed vicarii sepeliautoi- in caemeterio versus orientem retro capellam beatae Mariae [et alibi in caemeterio] laici vero in caemeterio versus occidentem et inoipiat sepultura eomm juxta bnlmos ibi plantatos juxta locum ilium ubi consnevit esse Hastillaria et sic extendet se versus occidentem— ita qnod de caetero uullus laicus sepeliatur ■ B. iii. f. 363, tn liora. >■ Partialljr erased. ° In a later band. Digitized by Google his share in the fabric of the cathedral church of Wells. 339 ante ostia ecdesiae versus oecidentem— majores antem persooae de ecdeeia sepeliantiir in navo eoclesiae si Toluerint ipsi, vel amici eoruin. Predicta statuta soat de canonicis nisi in vita sua do oorporibus snis aliter urdinaTerunt' By this the ground plan of the church of Jooelin's time is apparent. The g^at door of Jooelin's newly-constructed west front opened out on the burial ground, kept inviolate from markets since bishop Robert's order a century before,** and now become the lay cemetery. The south-west portal led out to the cloisters, the burial-ground of the canons on the south side of the church. Further east, beyond the east cloister walk, was " the chapel of the Blessed Virgin, near the cloister," round which was the burial-ground of the vicars. We have now traced in these contemporary documents notices of the fabric, which, though few and scanty, are important, for the purpose of showing the progress of a building with a continuous life growing to completion, though with breaks and stoppages, from the time of Eobert's consecration in 1148 to Jooelin's completion and consecration in 1239. Three periods of building are distinct :— Robert's work, 1148-1166. Reginald's work, 1174-1196. Then, after an interval of about twenty-five years, Jooelin's work, from 1219 to 1239. These contemporary documents supply links in the chwn of the history of the fabric which have hitherto been wanting. They place in due relation the several workers in the great fabric. They enable us to correct the traditions of later writers, who ascribed all the work to one great benefactor. In the silent attesta- tions to these documents we see the names of Joceliu and his contemporaries, Robert of Guildford, Ralph of Lechlade, Thomas and Peter of Chichester, who had taken part in council with Reginald, living on to be the last workers and finishers of the building under Jocelin which they had seen rising in their earlier days. Skilled architects may differ as to the parts of the building which belong to Reginald's time, or to his successors, but these documents present a claim that Reginald's share in the work should not be ignored. High architectural authorities have differed as to the interpretation of the architectural evidence. Judgments have been swayed by deference to the sup- posed authority of the printed statements of the Canon of Wells and Godwin. It Digitized by Google 340 Reginald bishop of Baths is time tbat we were set free from subjection to tliat authority as decisive in considering the architectural history. It is evident that the church bears unmistakeable signs of two very different styles of building in the west ■ front and nave. The west front " is built in the fully-developed Early-English style in which Salisbury, Ely, and Lincoln are built." Professor Willis expresses the general judgment that the date of the conse- cration of the church by Jocelin, in 1239, agrees with "that phase of Early-English work which the architecture of the west front presents, though the sculptures may have been completed long after the tabernacles which received them.'" There is a general consent that Jocelin was the builder of the west front. Mr. Irvine, after long and conscientious study of the architecture, has raised a standard of revolt against this general consent, and has boldly asserted that Reginald was the builder of the west front and Jocelin of the nave.'' But the view that Reginald has anticipated the style of fifty years later in the west front, has been too startling for acceptance. Meanwhile, Mr. Irvine's architectural criticisms deserve the greatest respect, and the contemporary documents support his view that more building was done in Reginald's time than has been supposed or taken into account in the architectural history. There is more division of opinion as to the date of the building east of the west front. The church which Jocelin consecrated is 'generally understood " to take in the nave, the north porch, the transepts, and what is now the choir proper, that is, the three western arches of the eastern limb. It takes in the three towers up to the point where they rise above the roof. of the church."" Mr. Freeman says, " The west front, within and without, differs widely in its architectural detail from the arcades of the nave and transepts. The rest of the exrly work is built in a style which in England is almost peculiar to Somer- setshire, South Wales, and the neighbouring counties, and which is much more like Prench work. It has a good deal of the earlier Romanesque leaven hanging about it ; its mouldings and the clusterings of its pillars are much less free ; the abaci or tops of the capitals are square or octagonal, instead of round ; it makes no use of those detached shafts, often of marble, which are so abundantly foimd ' Lecture reported in Bomerget Archaeohgical 8oc. Proceedings, vol. xii. part i. p. 18. >• Somerset Arehaeological 8oc. Proe. vol. xii. part ii. pp. 13, 14, 23, ' CathedTol Ghurck of WelU, pp. 75, 76. Digitized by Google his share in the fabric of the cathedral church of Wells. 341 in the west front. Now, which of these two, the style of the west front or of the nave is the earher ? The latter is, no doubt, earlier in idea, though this does not absolutely prove that the parts of the church which are built in it are necessarily older in date."' The style of the nave is called a "local and a Somerset style" by Professor Willis ; he says : " The character of its architecture is unlike that of any ordinary Barly-Bnglish building, and deserved to be called the pure Somerset style ; it is very beautiful, and did credit to the county, and was manifestly the work of local Professor Willis tells us that the west front is of later date than the nave, and the western part of the nave is later than the eastern part, the choir, and the north porch ; and he enters into detail in his description of differences and breaks in the building. In his lecture at Wells, conducting his audience from eaat to west in the order of the building, he drew their attention to breaks and stoppages in the work, and signs of differences of construction, which must occur in a building which, in the vicissitudes of centuries, haa experienced repairs by different hands. But a general imiformity, broken by regular diversity, is observ- able in the nave. He is thus reported in the Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological Society — " If they examined the spandrils, or open wall-spaces between the sides of the arches down the nave, they would see that three remarkable changes had taken place in the work. The work was commenced, continued, and carried on from east to west in order of time, inasmuch as the stonework in the spandrils improved as it went on, the stones in the spandrils nearest the tower being small and indif- ferently set as compared with those nearest to the east end When they got to the west end, they found a change, as if an architect had been then called in who would have his own way and his own style, and that was the common Early- English, and not the (local) Somerset style (of the nave). The two styles were mixed together at their junction in the most comphcated way The west front was of somewhat later date. He fortified this opinion by ex- plaining how the Somersetshire work abutted against the Early English, and was joined and interlaced with it, and the example of this was the most curious he ■ Calh. Ch. of Weill, pp. 75, 76. ** Sont. Arch. Proc. xii. part i. p. 16. Why it should be called the local or Somerset style, when " it is common to the neighbouring counties and S. Wales, and is like French work," does not appear. The workmen may have come from Normandy and France, and have spread themselves over the opposite counties. Digitized by Google 842 - Beginald bishop of Bath ; had ever beheld. In some cases the Early English overlapped the Somerset, and was actually superimposed upon previously-erected plinth walls of that style.'" If, then, the west front is (according to high authorities) of later date than the nave, and it is the work of Jocelin, finished in 1239, to whom shall we ascribe the rest of the church, which is " unlike any Early-English building, and belongs to a style, on the whole, fifty years earlier ; " a style characterised as " a transitional pointed Norman, an improved Norman worked with considerable hghtness and richness, but distinguished from the Early-English by greater massiveness and severity, the style formed in the second half of the twelfth century, which became the fashion in the days of Henry II.'* The direct statements of the Canon of Wells and Gt)dwin attribute all to Jocelin. But these statements of writers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries have not been received without weighty protest, even by those who have accepted them as original authorities. It is well to reproduce architectural opinions formed from the structural evidences of the date of the building in opposition to the general tradition. Britton, writing in 1847, express^ his opinion of the date of the nave — " Although the whole of the church of Wells is designed and built in the Pointfld style of architecture, yet it will readily be seen that from the west end to the third column on each side of the choir there is a regular and nearly symme- trical correspondency in the thickness of the walls and the form of the buttresses ; and that in both respects they partake far more of the massive solidity and heavi- ness of the Norman character than we are accustomed to meet with in churches constructed in the Pointed system.. There is, in fact, such simplicity in all the more ancient parts which include the nave and transept, and the walls of the west part of the choir there, that had not the Canon of Wells so particularly mentioned the restoration of the cathedral by Jocelin of Wells, and bishop Godwin so strongly corroborated his testimony, there could be little hesitation in ascribing it to bishop Robert, and assigning them to the reign of Henry II. (1154 — 1189)." That testimony we now can weigh as later tradition : he continues — " The north porch might still more decidedly be referred to the same period, for it possesses so many characteristics of Norman architecture, that there can be no doubt of its having been erected before the Pointed style had obtained its full ascendancy. The buttresses are flat and plain, and their pinnacles are almost devoid of ornament. The outward arch, though acutely pointed, exhibits amidst its deeply recessed mouldings a twofold series of zigzag or diagonal sculpture, ' Somerset Arckaeol. Soc. Proc. vol. lii. part i, 17. Digitized by Google his share in thefahric of the cathedral chwch of Wells. 343 intermized with Norman foliage, and the capitals of its banded shafts partake, in their grotesque figures and flowing leaves, of the same character. The panelled front of the surmounting gable also, which consists of six lancet-headed arcades of different heights rising to the weatherings, bespeaks an early age, and even the piercing (to admit light into the roof) of the lower part of the middle panels into three lancet-shaped apertures corresponds with other specimens of the date assumed." . " During whichever episcopacy the earUer parts of the edifice were raised, it is evident that the design was formed at that very point of time when the Pointed style of architecture was first attaining its supremacy over the massive composi- tions of the Norman builders." Another writer comments on the difficulty of reconciling " the only known authority for the history of the cathedral," the statement of the Canon of Wells, with the architectural evidence, " which, assigning nothing of the existing church to Robert or Reginald, attributes everything to Jocelin. If internal evidence were with the history or tradition I would not complain, but it is dead against it."' These opinions are borne out by architectural features in the nave and north porch which belong to the transitional style of the latter part of the twelfth century, and by the similarity of architecture in those parts with contemporary buildings of the transitional style. For instance, at Glastonbury the chapel of St. Mary, consecrated by Reginald in 1187, is a dated specimen of the semi- Norman style. Professor "Willis ** remarks on the similarity of details between that building and the north porch of "Wells " in the zigzag ornamentation of the later Norman and intricate kind in which straight lines alternate with angles;" the ■ sculptured monsters, and wild imagery on the walls and in panels of the north porch, in the capitals and tympana of the clerestory arches of the easter- most parts of the nave contrast with the more human representations and natu- ralistic foliage of the capitals in the western arcades of the nave. "With all these evidences of later-twelfth-century work in the eastern parts of the nave and north porch, why has no mention of Reginald as a builder-bishop in the later twelfth century ever been made in the traditions of the church ? Because all the later traditions expressed in the Canon of "Wells and Godwin have been followed generally by those who have written on the architecture of the church. ■ V. Note, part iii. WeOs Cathedral. Murray, 1861, attributed to Mr. Sharpe. * ArcMtectuTol EittoTy of Qla»ttmb\try A}Aey, p. 44, VOL, L. 3 A Digitized by Google 344 Reginald bishop of Bath ; Bat now that we have contemporary dociunentary evidence which enables us to discriminate, it may be pardonable to break away from the ordinary tradition which assigns aU the buildings to one great man, and to indulge in some con- jecture at least as to the several builders and their work. Mr. Sharpe may be quoted again : — " Not a word is said about Reginald FitzJoceline's part in the cathedral, but enough is told of his character as a munificent prelate to make it extremely unlikely that he did nothing. My own belief is that he finished the nave, up to the then Norman west front, which he left standing. The history and existing remains of Q-lastonbury afford collateral evidence of this," which must have been in vigorous progress (though not com- pleted as he says) up to 1193. With this transitional architecture before us in the north porch and nave, and these documents which speak of buildings going on in the twelfth century, may we not claim that in the nave of Wells we have a remarkable example of transi- tional architecture intervening between the Norman and the Early- English styles. We may conjecture with Mr. Sharpe that the general design of the parts east of the west front belonged to Reginald, though the actual work was stopped some- where in the nave, and the whole has been greatly remodelled in details by successive builders in after years. If, as we are told, all Robert's work has perished, we may see in the three western arches of the choir Robert's work recast by Reginald. If there is one point in the nave where it is allowable to conjecture the great break between Reginald's and Jocelin's work may have taken place, it will be in the part westward of the north porch, the arches of the nave which run on to the west front. Here, Professor Willis remarks, the masonry improves, here the forms of sculptured folii^e and human heads are more free aud natural, more characteristic of the later workmen, here he considers that we have the work of a later date. Here it is we may conjecture that Reginald's work stopped; here was the new work to be carried on in 1196; here the work was suspended in 1196, when tj-oubles threatened the church under Savaric, when the war with Glastonbury began. Here may have been for the next three and twenty years, between 1196- 1219, the gaping chasm between the unfinished nave and the old Norman front, which, from its age, was showing sign of decay, and was ready to faU, " pro sua vetustate patiebatur periculum ruin»." What if Jocelin, after 1219, began to build at the west end, pulling down the old Norman work to the groimd, raising up on its ruins the new work in the rich Early-English style of the period, rivalling his brother's work at Lincoln ? What Digitized by Google his share in the/abric of the cathedral church of Welh. 345 if he then joined it on to the unfinished nave of Reginald, building up the three western arcades of the nave in the earlier style of his predecessor, and uniting here in one glorious whole his own new work with the work of Reginald and of Robert. " Enough glory would still remain to JocelJn in the erection of the west front, and all that naturally accompanies it." It would have been a noble architectural achievement for the last twenty years of a troubled episcopate. If he did this and no more than this, it would not be difficult to imagine how the tradition would have grown that he was the builder of the whole church. We can understand how after generations who immediately inherited the benefits of Jocelin's wise legislation and generous benefactions should have cherished the memory of their last builder, as if he was the one and only builder, of the new church. He was of Wells,' his father had lands at Lancherley and round about Wells ; his brother was archdeacon of Wells, and afterwards bishop Hugh of Lincoln, and he himself, as chaplain and canon and bishop, had grown up, and lived, and died, and was buried among his own people ; his grave and memorial tomb was with them in their church, honoured the more as it was the tomb of the firat bishop buried at Wells since the seat of the bishop had been transferred to Bath one hundred and fifty years before. Bach generation had before their eyes that part of the church which was Jocelin's undoubted work, gradually rising imder the hands of successive builders to the height of its western towera, looking over the burial-place of the dead and the homes of the living. Generation after generation saw the deeply recessed niches, the 600 tabernacles gradually filled with sculp- tured imagery, telling the whole tale of earth and heaven, of man's fall and resurrection, of the Lord's advent in mercy and in judgment, and of the long roll of saints and worthies of the race, and of their own land. It was this western face of their church which ever caught their gaze at morn- ing and at noon, and glowing in the evening sunset in the rich materials of Doulting stone and blue lias shafts and coloured statuary ; and by the time of bishop Bubwith, under whom the north-western tower rose to its full height, the tradition might well have taken root, that Jocelin of Wells, who alone had raised this western front, had rebuilt the whole church, and that as builder, legislator, and benefactor, "there had been none like him before him, neither after him hath any arisen like unto him" '' — "Qui sibi similem anteriorem non habuit, nee hujusque visus est habere sequentem." > Note OD page 20. ■> 1 Kings iii. 12. 3 a2 Digitized by Google 346 , Reginald bishop of Bath ; If the fame of bishop Jocelin was gathered up in such a record aa this in the century and a-half after his death, it is not surprising that the name and memory of bishop Reginald FitzJoeelin and his work should have gradually been confused and obscured before the light of the greater luminary, the last and greatest builder of the fabric and constitution of the church of Wells. But now with these documents before us we put in a plea that justice shaU be done to Reginald among those who have gone before ae builders of the church. As Jocelin of Wells, the Englishman, bore the name of his Norman predecessor, Reginald FitzJoeelin de Bohun, and carried it on to greater honour, so the chiirch of Jocelin of Wells represents the earlier work of Reginald PitzJocelin, ennobled, finished, and consecrated; and Reginald deserves to hold the second place of honour between Robert the "author," and Jocelin the " finisher," as one of " the first three " master builders of our holy and beautiful house of St. Andrew in Wells. Digitized by Google 347 «8 .1 Si -* !; a? -2 IJI SJ P S ^2 gSasj 13 t.f6-J II it Itf s llliJlllltllllll- m m a^ 2 7-3 asi I* 1 III! If I J l!F tl s| 6 4:^5 g s -S^s5 J:- 3 ■ S I i..4 %i4ii -^ -; SHi 3^ t I II i 1 1 .-9 5 !l Digitized by Google 348 BeginaM bishop of Bath ; APPENDIX A. (p. 5). In Chaftbe Dcwumbnts, 1-7 Appointment by Louis VII. king of the French, of Reginald, archdeacon of Salis- bury, to he abbot of St. Exuperius, Corbeil. Dated Melun, 1164. In nomine Sancte et individne Trinitatis, Amen. Ego Ludovieus Dei gratia Francomin rex. Nobis honor est, et ecclesiis nostriB eommoduin, quotiens earom ouram discretis et honestis committimus viris. Notum itaque feoimus universis tarn presentibus quam tutnris quod abbatiam Saucti Exuperli " de C^rbolio, Beginaldo arcbi- diacono Salesberiensi, pro honestate sua, et pro amicorum suorum prece donavimus, habendam et tenendam, sicut frater mous Philippus et cetori ante eum abbatiam tenuerunt et hoc fecimus Kulvo jura nostro et caiionioomm salva etiam eccleeie dignitate ; quod ut ratum sit in posterum Bcribi [nostra aactorit)ate communire precepimus. Actum Miledu[num incam]ati M°. C" Lxiiij. antantibus in palatio [quorum infra scrijpta sunt nomina et signa. S' comitis Theobald! dapiferi nostri. S' mattei camerarii. S' Guidonis buticlarii." S' Constabulario nullo ; Datum per manum Hugonis cancellarii. ■ St. ExnperiuB, " a military saint, one of the companions of S. Maurice." " V. Dnoange — Bntidarius. idem qnod pincema — bnta = lagena, cnpa. batta = dolinm, ras Tinariam. bnticnla, dimssbonteille — bnticnlarins Franciae — ^nnns e qnataor majoribns palatii officialibns qui literaa et diplomata regia snbscribebant. The docnment is on a small piece of parchment much worn and tora. The letters within brackets are wanting, and are supplied conjectnrally. Digitized by Google his share in the fabric of the cathedral church of Wells. APPENDIX B, p. 13. Gifts of bishop Rtginald to the church of Bath. Vide Regietrum Priorattu Bathon., p. 315. [Rjeginaldus Episcopas hujua loci omnes terras nostras a predeoessoribus suis ad opus fabriee Ecolesie nostre diucius detentas devote restituit et que a predeoessoribos suis nobis restitute erant affeotnosius ab ipso nobis, confinnate sunt. Ecclesiam de Ajstona, Ffnlconis de Alneto, in usua proprios nobis confinnavit Eeclesias de Brugges et de Kary et de Badestoke, nichilominuB in usus proprios nobis confirmavit. Ecclesiam etiam de Manerio nostro de Fforda in usus proprios nobis confirmtivit et proventus ad fabricam Ecclesie nostre assignaviL Oblacionem vero pentecostalem a predeceasoribus suis nobis concessam, Ecctcsie nostre veluti Matrici Ecclesie somersetie devotissime confinnavit. Hospitale sancti Johannis in Bathonia, Ecclesie nostre contulit, et de ipso siouti de propria, elemoainaria nostra nobis disponere concessit. Corpus Beate Eofemie virginis et Martiris* ecclesie nostre contulit, et plurea i-eliquias sanctorum cum capsnlis ebnmeis. Albam quoque preoiosam auro tcxtam amictum quoque, et Mitram sancti Petri cliasec&sicnsis Ecclesie nostre adquisivit. Cereum vero ardere, ante corpus dominicum, et sanctorum reliquias constituit, et quadraginta solidos ad ca^ perpetaitetem de Ecclosia de Banewelle, per manus Canonicorum de Briwtone assignaviL Bibliotecam eciitm Ecclesie nostre, plnribiu libris ditavit Plura etiam omamenta Ecclesie nostre contulit scilicet duas Capas preciosas et v meliora et mtyora pallia. Ecclesiam vero nostram cartis regum de libertatibus, et pnvilegiis summomm pontifioum de dignitatibus sufBcienter ditavit Cqjus Anniversarius dies in albis oelebretnr, et c pauperes refioiantnr, et Mensa fratrum copiosiua proouretur. The register of Bath Priory is a manuscript in the library of the Society of Liooolo's Inn, who have kindly allowed this transcript te be made. ■ Cf. Stenley, ^fevu>r{aU of Canterbury. App. F. p. 280. Digitized by Google 350 Reginald bishop of Bath ; APPENDIX 0. (p. 17) 1176—1180. Bishop Reginald's charter to the town of Wells, confirming bishop Robert's charter forbiddvng ma/rkets in the church court, and giving free markets to Wells (1135-1166). Carta Domini Reginaldi Epitcopi £athonie»tis. Utiiversis Chriati fidelibus ad quoB preeeiiB carta pervenerit. Bainaldus Divina mistiratione Bathon. EpiscopuB salatem ab aactore salutis. Ad nniverBitatis veBtre notitiam volumus devenire noB cartam Boberti bone memorie Batlion. Episcopi decesBOrm nostri inspexisse et earn in presenti pagina de verbo ad verbum aunotasse * Robertus Dei ji;ratia Episoopus Balihoniensis universis fidelibus tain cterioiB tarn laicie tarn Francis quam AngHs Balutem et Dei benedictionem. . FoBtqnam divina vocante dementia pontificatua apjcem dignitatis ccinsc«ndimu8 summa ad hoc animi intentione desudaviinus ut Eccleeife beati Andree in Wellis regimini nostro commissse venerationem debitam impenderemoB et ab aliiB impendi faceremus ; et si que in ea prave assent consaetudinea eas a UminibuB ejus polsaremuB et hoaorem ejus et ntilitatem quantum in nobis erat amplificaremus. NonnuUorum aut«m constat experientJe quod tumuItuB nundinamtn que in eadem ecdesia et in atrio ejus hnctonOB ease consueverunt ad dedecns et incommodum ejusdem eccleaie accedit, cum in ea miniatrantibua quam maxime ait importunus quia et eomm devotionem impedit et orationum qnietem pertnrbat. Terum ne contra vocem divinam domum orationia speluncam patiamur esse negotiationis, statuimus et firmiter precipimus ut quicunque illio in tribos festivitatibus videlicet in luventione S. Grucis et in festiyitate S. Calixti, et in celebritate beat! Andree, negotiaturi oonvenerint in platois villa illius negotiationes anas securi et ab omni prava consuatudine et in quiatudine Hbere exerceant, et nuUatenus ecclesiam vel atrinm eccleaie violare presumant Ooncedimus etiam consilio clericorum nostrorum at constituimus ut omnibus in predictis festivitatibus et aanun vigiliis quieti de teloneo in perpetunm permaneant. Quod quidem in posterum ratam esse volentes presenti scripto commendamus et Bigilli noBtri impressione roboramas. Testes : Ivo Decanus Wellensis : Baginaldus precentor : Bobertua et Thomas Archidiaconi : Edwardua : Magister Eustachius : Willelmus de sancta fide : Badulfus Martra : Willelmus de Atebera : Petrua de Chiu : Walter Piator : et alii multi clerici et laici. Noa igitnr Tanarabilis predicti decassoria noatri vesUgiis inberentes, ob reverentiam beati Andree Apostoli et ad petitionem Borgenaium noatrorum Wellensiiun omnes consuatndinea et libertatas negotiatoribos illic in tribns festivitatibus at aarum vigiliia venientibus ab eo conceasas ratas habentes et in posterum illibataa volumus pennanera. Adjtciantes ut eisdem libertatibns et » Cf. R. iii. ff. 245, 246. Digitized by Google hia share in the fabric of the cathedral chwrch of Wells, 8B1 consDetudinibus in crastino etiam omniam prediotarum gaudeant feBttvitatam ; Kobia qaidem et suocflBSoribua nostris de consensa predictorum Burgensitun oondnctas omniam feldarnm medietas in prescriptia nandiuie debet in perpetuam remanere. Que omnia at rata et intacta in postenun perseverentur presentis Bcripti testimomo et sigilli nostri appositione duximns confirmandum. Hiis testibus : Magistro Willelmo Thesaurario Well' : Roberto Snbdecano Well' : Magistro Bad. de Lichel: Jocelino Capellano: Willelmo do Meleburn : Johanne de Cumb.: Thoma de Dinant.: GranJrido olerico : Magistro Bogero medico : Miehaeleclericoi Hngonederico : Henrico deArmentiis: Willelmo de Erleg : Philippe de Wika : Ricardo de Ken : Walerando de Wellesley : Willelmo de Manlerb' : Beginaldo deWodeford: Eadward deWellis; Godefr. de Cnoll; Jocelino deWeUes: Willelmo de Sept: Henrico BedeUo. Hugone fabro. Willelmo forestar. Bad. Cade. Hnbertn filio Coci. Aliredo mercatore. Baino Ruffe. Gaufr. Bnffo. Bad. Cuflin. Willelmo Colo et aliis multis. Endorsed : Caria diii Begin Ep' Bathofi de tribos nundinia concessis . . . The ailk cord and a fragment of green wax on which is the outline of a bishop's robe and a few letters are attached to the earlier o£ the two charters. The seal of the other is in iair preservation (1886) ; on it is the figure of a bishop in the act of blessing with right hand — a pastoral staff in the tefl. The legend on it + BffQINAUDVS Dffl 6EATIA BATHONIffNSIS etPISCOFTS. Bishop Beginald's charter to the town. Among the charters in the Townhall, Wells. Carta domini Beginaldi Episcopi Bathon. [a.d. 1174-1180]. UniverBie Christ! fidelihus ad quos presena carta pervenerit Beginaldus Dei gratia Batho- niensis Episeopus salutcra in domino. Patrum et predeoessorum nostrorum inherentes vestigiis et eomm anctenticis dacti et docti ezempUs qnod ipsi sua statuerunt industria noa roborandum doximus auctoritate nobis a deo indulta- Concedimna ergo juxta tenorem carte predecesaoris nostri pie memorie Boberti epiacopi villam Wellie Burgnm esse in perpetnnm et eiadem finibns quibua in eadem carta difiBnitum est et presoriptum. Yolumns etiam et conccdimns ut qnilibet intra easdem metas messagium aliqnid in presen- tiam possidens vel in poaterum posaesaurus nomine bnrgagii liberam habeat commorandi^ reoedendi, et rerei'tendi, simulque domos soas impignerandi, vendendi, necnon et donandi nise domibus religiosis hcentiam, secundum propriam sue dispositionis voluutatem, redituum nostrorum integro jure retento, id est de singulis massagiis duodecim denarJie annuls. Volomus preterea si Us aliqna forte dampnosa intra ambitum massagii alicai eorum [emiserit] liberam habeant poteatatem nt administrationee Concordes fiant, justicia nostra nullam exigents inde consuetudinem vel emendationem donee Burgenses in justitia defeeerint, nisi mortale vulnns vel dampnum cnrpori perpetuum inflictum fuerit vel etiam niai aliqnis litigantium jnsticie nostre qaeriraoniam faciat, salva in omnibus justicia regni et dignitate. VOL. L. 3 B Digitized by Google )2 . Reginald bishop of Bath; InliibemuB edam ne aJiquis in eadem villa pelles crudas vel ooria crnda emere preeumat si fuerit in lona et lagha Burgensium Wellarum, Halo nostra concessionis et oonfirmationis testes sont : KicarduB Well, decanus. Ubert precentor Well. Henricus Exon et RioardoB Bath aicbidiaooni. Robertas Subdecanus. Johannes de Cumba. Magister Eustachins. Godfridus de Hereredeb. Willelmus et Jocelinus Capellani. Ernisius clericue filiaa Tbeobaldi. PetruB de Winton. Thomas de Dinan Wellenais Canonicus. Willelmufl Canonicus de Haselburg. Adam de Suttone. Willelmus de Spinenall. Magist«r Badulphus de Lechelade. Gaufridus de Sancto Georgio. Bobertus filius Bamo. Galfridus Giffard. GodiriduB de Diore. Wslerannus. Walcelen de Well. 'GanfriduB francuB. The seal and counterseal of the bishop is appended. Digitized by Google his share in the fabric of the cathedral church of Wells. APPENDIX D. (pp. 12 and 21). Confirmaiion of the possessions of the chwrch of Bath to bishop UeginaH, by pope Alexander UL {Sept. 3, 1169-1181) March 4, 1179. R. iii. f. 266, in doreo. Confinnatio Alexandri venerabili fratri Bainardo Bathoniensis episcopo ^usque snceesBoribus in hue priyi- canonice substituendis in perpetnam; ai omnibus fratribus et coepiBoopis nostris cogamur ex h^onewuiur"" nunisterio suBceptte anuninistrationis adesse et apostolicum ipais patrocinium exhibere, tibi tanto '"''^°' ^} . fortius tenemur sofi&agium apostolicse defensionis impendere et consideratione tue commissam porci qnte pre- tibi ecclesiam in sna jnstitia confovere quanto circa iios et Romanam ecolesiam puriorem devo- cnst[no tionera genere comprobaria, eamque nobis certioribus indlciis visua es reddere maiiifestam. ^I^ton Qua propter venerabilis in Cbristo frater episcope tuis justia postalationibns clementdr annuimus et Batlioniensem ecdeBJam cui Deo auctore preesse dinosceris aub beati Petri et nostra pro- teotione succepimus et presentia acripti privilegio commonimus. Statuentea ut quaaounque pOBsesBiones quecunque bona eadem ecclesia in preseniiarum juste et canonice possidet aut in fhtunim concesBione poiitificum, largitione regum, vol principum oblatione fidelium sou aliis justis modis prestante domino poterit adipiaci firma tibi tulaque suc- ccssoribus et illibata permaneant. In quibus bseo propriia duximua exprimenda vocabulis. Totam civitatem Bathonie cum omnibus oouauetudinibus extra et infra nt liberiuB habet rex et civitatem aliquant in tota Anglia, com moneta, cum teloneo, tam in campb qnam in silvia, tam in foro qnam in pratia et aliia teiris inuuper nundinas in festivitatibus S*'. Petri et hida^um quod esigebatur de viginti bidis ad eandem civitatem pertinentibua et omnia placita et leges et justitias et omnes consuetudines omnino et adjutoria et ai qua sunt alia qu^e Rex Willelmus vel frater ejus Rex Henricus in eadem civitate pleuius et liberiua habuerunt, quae ipai Johanni Episcopo predecesBori tuo et successoribua ejus in perpetuum concesserunt et cartis suia confir- mHverunt prseterea eonSrmamus, quod manerium de CalvoBton [Kelston] sit in hondredo Bathonie et in justicia tua siout prefatus Rex Henricus concessit et confirmavit, parcum etiam et warennam bertonam Hantonam Fordam Clavertonam Lincumban cum molendinia et aliis appendiciis earum in terris aqnis pratis paacuia in bosco et piano cum omnibus consuetudinibus et libertatibus earum eidem civitati adjacentibua et omnia alia ad eandem civitatem pertinentia. Ecclesiam de Wellia cum nnirersis prebendis suis et ipsum manerium cum Wochi et AVest- bcri^e cum parco auo cum feodis militum et Ifranchelanorum et terria rusticorum ad idem manerium pertinentia cum boacis et planis pratis et pascuis molendinis et vineis aquis et omnibus aliia appendiciis BUis. Ecclesiam de Chyu et ipsnm manerium cum omnibus pcrtinentiis et libertatiboB Buis. Villam de Yattou cum omnibus pertinentiis et libertatibus suis. 3b2 Digitized by Google 854 ■ Reginald bishop of Bath ; Yillam de Banewel et Villam de Camton cum portu de Badediye et parte vilUe quam habes in Axebrugg ad Banewell pertinente cum omnibus pertineiitiiB et libertatibus suis. Ecolesiam de Ceddre et duas hides in eadem rilbe. Ecclesiam de Evercrez et ipaum manerium cum omnibuB pertinentiis et libertatibus snis. Terram de Merk que est in Wedmor, quam prefatus Houricua rex predecessor! tao concessit et confirmavit. Ecclesiam de Kingsbereet ipsum manerium cum hundredo et omnibna pertinentiis et liberta- tibus suis- Et Ecclesiam de Cerde et ipsum manerium. Et Ecclesiam de Hiwis et ipsum manerium cum onmibus pertinentiis et libertatibus suis in terris pratis paeouis bosco et pasturis. Ecclesiam de Walenton et ipsum manerium cum Boketande et cetfiris pertinentiis et libertatibus suis. Ecclesiam et villam de Lidiard cum bnndredo et ceteris pertinentiis et libertatibus. Ecclesiam et villam de Wivelescumb cum hundredo cum omnibus pertinentiis et Ubertaljbas suis et Fifidam similiter. Ecclesiam de Dorkemefeld et ipsum manerium cum socba sacha et tol et theam et infan- genethrop cam omnibus aliis pertinentiis et hbertatibus suis in bosco piano prati's et pascuis que memoratus Bex Henrious predecessor tuo et ecolesie Bathoniensi reddidit concessit et carta sua confirmavit ejus successor Henricus rex secundus similiter eandem tibi concessit et reddidit cum domibus Wintiiome et carta propria confirmavit sicut jus tuum et ecclesia ta% tenendum in libera et perpetua etemosyna ; feodum etiam de Dinra qnod idem rex tibi reddidit et eodesise tufe et carta sua confirmavit, quod Henricus de Tille cum ecclesia de Dochemefeld et ipso manerio in curia memorati regis tibi et ecclesie tue quiete damavit Apud Gatinton terram de salinis et ipaas salinas et omnes pertinentes in nova foresta et duas bidas in Cherleton. Fneterea duos panes certee quantitatis et duos barilos medonis oertte mensure et duos capreolos vel duos porcos que anuuatim in secunda feria pasche tibi redduntor et ecdesiie Wellenai a monasterio Glastouiensi a tempore beati Dnnstani ex ipsius institntione. Freterea de beniguitate apostolica tibi duximus indulgendam ut lioeat tibi priorem eedesise tun pro manifesta causa depositione digna cum consilio capituli vel alionim religiosorum virorum a prioratu sine contradictione qoalibet amovere. Ad bee apostolica anctoritate statuimus ut a monasteriis monachorum vel monialium et in ecclesia regularibus que in tuo Episoopatu conaistuut, earn decreti de oetero habeas potestatem quam predeoeasores tni et tn ipse usque ad hoc tempora in eis noscimini rationabiliter habuisse. Probibemus insuper ut infra (intra) Episcopatum tuum sine assensn et auctoritate tua vel successornm tnomm salvis aut«nticis soriptis apostolica sedis nallus de novo ecolesiam vel oratorium oonstruendi habeat &caltat«m. Si quando vero abbates vel priores aut alii ad tuam jurisdictionem spectantes qui religiosia locis tui Episcopatus precesse noscuntur tibi in his rebelles et inobedientes exti'terunt in quibus obedientiam et reverentiam exhibere tenentor, las tibi sit in eos canonice sententiam promnlgare advocatis antem conventualibus seu parochialibus eccleaiis tue jurisdietionis qiu non habent in Digitized by Google his share in ihefahric of the cathedral church of Wells. 355 ipsis ecolesiia qnicqnid sliud pmter jus patronatus easdem eoolesias ordinandi ve) in eis quidqnam temeritate propria Btatuendi sine auctoritate et oonourrentia tna omnem interdudimos facultatem metropolitano quoqae tuo, sine speciali mandato Bomani pontificis in eisdem ecclesiia te incon- salto nisi caosam saper his ad earn per appellationem deferri contingeret ant apostolicse legationis obtentu quicquam statuere liceat, vel rito sive manifesta et rationabili causa sententiam pro- oiulgare — pnesenti etiam scripto tibi duxitnus induigendum nt si quando abbates priores vel aim persons que ad tna synoda venire tenentur et precipue que tibi professionem fecerunt ad synoda vocati uon venernnt, in eas de auctoritate nostra nisi canonicam exousationem probaverint, animadversionem tibi liceat canonicam exercere. Bias autem qui super justitiis tuis quas aliquando tibi nolunt exsolvere vel pro alia causa a te duxerunt appellandum appellatione remota liceat tibi oompellere, et infra certum et eon- venientem terminom quem eis praefixeris appellationem interpositam exequantnr vet ad mandatum tuum juxta rigorem juris super his pro qnibns appeUatnro est, tibi satisfactionem exhibeant competentem. Beligiosos vero vel alios ecdesiasticos viros ad tuam ordinatJonem spectantes si qui te presente sive tua vel te absente sive archidiaconi tui licencia, ordines ab episcopis receperunt alienis infra episcopatum tuum in ordinibns taliter receptis sive tuo vel suocessorum tnorum asseneu ministrare penitus prohibemus. Si qui autem monachi canonici aut alii religiosi vin derici vel laici in ecclesias tui episcopatus ad presentationem eorum spectantes earum personis decedentibus intrudere seipsos vel alios sine tua auctoritate prosumpserint taliter intrusos dummodo excessus eorum sit publious et notorius ab eisdem ecolesiis fas tibi sit removere. Et in ipsas si ad mandatum tuum oedere forte noluerint ecclesiasticam sententiam promulgare, pneterea benedictiones et prcfessiones abbatum tui episcopatus neo non etiam iustitutiones et ordinationes ecclesiarum omnes quae in tuo episcopatu consistunt. Another page follows with the usual warning and saving clauses. Then follow the signatures of pope Alexander and the cardinals. Eighteen cardinals sign. Datum Laterano, per manum Alberti Sancte Homane Ecdesie Presbit«ri Gardinalis et Oancellarii, lY. Cat. Martis IndicUone XL Incamationis Dominicae Anno Millesimo Centesimo Ixxviiij" pontificatus vero domini Alexandri Pape tertii anno vicesimo. (1159-1179.) Digitized by Google 356 BegmaM bishop of Bath ; APPENDIX B (p. 22). Carta Regis B/iccvrdi de prebendis et terris de novo adquisitis. R. iii. f. 13. EJohard by the Grace of Gwl king of England, etc. Know that wo have granted and by this present charter have confirmed to God and the (Jiurch of Saint Andrew in Wells, and to Reinaud Bishop of Bath and his successors for ever, all donations of churches and other benefices made to him and the aforeswd church as the charters of the givers do testify, viz. : 1. Sy the ffiji of Robert abbot of Glaetonburi/ and the convent there, the church of Pylton and the church of South Brent. By a composition between the two eGclesiastical magnates, the bishop and the abbot, vfhose territories and jarisdictions marched together, two prebends were made by the gift of Pilton, of which the abbot held one, and became a member of the bishop's chapter. By the cession of South Brent, archidiaconal jmrisdiotion was given to the abbot over seven of the churches of the Twelve Hides of Glastonbury, and was exercised by a special officer, the abbot's archdeacon, exempt from the bishop's jorisdiction. No longer a prebend. The abbot afterwards gave up the prebend. Pilton became a peculiar in the jurisdiction of the precentor of Wells. i. By gift of Richard de Cajmilla, the church of Sengestrigg, in perpetuam praebendam. Henstridge, near Wincauton, on the Dorset border, was the gift of Bichard de Camvilla, Henry's envoy to Sicily to conduct Joanna, his daughter, to be the wife of William king of Sicily, in 1176. He was present at Bichard's coronation, 1189, commanded the English fleet wluch took Richard on the Crusade, was justiciar of Cyprus, and died at Anre 1191. Gerard, son of Richard, was sheriff of Lincolnshire, and one of the chief opponents of Longchamp the chancellor during the regency in Richard's absence. He confirms the grant of his fether, and archbishop Richard (1174-1184) atteste it. Charlton Camvill, now Charlton Horethome, in Somerset, granted to bishop Robert by Richard de Camvilla (Ad.de Domerham, i. 298), and Clifton Camville, in Staffordshire, bear witness to the family estates in both counties. Henstridge is a prebend at the present tame. 3. Bt/ gift of Oliver de Dynham^ the church of Bokelande, in perpetaam pra^endam. Buckknd Dinham, near Frome, and Gorton Dinham, near Sherborne, probably received names from Dinan, in Brittany, the original seat of a family which had lands also in Devon and ComwalL Hugh de Dinan held under William de Tracy ; also under William de Braosa of the honour of Barnstaple (Berdestaple) in Devon. Buokland Dinham is a prebend at the present time. Digitized by Google his share m the fabric of the cathedral church of Wells. 357 4. By 171/J of William FUzjohn ofHarpetre, the tAureh of Estharpttre. William of Harpetre, one of the iamily of Lovel of Gary, bad before duB made restitution to the bishop of his fee of Dynre (Binder), which his father had taken from bishop Bobert. He now added this gift of the oboroh of £ast Harptre, ui perpetuam praebendam. East Harptre is a prebend at the present time. 5. By gift of WiUiam Fitzwilliamf Hit chnreh of Hatelbergk, in perpetuam pra^endam. Haselbuxy, near Crewkeme, waa the scene of the hermit Wulfno's life and miracles ; his cell there nas visited hy bishop Bobert in 1154/ Haselbere is a prcbeud at the present time. 6. By gift of Hamon of Blakeford, the church of Scanderford, in perpetuam' praebendam. Blackford in Wedmore or near Winc&nton ; Scanderford in Essex, now 8haIford, is a prebend at the present time. All these gifts are confirmed by an earlier deed of bishop Reginald/ and were given during dean Spakeston's time, between 1174-1180, 7. By gift of Gerberte de Perei and Matilda Arundel, the church of Compton and the church ofBromfetd. Gerbert or Gilbert de Ferci gave the church of Childcompton, on the Mendip, " quantum ad dominum fundi pertinet," in perpetuam praebendam. Matilda de Arundel, his wife, gave the church of Bromfield, on the Quantock range, " in perpetuam eteemorinam," Childcompton waa alienated to Bradenstoke. No longer a prebend. 6. By gift of Alan de FomeUia, the church of Cudeworth with CnoU chapd, in perpetuam praebendam. Alan de Fomellis (Fnmeanx), one of Henry's justiciars in 1179, lord of Kilveton, Somerset, held lands in Devon at the time, under the bishop, and under Bobert, the king's son. One of the same name was sheriff of Cornwall in Bichard's reign. Cndworth is a prebend at the present time. 9. By gift of James of Monteorel, the church of Wytelakyngton, in praAendam. The castle of Montsereau, in Anjou, besieged by Henry of Normandy, afterwards Henry II. in 1151, or the great fortress in the earldom of Leicester, Mount Sorel, we may suppose to be the seat of the femity, who now owned Whitelackington, which was Boger Arundel's demesne in 1084 {vide Eyton, D. S.). Whitelackingtou is a prebend at the present tjme. Three giffe from Devonshire landowners follow. 10. By gift of Jocelin de Tremitut, Vie church of Auleseomb, in pra^endam, Aolescomb, on the south side of the Blackdown hills, near Honiton, " t'n Agro Devonienti et Dioeceii Bxon.''* No longer a prebend. » Matt. Paris, ii. 203. 80m. Arch. Proc. vol. lii. part i. 28. ** Bishop Reginald's Confirmation R. i. folio 24; B. lii. folio 10. Digitized by Google 358 ■ SegtTiald Bishop of Bath ; 11. By gift of Oliver de Traei, the cJturch ofBooet/, in praehendam. Oliver de Tracy — Traci, near Bayeux, in Normandy — a large landliolder in Devon, represented the family of William de Tracy, one of the murderers of St. Thomas. William de Tracy held the honour of Tracy, in Devon, consisting of twenty knight's fees, at the same time. 12. Sy ffifl of Radulfton of Bernard, the church of Holcombe and Lameia, in praebendam. Holcombe Begis, in Devon, probably. Lameia does not appear elsewhere. There is a Holcombe in Somerset. Holcome gives name to a prebend at the present time. 13 fthe church of Ceddre. The name of the giver of the church of Cheddar is omitted here (B. i. foUo 27). About this time the prior and convent of Bradenstoke, in Wiltshire, gave all their rights in the choroh of Cheddar to Alexander, dean and canon of Wells — witnessed by Walter, prior of Bath ; and bishop Beginald gave to the convent of Bradenstoke, with the assent of Alexander, the dean, and the canons, the church of Childcompton, the dean reserving tl>e jurisdiction over it as once a prebendal church (Dugdale, Monasiicon, ii. folio 209). H. i. f 27. In 1240 bishop Jocelin con- firmed Cheddar to the chapter. B. i. f. 30. 14. By gift of the aisters Alicia, Chrietinaf and Sara, the church of Tyniberacombe, in prae- bendam. Another sister, Cecilia, is mentioned in the bishop's confirmation act: the husbands are named as consenting parties. One, John de Columpstock (Collumpton), was a Devonshire land- owner. Timbersoombe is a prebend at the present time. 15. By gift of Robert de Bolevill, Ute church of lAdefwd, in prad>eadam. One Richard de Bonneville (Bonneville on the Toncques, in Normandy) was holding land at this time in Devon. Bobert de Boleville, or Bonneville, made the grant in bishop Robert's time. A suit arose vrith his brother John, which was arranged in ll}j7 and impropriation made. West Lydford is no longer a prebend. 16. By gift ofRadulf Wac, the dmrch of Doveliz. Dowlishwake, in South Petherton hundred, is not mentioned elsewhere in the roister. One Baldwin Wac (Wake) was present at Richard's coronation, and afl^rwards one of Eiohard's hostages in Gfermany. Dowlishwake, near Ilminster, is the church which preserves the name of the family. Howden, iii. 14, and 233. 17. By gift of Simon Bozun, the church ofKarenton. In the register of the priory of Bath, f. 4, the prior and convent grant the vicarage of Carentan to Walter the clerk. Simon Buzun is witness. Simon Bozun, knight, one of a family of landholders also in Devon, granted Kai-entou (Oarthampton); he retained the appointment for his life to the prebend. It then reverted to the bishop. Carthampton, near Dunster, in West Somerset, or perhaps Carentan, in Cotentin, Normandy, was the original seat of the family. The Bohun family came from near Carentan^ where is S. Andr^ de Bohon and S. George de Bohun. Digitized by Google his share in the fabric of the catTiedraX church of Wells. .359 18. By gift of Stephen ton of David, a moietj/ of fht eAitrei of Walelon. 1 9. Si/ gift of Sfatitda de Chandog, the church of Stoweia, in perpetaam eleemorinam. Mande de ChftndoB was heiress of Robert de Cbandos, wbu died 1120, the founder of GoldcUve, with Isabella, his wife, daught«r of Alured de Hiapania, Domesday lord of Nether Stowey. Maade married Philip de Colombiers in 1166, who held eleven knights' fees in Devon and Somerset. 2U, By gift of A Ivred de Punnfoiiy the ehureh of Berewe. Alured da Ponsot, or PooBard, or Punston, lord of Sonth Barrow. One of a group of grants made by Robert of Gary, lord of liovington, and Nicholas of North Barrow — members of the family of Ijovel of Castle Gary. 21. By gift of Radulf Fitz-William, the church of Werminatere, in praebendam. Grant of Warminster, in Wilts, the church of St. DionysiuSj by Ralph, son of William (Malet?). 22. Byg^ ofGalfred Talboty half a virgaU of land at Norham, xoiik all the meadow ahieft lie had there, in perpetuam eleemosinam. Norham, in North Curry hundred. 23. By our gift, tfie manor of North Cory wUH the church and alt its appurtenances. Tlie church or manor of North Curry, Wrentioh, and West Hache, were grants of crown lands after purchase by the bishop fi-om king Richard, when he was raising money for the needs of the Crusade by sale of lands and offices (R. ii. folio 90) . They were bought by the bishop ftom the crown, and made over by him as a bene&otion to augment the common funds of the canons, and formed the largest manorial possession of the chapter. Hie manor of North Carry included the hundred, and was a great lordship. At the same dme, on the same occasion, and doubtless on tlie same conditions of heavy payments, bishop Reginald obtained from king Ridtard charters confirmatory of all the grants and privileges made to the see by bis predecessors from WUHam II. 's time. i Digitized by Google 360 Reginald Bishop of Bath^ APPENDIX F (p. 14). Monaaticon of Somerset in the time of bithop Begmdld. (I am indebted to the Bight Rev. Bishop Hobhouse for this table). Name and Order. Pnnnder. DaM. GUstonbuiy. Unknown. Bulk. King Osric. 676. Uacbetaey. King Atbel&tan. 939. Athelne^. King Alfred. 888. Donstep. (CeU to BMi.) William Mobnn L 1080. ^vffuatiman Canotu. Braton. William Mobim II. 1143. Taonlon. Oiffard and H. de Bloia, temp. Stephen and biebopsofWincheslOT. HeniyU. KeyBBbam. Earl of OloQcester. 1167. Stavordale. Tbe Barons Level of Cary. 12th cent. Barbnob. Tbe Say family. 1175. Woodspring. 1210. ■CUIercim. Oleeve. De Romard, earl of Lincoln. 1188. ■Carthutian. WiUuun. King Henry IL 1174. HintoD. Ela Longeep^e, oonntess of Saliabnry. 1222. ■Clmiae. Montacnte. EarlofMorbiigne. 1068. Alien. Stoke Courcy De Com^ family. temp. Hen. II. A cell to the Benedictine abbey of Looley, Kormandy. Jfunneriet. Goumay femily. before 1312. Myncbtn BuckUnd. W. de Erlegh. 1166 and 1199. Canington. De Courey family. c. 1140. Wkite Hall, Ilobester. William Denys. c. 1216. Digitized by Google XX. — Notes on am, Ancient Boat found at Brigg. By Alfred Atkinson, A.M. Inst. O.E. Bead 26 NoTember, ] In the month of April, 1886, during the excavation of a pit at the Brigg gag"- ■works, a most interesting boat, of a very primitive type, was found. The upper- edges of the sides were first bared ; and, as these differed from the " car wood '* or buried trees which are bo often found in the neighbourhood, the workmen fortunately made a further examination, instead of chopping up the timber to- remove it piecemeal. It was then seen to be a boat, in a very fair state of pre- servation. The vessel lay almost at right angles to the old channel of the river Ancholme^ the stem being next the stream, and about twenty-five yards away from the water. The place is on the right bank of the river, and some 250 yards below the County Bridge at Brigg. The upper edge of the boat was 2 feet below the surface of the ground at the bow, and 3 feet 7 inches at the stem ; the outside of the bottom being at the same places 4 feet 9 inches and 6 feet 11 inches deep. Fig, 1. Sketch bbowdiq the imjsition of the boat. 3c2 Digitized by Google 362 Notes on an ancient Boat found at Bngg. The vesBel rested in and upon the alluvial clay of the Ancholme valley, which had evidently growu around and inside the boat by slow degrees, creeping into and filling every chink and cranny and rift in the wood. This clay in its natural state is moist and soft, and it acts as a wonderful preserver of timber. The wood buried in it is, when first found, so saturated with water that it is almost in a pulpy state ; but as it dries it hardens rapidly. tTnfortunately, it has, at the same time, a strong tendency to split as the moisture leaves it. The boat is made out of one huge log of oak, which has been " dug out " or hollowed; the butt or root end of the tree being used for the stem. The length over all is 48 feet 6 inches, and the width originally varied from 4 feet 3 inches at the bows to 4 ft. 6 inches at the stem. The depth outside is 2 feet 8 inches at the bows, and 3 feet 1 inch to 3 feet 4 inches at the stem. The log appears to have been hewn to an approximately square section, the sides and bottom being flattened. The bows when seen from above are almost semi-circular, and are gradually rounded off into the bottom and sides. At the stem, where the wood is "end-on of the grain," it is left much thicker than at the sides and bottom; being at the former place aboiit 16 inches through. 'In each bow there is a hole about 12 inches in diameter. The grain of the wood shows that these are the places where the first great branches of the tree grew. The holes are fitted with plugs, whose ends are rounded off, so as to form a kind of boss. The after-end of the boat has not been made by leaving the solid "timber, as in the bows, but by having a separate stem-board or transom fitted. In hollowing the vessel a kind of ridge was left (see fig. 3) at the stem, extending •across the bottom and up the sides. This is about 8 inches deep, and 15 inches ■wide across the floor, diminishing in depth as it approached the top of the boat. In this ridge a square-shaped groove is cut, about 3i inches in width and depth. This groove received the stem-board (fig. 2), which was found a little way from the boat. It is not made of oak, but of some softer wood, and measures 4 feet wide at the top, and 2 feet 5|- inches deep. The bottom half is rounded off in the manner shown in the drawing. This stern-board is made of two planks, IJ or 2 inches thick. It was made water-tight by a caulking of moss, which was driven into the groove. The sides of the boat are continued for about 2 feet beyond the stem-board, and are cut obliquely with a slight curve so as to form an over- hanging counter ; the board itself being perpendicular. In each gunwale (to use a convenient but not strictly correct term), and abaft the stem-board, two holes are pierced. The first is quite close to the board, the Digitized by Google _Notes on an ancient Boat found at Brigg. SCALE •fs"'- Fig. 2. SkxICH or BTBBH'BO^BD. other at the extreme end of the counter. These have eTidentlj been made to receive a lashing or twitch, passing from gunwale to gunwale, to hold the sides of Hg. S. LONOITUDIHAL BECTION OF BOTTOM OF BOA.T, BHOWINQ OSOOTB FOS BTEBM-BOASD. the boat tightly against the edges of the stem-board. There is no evidence of any other mode of fastening. All the length of the boat, and just below the gun- wale, holes seem to have been pierced through the sides. These holes are about Digitized by Google 364 'Notes on an (vaci&nt Boat found at Brigg. 2 feet apart, and 1-J to 2 inches in diameter. They have possibly been for lashings to hold the sides of the boat together, beams or stretchers being fixed here and there to keep them the proper distance apart. When «.._.....?....- J. tiie boat was first found, such a stretcher extended between the gunwales. It was made of silver birch^ with the bark left on. In hollowing the boat, three ridges of timber have been left, crossing the boat athwartships. if), They are about 6 inches wide, and almost half- Fig.*. SKrnosopFLooR-MDoE. ^""^ in Bection (fig. 4). These ridges correspond with the floor timbers of a modem craft. In the stem there are shelves or brackets, projecting inboards from each side, about 5 inches- below the gunwale. These extend forwards from the stem-board for 6 feet, and appear to have been made to carry a kind of after deck. At 4 feet and 7 feet 3 inches from the bow, small brackets have'been left on each side. These are about 9 inches long ; the first pair are 9 inches below the gunwale, and the second 11 inches. These appear to- have carried thwarts or seats. At a distance of 7 feet 3 inches from the bow, there is a hole 1^ inches in ^ diameter through the middle of the floor ; this was- scALE-i-*- s*i0PP®d with a plug. A similar hole, 2 inches in Kg. B. diameter, was found near the stem. These may possi- bly have been used for letting water out when the boat was hauled up from the water. There is no indication of any provision having been made for a mast or rigging. In the bows there is a sort of hollow, which was supposed to have been made for a bowsprit. It is however more probable that it is the result of natural decay, as a bowsprit would not be required in a vessel without sails or rigging. There is a kind of notch in each gunwale near the bows, which may have served the purpose of rowlocks, or they may be places that have been broken out since the boat was disused. The upper edges of the boat have suffered more from exposure to weather and from accident than the sides and bottom; and the forward part has been more injured than the after end. The bottom of the boat is split quite through in the centre, near the stem ; but this may have taken place since the boat was abandoned. In the starboard bilge there is also an extensive rift, which either existed when the vessel was originally made, or took place during the time it Digitized by Google Notes on an emdent Boaifownd at Brigg, 865 was in use. This orack had been partly repaired by caulking with moss, and partly by patches of oak. The largest of these patches is 5 feet 8 inches long, and 6^ inches wide in the middle, tapering almost to a point at each end. It was *• let in " from the outside of the boat, so as to leave the surface flush. On the inside of the patch, three cleats or projections have been left, carved out of the solid wood. These cleats are lengthwise of the patch, and are about 12 inches long, and 4 inches deep. In the middle of each cleat a hole has been made. The cleats passed through the split in the side of the boat, projecting on the inside, and wooden pins were then driven through the holes, so as to bear on the firm wood on each side of the rift. The patch was further fewtened by being sewed on with a twisted cord, through holes about f of an inch in diameter, and 2^ inches apart. These holes are made round the edge of the patch, and correspond* ing holes were bored through the side of the boat. The smaller patches were secured entirely by similar lacing, or by small pegs. The cord, when examined under the microscope, shows a structure resembling fibrous tissue, and probably it has been formed of twisted sinews. The mosses used for caulking have been identified as species which grow in woods on sandy soils.' The dimensions of the boat are more particularly stated in the following table : — * The Rev. H. W. Lett, M.A., of Aghadei^ Olebe, co. Down, has examined the moss, and he contributes the following note to the SoietUific Enquirer for Jnly 1886: — " The moea which formed the caulking in the pre-historic ship recently brought to light at Brigg consists of portions of two species. That which is most abundant in the specimen is Thuidium lamariidnum. It has a dull appearance, arising from the leaves being covered all over with minnte papill», or soft snper£cial glands, and the stem is densely clotted with paraphyllse, or downy rootlets ; both these features ave quite distinct and well preserved in the portions examined, which, instead of being green, are brownish. This is one of the most common and beantifnl of our Hypnunu, or cushion-mosses, and a bank covered with its green branches, which grow out in the manner of a miniature fern, is a lovely sight. It is still much used by the makers of artificial flowers for some purposes of their trade. The other is Hypnwa triqvetrum, a stout, erect plant, of a bright shining green, that ia permanent even when dry. The specimen retains its shining appearance, but the green has beoD changed to olive by the conditions under which it lay buried in the old craft. This is the mosa commonly nsed for making moss baskets, for which purpose it is sold in the London markets. The habitats of these mosses are banks in woods, where they may often be found growing together, as doubtless they did when the inhabitants of Lincolnshire plucked their handfuls in days of old to serve the purpose for which oakum is now used." Digitized by Google Notes on an ancient Boat found at Brigg. Hole in port bow about 12 inches diameter. Hole in starboard ditto. Brackets for thwart 9 inches below gonwalo. Hole through floor, atnidshipa, IJ inches diameter, with plug. Brackets for thwart, 9 inches long, H Inches below gnnwale. Floor-ridge. Beginning of split in starboard bilge. Floor-ridge, ditto. End of split in starboard bilf^e. Shelves or brackets 5 inches below gnnwale begins. Hole tbrongb floor amidships, abont 2^ inches diameter. Centre of groove for stern-board. Hole throngh port gunwale close abaft. Extreme length of bottom. Hole in port gnnwale. End of connter ^ extreme length of boat. Average thickness of sides 2 inches. Ditto bottom 4 inches. Feet Inches. 4 8 5 1 6 7 S 5 8 has been 8 These dimensions were taken after the boat waa removed from the excavation. The widths at the top are probably greater than the original size of the boat, owing to the sides falling outwards. This is clearly the case at the stem, the original size of which can be ascertained from the stem-board. The outside width as shown by the board was 4 feet 6 inches, bdt it now measures 5 feet 5 inches. Digitized by Google Notes on an ancient Boatfawnd at Brigg. 367 In the bottom of the boat, outside and near the bows, there is a hole appa- rently left by a dead knot in the wood. This was filled, with bladder-wrack, a common Beaweed. By drawing sections of the boat to scale it is found that the smallest circum- ficribing circle at the stem is 5 feet 4 inches in diameter. Those figures give the minimum dimensions of the oak log; and to them at least 6 inches must be added for sap-wood and bark to find the size of the tree. Mr. W. Stephenson, of Scarborough (who was one of the first to draw public attention to the discovery of the boat), is mi authority on matters relating to trees and timber. He is familiar with all the large trees now growing in England, and says there are none in existence that can compare in size with the enormous tree out of which this boat was constructed. There are trees of larger diameter, but the length of the trunk is much less. Mr. Stephenson believes that the tree was hollow at the heart, and that the hollow extended into the first great lateral branches, which grew about 60 feet above the ground. This accounts for the plugs in the holes in the bows, and for the necessity of having a separate stem- board. Also, probably, for the place in the head of the boat which has been sup- posed to receive a bowsprit. The natural habit of oak trees is to throw out branches within a few feet of the ground ; and it is only when growing in a dense forest, closely surrounded by other trees, that a straight stem shoots up devoid of branches. It is inconceivable that the constructors of this vessel had the means of felling an oak tree 6 feet in diameter. We must therefore conclude that the tree had completed the term of its natural existence, and had at last fallen through sheer old age. The workmen would find the tree hollowed to their hands, and the work would be finished, perhaps, partly by burning. The groove in the stem, and the edges of the patches are cut in so clean a manner that metallic rather than stone tools have probably been used. But no vestige of metal was found in or about the boat. The ground in which the ship was found corresponds exactly with that where the old timber roadway was discovered two years ago, except that the dark bluish alluvial clay is much thicker. The site of the road is 500 yards north-west from the boat. A description of this road, and a section of the ground, are given in the Proceedings of this Society for May 8th., 1884;' and also a short sketch of the * 2nd Series, x. 110. VOL. L. 3d Digitized by Google Notes on an ancient Boatfotmd at Brigg. > "With remainB of sedges. post-glacial geology of the Ancholme valley. The beds passed through in digging are in the following order, beginning at the top : — a. Surface soil. b. Feat and forest bed. c. Brown alluvial clay d. Dark blueisb grey alluvial clay 6. Feat and forest bed. /. Drift. The upper edges of the boat were slightly above the jimction of the two clay- beds. Since the discovery of the boat, a further light has been thrown on the formation of these beds. Mr. Edmund Grove, AM. Inst. C.E., of Saltbum, has kindly made a very careful microscopic investigation of the clays, for the purpose of detecting any diatomaceous remains. After preparing some of the brown clay for examination, he says, he " found the following species of Diatomacese very sparingly present. I give the "W. Smith nomenclature " — Navicula formosa. Greg. „ Jennerii. W. S. „ intemipta Kutz. • Trybhonella marginata. Nitzchia bilobata. W. S. Campylodiscus cribrosus. W. S. Coscinodiscus radiatus. Actinoptyohus undulatus. AuliscuH (Bupodiscus, Sm.) sculptus. Podosira maculata. W. S. - Melosira (Orthosira, Sm.) marina. No. of apecimens obserred. 2 1 3 2 1? 2 4 7 several short filaments The above was the total result of many examinations, so that the diatoms are very scarce. Mr. Grove fiirther says, " They are all marine forms, and occurred, with only one or two exceptions, in complete frustules ; and, in some cases, two or more complete frustules together. From this, and the fact that I found no fresh-water forms, I conclude that the place was a lagoon or hollow, out of the way of the stream, but accessible to the tide, which washed the diatoms in in a living state. Auliscus eculptiis, the two specimens of which were perfect frustules. Digitized by Google Kotes on an ancient Boat found at Brigg. 369 not water-worn, flouriBhea in Smyrna Bponges, but is found also abundantly in the allaviura of the Thames at Sheemess, and of the Elbe at Cuxhaven." In a sample of the grey clay, Mr. Grove found acicular sponge spicules, but no trace of diatomacesB. This investigation shows that the lagoon which the ancient vessel navigated was in open communication with the sea and the Humber, The presence of the sedges indicates however that the water was not very salt. Too much so, pro- bably, for the existence of fresh-water diatoms, and not salt enough for those of marine type to flourish. It would only be high spring tides that could drive salt water so far up the valley, forcing back the fresh water drainage that flowed from the surrounding hills. Mr. Grove's result also indicates that the blue-grey and the brown clay were deposited under very different circumstances, the latter is altogether subsequent to the period when the boat found its long rating-place. The present alluvium or "warp" with which the Humber is now so highly charged is of quite a distinct character from the two clays below the upper peat. Indeed, the bed of the Humber is cut in these clays, and for some distance from that river up the Ancholme valley, the clay is covered with a bed of recent alluvium or warp. The physical conditions of the Humber itselX must, therefore, have been very different in the days of the boat from what they are at present. Long after the old ship was wrecked or abandoned, an elevation of the ground converted the lagoon into dry land, on which an extensive forest grew, decayed and perished. The trunks of enormous oak trees, mixed with the remains of yew, birch, and hazel are frequently found in the upper peat. Another subsidence turned the Level of Ancholme again into a morass, which has been artificially drained within a comparatively recent period. It has been suggested that this ship may have been made since the Roman occupation. Bat, on the other hand, the Roman remains are only found in the upper peat, which is of later date than the boat ; probably, even the forest which grew over the boat had perished before the Roman period. The existence, a few miles away, of what is doubtless a Roman way across the marsh, tends to prove this. The Roman roads were essentially military roads; they ran direct from point to point, regardless of villages or local requirements, being made solely for rapid com- munication. One of the most important ways — the Ermine Street — runs on the west side of the Ancholme valley, and scarcely swerves from a straight line in the thirty miles between Lincoln and the Humber. On the east side of the valley 3»2 Digitized by Google 370 Notes on cm cmcient Boaifownd at Brigg. there was au important Roman station at Caistor. Of course it would be found desirable to provide a means of communication between Caistor and tlie Ermine Street, but there was the valley and swamp to cross. This difficulty was sur- mounted, and the remains we find to-day show how it was done. The road was made from Redboume, on the Ermine Street, towards Caistor, crossing the Ancholme Level in North Kelsey. From the remains it appears that the road or viaduct was formed of rows of oak piles, which carried a platform. Now the im- portant evidence given by this road is the fact that the heads of the piles are found in the upper peat, where they show many signs of decay. The lower portions, which were driven into the clay, are well preserved. The deduction is that the road was made after the forest period, and when the Iievel was again a bog; because oak-trees cannot grow in a swamp, and a forest can be crossed without a timber viaduct. If that be the case, the brown clay was deposited and the forest grew and fell between the time of the boat and the making of the Roman road. Dug-out boats of more or less rude construction have been found in several places in Oreat Britain before. The Clyde has been especially rich, Mr. J. Dalrymple Duncan, F.S.A. Scot., informs us,' that up to 1866 eighteen canoes had been found in op near Glasgow. In 1847, during the widening of the Clyde, twelve more canoes were discovered; and five were found in 1852, one in 1863, and one in 1854, five during 1856 to 1859, and two subsequently. The last was found in 1882 in an imperfect condition, the stem being wanting. The remaining portion measured about 24 feet long, and 3 feet 6 inches at the widest part. Mr. Duncan assumes that it was originally 30 feet long and 5 feet wide at the stem. The next boat in point of size was 14 feet long and 4 feet 1 inch wide ; and the smallest was 11 feet 10 inches long and 2 feet wide. In the historical department of the National Museum at Stockholm there is a similar boat, which was found in the Mosjo (moss-lake) in Nerike. It is 22 feet long, and is stated to be of the stone age. The ship-building of such skilled workmen as the Romans must have been of a very superior kind to these rude dug-outs. And in Scandinavia naval architec- ture had made a wonderful advance before the building of the beautiful ship found a year or two ago at Gokstad, in the Sandefjord. This vessel is very fully and minutely described and illustrated in a book entitled "The Viking-Ship, discovered at Gokstad in Norway; described by N. Nicholaysen," Christiania, Oammermeyer, 1882. ' Trans. Qlaggmo Archaeol. Boc. Part II. vol. xi. p. 121 Digitized by Google XXI. — Notes from the Records of the Mavm- of Bottesford, Lvncolnshire. By Bdwaed Peacock, F.8.A. Bead December 2, 188fl. B0TTE8POED is a small village in the parts of Lindeey and wapentake of Maoley, in the county of Lincoln. The parish before recent alterations consisted of the townships of Bottesford, Ashby, Burringham, Holme, and Yaddlethorpe, and of about half of Bast Butterwick. The manor of Bottesford extends over the greater part of Bottesford and Yaddlethorpe, and over the whole of that part of East Butterwick that is in Bottesford parish. Except in the case of East Butterwick the boundaries of the townships and the manor are not quite the same. There is a farm in Bottesford and another in Yaddlethorpe that are members of the great manor of Kirton in Lindsey, and on the other hand there were outlying portions of the manor of Bottesford in Brumby, Ashby, Messing- ham, and other places. Before the fall of the religious houses the manor of Bottesford had been for a long period in the possession of the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem. Its medieval history, though interesting on many accounts, must not be dwelt upon now. In the thirty-seventh year of Henry the Eighth the king sold it, with other property, to Charles Sutton, Esq., who is described as " de villa Cales." It is called the Lordship and Manor of Bottisforth, parcel of the late preceptory or commendatory of "Willoughton, in the county of Lincoln, late a priory or hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem. The conveyance runs in the usual form, but it is worth mentioning that among other things conveyed were " viginti duos denarios vocatos "Wamott rent."" What this word signifies has not, I believe, been as yet ascertained. Lands called Warenot lands existed in the townships of Northorpe, Spital, Morton and elsewhere in Lindsey, and under the form of Wamutte it is - Palmt Boll, 37 Hen. VIII. m. 17. Digitized by Google 872 Notes from the Records of the Manor of Bottesford, Lincolnshire. said to occur in the East Biding of Yorkshire.' The manor changed handa several times, almost immediately after it fell into the king's hands. In 1547 the lord was Thomas Yorke, Esq. This is the first year of the existing court-roUs. That earlier documents of the same character must have been compiled cannot admit of doubt. That they have been lost or destroyed seems almost certain. The Public Kecord office, and several other places where it was thought possible that they might have strayed, have been searched for them in vain. The jury of the 29th September, 1547, consists of but eleven persons, all but three of whom bear names which now or very recently have been familiar in the neighbourhood. The ordinary course of business, such as is familiar to students of documents of this kind, was followed; two women were fined for selling beer contrary to assize, and William Yates and Richard Haram were presented because their bams were in want of repair. These people it should be noted were almost certainly freehold tenants. It was ordered that no inhabitant of the manor should dig beates in the common moors or pastures, except by the consent of all the inhabitants of " Bottysford & Yadylthorpe," under a penalty of three shillings and four pence. Beat in our dialect means a bundle of flax or hemp,** it appears here to signify what, before the commons were enclosed, used to be called bags, that is the upper portion of the peat, consisting of true peat intermixed with roots of grass. At the court held on the .... day of May in the same year the business was of a simile character, William Morley was fined for assaulting and wounding Grace Howden three shillings and four pence, and it was reported that one hen value ij * had come as a stray into the manor. It was ordered that Thomas Robynson should not keep sheep or cattle within the common pasture under pain of xiij' iiij*. The meaning of this entry is by no means obvious. Thomas Robynson must have been a tenant of the manor, or he would not have been in a position to incur a fine. If he were a tenant, unless his sheep and cattle were suffering from some noxious disease, it is not clear to me by what right or custom his stock could be excluded from the common pasture. The next entry induces me to believe that there was either murrain in the manor or great dread thereof, for it was ordered under a lite penalty that no one should make ingress and egress with their animals into the common pasture. It was further ordered that the sewers and • Norden's Survey of the Mattot of Eirton in Lindtey, MS. Pub. Lib. Camb. Ff. 4, 30, foil. 48b^ 25 b, 49 b, 64 b, 66 b. VaUrr Eccl. iv. 133 i. 137 ii. The AntiqwiTy, vol. xii. 207 ii. " Arthur Tonng, Line. Agriculture, 1799, p. 159. Digitized by Google i Notes from the Records of the Manor of Bottesford, Lincolnshire. 373 banks were to be well scoured " bene escurata " before the feast of Pentecost, and that all persons were to make sufficient pig-sties, and keep their pigs therein from sunset until eight o'clock in the morning, and that no one should turn his pigs into the sown field until the end of autumn; no one to put mares having foals in the sown field; no one to cut for purposes of sale " trifodia vocato vppergraftes " in the moor. 1548. The next court was held on the thirteenth of October, 1548, and Richard Stocks was presented because he permitted his geese to go in the sown field. Orders were made that every one within the manor should fill up '* le ffyrre holes" before the feast of SS. Simon and Jude next following, and that all persons should well and sufficiently scour " le watterlotte " before the feast of All Saints. The " fEyrre holes" were the pits which were dug in the peat-moss for the purpose of procuring the buried fir timber and roots which were and are still to be foimd there. The timber, much of which was soimd and strong, was used for gate-posts and the roofs of buildings, the roots for fuel. A waterlot is such portion of a drain as one person is bound by custom to keep in order. These waterlots were abolished here by the enclosure at the end of the last century, but many drains in the immediate meighbourhood are still cleansed in this most inconvenient manner. 1549. the third of May, it was presented that William Rederwas a receiver of stolen goods, and that William Robinson had committed a petty theft, and that William Raunald had demised certain lands by indenture which were held of the lord by copy, therefore the lands are forfeited to the lord. 1550. At the court held on the seventeenth of April, 1550, Robert Cooke waa fined three shillings and four pence because he had permitted his pigs to root up the common pasture, and two men smaller sums for fighting. It was ordered that no one should turn pigs into the common pasture unless they were suffi- ciently ringed, nor his sheep into another pasture called the Marsh unless they had a mark * to distinguish them. The marsh here spoken of was not boggy land, but, on the the contrary, the highest part of the common. It is the Anglo-Saxon mearc, a sign, boundary or limit, and signifies the strip of land, on the extreme ■ When the commons were unenclosed, it was neceBsary for every one who had a right of pastnre to have a sheep-mark that could be easily distinguished from those of his neighbours. A letter 'written by archbishop Cranmer, probably in 1534, shews that these marks were sometimes used for other pnrposes. He says, " Toaching my commission to take oaths of the king's subjects for his highness' Bocceasion, I am by yonr laBt letters well instrncted, saving that I know not how I shall order them that cannot subscribe in writing : hitherto I have caused one of mj secretaries to Digitized by Google 374 Noteefrom the Records of the Manor of Botiesford, Lmcotnshvre. Boutli of tlie common, wliicli separated the manor of Bottesford from Messingham. It was also enjoined that no one should keep geese in the sown field after the feast of the Ascension, or put nets or " le lepes " ' into the common eewer called the " inaowlynge " " in the day-time. 1551. 3rd April. Orders were made, that no one should glean ears of barley or peas in the autumn until such time as the crop was removed, nor out grass in the meadow called the " maune medowe." The grass on this meadow was evidently held in common, and when made into hay must have been divided among the several tenants of the manor. If green grass for cattle-food were required during the summer, it had to be obtained from the "head lands" and "banks," or other lands held in severalty. It was further enjoined, that no one was to permit a foal to follow his plough in the sown field ; and that all persons were to make good their "burcelleB"" and fences between themselves and the common field before the feast of the Ascension. 1552. 25 April. Among the orders this year occur, that no one shall permit his oxen (boves) to go untethered in the sown field : " Quod nullus le stopup le headlandes sed ecinebant vicinos suos habere viam quod necesse fuerit." This entry is interesting from the curious mixture of languages which it presents ; it is also important, because it shows that the freehold and copyhold rights of the tenants were of a limited character. The land in the manor of Bottesford was cultivated in very narrow strips ; some of these, but by no means the whole of them, abutted on a highway. Those that did not could never be reached by their owners, except by going on their neighbours' head-lands. 1554. 25 October. Richard Cave was fined sixpence because he put hemp into the common sewer. Almost every landowner in this and the adjoining 8nbacr[ib]e for such persons, and made them to write tlieir ehepe mark, or some other mark as they can scribble. Now I would know, whether I shall, instead of subscription, take their seals." — Cranmer, Miscellaneous WritiTtgs (Parker 8oc.) 291. * A leap or lepe is a long wicker basket employed for catching eels ; the word is still in use. At the sessions held at Northallerton, Jnly 12, 1610, Charles Adamson, of Normanby, was presented " for fishing* contynnally with leape and ell neites." N," Digitized by Google •Notes from the Records of the Manor of Bottesford, Lincolnehvre. 375 manors had a " hemp dyke " of his own, in which to steep the hemp and flax which he grew, for the purpose of making Bheets, sacks, and cordage. To steep hemp in the common Bewer was no light offence ; for it killed the fish, and made the water unfit for cattle to drink. 1562. 27 May. At this com>t the jury consisted of fourteen persons. A series of orders were made which, for the most part, only reproduce those already quoted; one is worth mentioning. It prohibits any of the inhabitants of the manor digging " le bassokes," for the purpose of taking them out of the manor. The offence was a grave one ; so the fine was three shiUings and four pence. A hassock was a thick peat-sod used for fuel. The word is now obsolete here ; but I have conversed with persons to whom it was familiar. 1563. 12 April. The jury at this court consisted of eight persons only. John Seabank and eight others were fined four pence each for cutting and carrying away trees from the lord's wood. The tenants had, probably, the right of gather- ing sticks in the wood; and it may safely be presumed that they could take, under the supervision of the lord's forester, what they needed for houseboot, ploughboot, gateboot, and fenceboot. These nine persons, we should gather, had taken timber for some unlawful purpose, or felled the trees at an improper time of the year. Some portion of this wood was remaining until about a century ago. In title-deeds and surveys it is commonly called " Temple-wood." The site of the eastermost portion is still called " the wood-close." Further orders are made as to digging turves : none are to be dug beyond " le southe gate." No one is to go " cum auriga vocata a shod wayne or cart sub le hebbels.'" At the court held on the 7th of October this yeare, Thomas Whyttyngham of Eastbutterwyke was fined iij' iiij' because " posuit canes super pecora in moris de Bottysford." It was also ordered, that every one who had sufficient fuel should prepare for himself three cart-loads before the feast of Saint Martin on pain of a fine of vi' viij*. 1565. 26 June. An order was issued, under a penalty of ten shillings, that " le kuckstowle " should be made for this manor for " le scolders " before the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel. 1566. 2nd October. Richard Buggyns and John Blacken were fined iij' iiij* each, for an assault on Richard Tyrwhit, from whom they drew blood. Thomas Yates was fined v shillings because he took in other persons' sheep. This was a grave offence, with which the manor courts had to deal severely. The taking " to gist," as it was called, " foreign " cattle, was a great wrong to all the per- • Probably a irooden bridge. See Atkinson, Cleveland Qlote. Bnb voce Hebble. VOL. L. 3 E Digitized by Google 376 Jfotesfrom the Becor^s of tJte Manor of Bottesford, Lmcobufhire. SODS who had rights upon the common, as these "foreign " animals consumed the food which was the joint property of all the tenants of the manor. Eichard Dawber was fined iiij* because he did not shut op his pigs in their sty at night. 1567. 21 April. No farmer to keep more than three geese beside the gander after Sesagesima, on pain of a fine of iij* iiij''. No labourer to keep more than two geese and a gander, fine iij* iiij^. Bichard fFreman and Henry Hill to remove the dung belonging to them which lies in the highway on pain of a like fine. Richard fireman to remove his hedge at the south part of his house *' ad le old Bootes " before the feast of Saint Martin, on pain of a like fine. 1568. 4 May. William Emonson fined xij^ because "dedit illeoita verba Johanni Whelewryht." Thomas Biugham find iij* because he made "inchase and ontchase infra dominicum istud." 1569. 25 January. Robert Chapman fined xii*" "quia vxor eius dyd drye hempe in a fyer Chymney." Nearly every Lincolnshire manor the records of which I have been permitted to examine contains entries of this kind.' Hemp and its refuse, the bark, or husk, are very inflammable substances, and fires must often have originated from the careless practice of "breaking" and drying hemp in the large open chimneys. John Healy was fined the large sum of xl' because be kept two hundred sheep within the lordship, and was not an inhabitant thereof. 22 April. Bichard Browne fined xij' because " hospitauit vagabundo." 4 October. Robert "Williamson fined sij* "quia puplicauit consilium Juratorum." 1570. 24 September. A common way and a common hyrsell'' ordered to be made on the north and east sides of Bottesford wood for the convenience of the lord and his tenants. 1571. 7 October. Robert Rowbotham and John Cooke fined ij' iiij* and viij*" respectively, because they permitted the servants of other persons to be in their houses contrary to the form of the statute. In the margin is written " Ludebant apud cartas pictas." William Smythe fined iiij" because "custodiuit canem malum, vocatum Anglice a vnlawfull dogge." George Harryson, Agnes his wife, and Hamo his son fined v' for being " pety bryberes de anseris et aliis bonis." The meaning of this entry is not clear. The most probable interpretation seems to be, that these persons had committed a trespass with the geese, or broken a by-law concerning them, and that, when discovered, they had endeavoured to bribe some one, probably an official person, to keep the matter secret. 1572. 23 May. Robert Leake fined x' because he keeps in his house an artificer, called a " cordwayner." John Farray fined vj'^ because he had made a ■ Cf. Archaeologia, vol. xlvi. p. 382. " Probably a fooi^path. Digitized by Google •Notes from the Records of the Marurr of Bottesford, Lincolnshire. 377' dunghill in the highway, and ij' because he had infected the water by putting skins into it. At this court we have for the first time a series of orders made in English. I give them without abridgment : Ordinatus est quod no cartes nor waynes of Messingham load turves vppon the highe mowre yate except they by them eytber of the towne of Bottisford or Yaddletborpe vppon psyne of euery cart or wayne oSfendynge contraiy to this payne shall be in miserioordiam iij' iiij^ Item that enery person that will carie ther swyne to the commonB shall rynge them vppon payne of enery swine vnrynged after Trenitie Sonday sub pena qnilibet porcis defect in misericordia xg' Item that no man offend in gravinge of torrefi vppon or within the Bottes* but that they Bhalbe in misericordia xl' Item that none grave tnmes not abone ffortie thowBand in one yere vppon payne of euery defaut xz' And also that none shall signe'' any of ther turuegrades afore they be graven but after they have graven them they may sell them. Item that no ootiger that kepes a dranight' in eomer and not aible to kepe the said drawight in wynter do can any tnruee forth to any other townes in Bomer shatbe in misericordia xx* Provided all wayes that yf the towne of Yaddelthorpe bracke any of the paynee aforsaid that then the Inhabitaontes of Bottbfbrd to be at libertie. 1673. 7 April. Richard Harrison fined iij* ii*" "quia cepit stickes from hedges at divers tymes." Robert "Williamson, " for plowinge away of dike daille meare, iij iiij**. The dale here spoken of was one of many divisions of land so called in this and the adjoining manors; they were not vallies, but divisions of land in the open fields.** Catherine Chapman, vj* for not having a " swinstye," that is a pig-sty. Richard Henrison and William Aliston, alias ffoxe ij' "quia cepit certayne horsse shoeae oute of [the] shope of henry Page." It was ordered at this court that " noman shall fell no common braycons vnto suche tyme as the cargraves appoint a tyme, in payne of every default xij*." Brackens were required for bedding for cattle, and, as there was not much land on the wastes of the manor where they grew, it was necessary to be careful of them. 1574. 17 June. The jurora say upon their oaths " that Oliver Bowton carried thre stray sheppe from Yaddlethorge to Kyrton this laste yere." Also ■ Bntts for archery. "* Aeeif^. ' Draught of oien. ' Cf . the writer's ManUy and Corringham Olottary, snb voce. 3e2 Digitized by Google 378 Notes from the Records of the Manor of Bottesford, LincolmUre. the said jory eayeth " that at mayday laste paste Richard Browen cairyed thre stray gesse from Yaddlethorpe to Kyrton, [and] that Robert Atkynson caried thre stray horeses from Yadlethorppe to Kyrton." These entries are cnriouB as shewing the confusion that was caused by small detached pieces of one manor lying within the conSnes of another. Nearly the whole of Yaddlethorpe is in the manor of Bottesford, but one small farm was a member of the royal manor of Kirton in Lindsey. Constant disputes between the rival authorities seem to have resulted from this unfortunate arrangement, which however is of immemorial antiquity, as certain lands in Yaddlethorpe are mentioned in Domesday as a part of the manor of Kirton. At this court it was ordained " that euery person that gethers peason' withoute the lycens of ye husbandman shall be amerced for every time lij''." 18 October. It was ordered that every cottager should have four loads of turves called " eldynge " " before the feast of Saint Andrew under the pain of vj' viij^. This entry is curious, but the object of the order and the heavy fine that was threatened is clear. If a cottager was not provided with materials for his winter fires he and his family would have perished with cold, unless they were reUeved by or stole from their more provident neighbours. The authorities had no doubt discovered that some of the people after whom it was their duty to look never called to mind that winter would come again when the days were bright and the sun warm. 1576. 3 May. Widow "Walker fined iij' iiij" for " breakinge hemp & lyne in her firehouse." "Widow fEowler a similar fine for " brakinge de hemp et lynne in her oven." Wheraa tbe wyflFe of Xpofer Crayne fliatmdered the wyffe of Eichard Dawber for a roylle of lynne cloth, we say that Dawbers wyffe is a verie ODest woman and withowte blame in that matter and we amerce Xpofer Crayne for the yll veage of his said wj-ffe iij' iiij* Item we lye in payne that enery woman that is a scould shall eyther be sett vpon the cuekstoll & and be tbrise docked in the water or else ther hnebandes to be amercied vj' viij* aB well the one partie as the others » Peas. '' The word elding, tbottgh nearly obsolete, is etdll in nse to indicate small sticks nsed for lighting fires. The proverbial saying when something quite worthless is spoken of, that " it is neither good for hedge-stake nor elding," will perhaps hinder it from falling into complete disnse. The word occurs in Scotland. Sir Walter Scott makes Willie of Westbnmflat say, " Mony thanks to ye for collecting sae muckle winter eildingfor ns." Black Dwarf, chap. ix. Cf. Not&i and Queries, 4th Series, toI. xi. p. 454. Atkinson's Cleveland Qlostary, sub voce. Digitized by Google ^otesfrom the Records of the Manor of Bottesford, Lincolnshire. 379 1677. 29 AprU. Ordered that no one keep cattle or " bestes " in the pasturo unless he lives -within the lordehip, penalty zx*. 30 September. A woman named Hill fined xiij* because she had not suffi- ciently repaired her house " cum thacke and morter." 1578. 28 March. Further orders were made at this court. Item that euery man that bathe begune a pjtte shall graye it vp in order in payne of vj' viij* This relates to digging turves. The upper peat was the beat for fiiel, because it was less clogged with water, and therefore sooner became dry. It was no un- common custom for selfish persons to engross several turf pits, only taking the upper " draws " from each. Item that no manner of person nor persons shall grave neare any cawsye by xx^ fott of eyther syde in payne of vj* viij^ The object of this order was to preserve the "caueies" from being disturbed by the peat on which they were made settling into the holes made by the turf diggers. There was also another good reason. These " causies " did not run straight like a modern road, but twisted about so as always to be on the highest land. The holes where turves had been dug were full of water in winter, and would have been highly dangerous for travellers by night, had they been close upon what was in fact, though perhaps not in law, a highway. Item that euery man have a sufficient swyne ootte before mayday next in payne of iij* iiij' Item that euery man shall mak hifi hedges sufficient betwixt this and mayday next in payne of xij" Item that none shall gleane in henieste but fewer landes of from any stowckes* in payne of xij* Item that none shall kepe any diseased horses or mares goinge of the common pastures in payne of vj' viij^ Item that none shall grave any sodes or tnrvea nor bassockos* of the Sowthe Easte syde the grene gaitte and abnttinge of the Soiithe West of grene howe* in pena vj' viij* ■ A Btook or Htowk is ton sheaves of com set with their heads together in a slanting position, for the purpose of drying, preparatory to their being stacked. The word is still in common nse. t> A thick grassy sod. ' Greenhoe is a sandhill near the middle of the moors. A fannhonee is now built thereon, which is commonly known as Taddlethorpe Orange. Digitized by Google ■Notes from the Records of the Manor of Bottesford, Linc(Amhire, It iB laid in pa^e that Robert Waplay, vxor Walker, Peter Bmythe, Xpofer Craven, John fiarra, & Stephayne IVipman shall euery of them repaire their lionses before candlemas next in payne of euery one foand fiiltie to ibrfeit to the Lord iiij* It is almost, if not quite, certain that most of these persons were freehold tenants, not copyholders. 1579. 1 April. It is lajd in payne yt no cottager in the towne nor in ye thorpc' ahal kepe no oatel vpon the lordes commtmeB after ye lords officer hane gyne him waining bat eueiy [one] BO doing to forfet ^ vig* Item that no ootiger kepe at any tyme within this Lordsliippe above tenne sheppe vpon payne of vj' viij** Item that everie hnsbandman within this Lordshippe to sett eneiy year vj willowee & eaery cotiger iij and to preeeme them from cattell, in doinge the contrary eoery husbandman to forfayte lij'' and eveiy ootiger ^' 1580. 8 April. Several persons were fined small sums for appropriating " bottelles " of furze. Imprimis wo lye it in payne y* no man lode anye ooantrie wflyne after aonne set, or afore Sonne rysse in ye mominge, in enery on bo taken ij* vj'* A "country wayne," probably, means a waggon belonging to someone who was not a tenant of the manor. Item we lye in payne y* vidoa Rowbotham r^nire y" Nether bowse before Lammas day nest comeing in payne of xx* 1581. 5 October. John Bramley fined zz' for not sufficiently making and repairing his hedges and " burcelles." Nicholas Nedam fined vj* viij^ because he " graved vpp the cawsie." 1585. 18 May. Antiony Cartwright fined xij^ "quia non pitt le carion ad nocumentum vicinorum." 6 October. Orders were made — That eueiy man scower hie watercourses or dreans before St. Lukes day next in payne of euerye defalt iij' iiij* ■ i. e. Taddlethorpo. Digitized by Google i 2ifote8 from the Records of the Manor of Bottesford, Lincolnshire. 381 Item that eneiye chimney be enfScientty made and repayred before St Andrewes day 8ub pena .... iij" iUj" Item that William Balderston make a sufficient covering for his well before Saturday next aub poena i^' iiijd Item that no man kepe any vndertenant in Bottesford and Taddethorpe that be nowe dwelling there afW Candlemas next in payne of euery deialt xx* 1586. 12 April. Several persons were fined twenty shillings each for keeping undertenants in newly-built bouses. It was ordered tbat — eueiye man make hie lotte in the lane after the woode syde before thorsday next sub pena zij' That is, everyone wtw to do his share in the repair of this road ; which, from a former entry already quoted, aeems to have been a new one. Item that Hawkoliffe dike be made before thnrsday next sab pena xij' Item yt is ordeyned that Thomas dawber shall make sufficient againe the ont sbotto which he hathe taken downe before the next court sub pena xx» 1687. 9 October. James Stephen was fined xij* for taking fish '• in le beoke," without the lord's licence. 1589. 6 October. Robert Kirke fined vj' viij*" " for wayning over the Beck banke contra ordinationem to the great decay of the water walls." 1690. 5th October, James Burkill fined x' for keeping three scabbed horses on the common. Richard Manewell fined lij'' because his wife and boy carried away "le elding" belonging to other people. William Burley was fined iij' iiij'' " quia non habuit le elding pro hieme." This entry is remarkably interesting, as showing that the authorities exerted themselves for the good of the various house- holds when the head thereof was idle or careless. 1591. 10 May. Margaret Bowyer, widow, lady of the manor. William Elvylsh fined iij' iiij^ for "dogging beast" in the common pasture. 8 October, Marmaduke Tirwhitt, lord of the manor. Walter Emerson fined iij' iiij** because he had dug three turf pits at the same time. Robert Whaplott was fined viij'* " quia non posuit porcos ad le swineherde." 1694. 26 April. It is laide in pajne by the Jmie aforesaid that eueiy housholder within this lordship shall yearlie provide sufficient elding and fewell for wynter in payne of every one making de^t iij* iiij* 1595. 17 October. Thomas Vrrie and William Shaw, lords of the manor. 1601. 12 April. Thomas Vrrie gentleman, one of the lords of the manor, fined xij^ for not dealing out a drain, "vnum le drean," on the east side of the orchard. This ditch can still be identified, as the orchard yet exists. It is curious Digitized by Google 382 Notes from the Uncords of the Manor of Bottesford, Lincolnshire. to find one of the lords of the manor fined by hia court, as it has been generally assumed that the manor courts had no such power. There is evidence that in at least one other Lincolnshire manor the lord was threatened with a fine. In the court roll of Little Carlton of 1603, of which Charles Cooke was lord, occurs the following passage : " Item we do lay in payne that IT Cooke shall apoynte ts a place to sett our common fould on with sufficient wood for to make yt betwixt this and martynmas next in payne of v"." In this case we feel fully assured that legal proof could be given that the IT Cooke threatened with this heavy fine was identical with Charles Cooke the lord. 1602. October 15. Thomas Vrry and John Shawe, lords of the manor. 1603. 14 October. George Roger was fined xij* "for keping a decayed chimney and laying thinges near the same." Cuthbert graunger xij" "for dig- ging fur stockes vnder Wymehowe hill." It is layd in poine that none shall sell anie bassacks except to there owne neighbors and not ont of the towne in payne of eoeiy defalt for euery burthen vj*. viij^ 1606. 13 October. It was ordered— that none shall take eny stubble of their land after harvest be don in payne of enery de< iij" iiij* There can be no donbt that this order was made to hinder the manorial tenants from impoverishing the land. It seems to point to a time when the soil was not held in severalty but redivided annually. 1607. 13 April. A fine of vj' viij' threatened for all who stock "the comon pasture" not having a right to do so. A fine of xij" for all who "pull their neighbors shape ;" that is, those who catch the sheep and pull locks of wool from their fleeces. This is an offence by no means obsolete at the present day. The wool that was dragged off the sheep by bushes, or came off naturally, was in most manors the perquisite of the women of the manor. 1508. Under this year it may be well to note that the Kirton in Lindsey manor roll furnishes an instance of the inconvenience which arose from a portion of Yaddlethorpe not being in the manor of Bottesford. It appears that William Ellis took a sheep with ite lamb which was astray from the common pinder and fled with it into the manor of Bottesford. 1616. 15 April. An order that in case any cattle should die of " fellen or morren," a fire is to be made by the owner of brushwood, furze, and peats, and the body burned therein, the bones not consumed to be buried.- 1617. 13 October. An order made that cattle which died of the " fellon or morren " should be buried, and the place where the said cattle had died burnt. Digitized by Google XXn. — On excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford, in Lincolnshire. By Gboegb "William Thomas, Esq. R«ad March 30, ] In fhe latter part of November in the past year I heard that in the course of operations consequent upon the widening of a portion of the Grantham, Sleaford, and Boston Railway, there had been several discoveries of human remains, accompanied by beads, fibulae, pottery, and spears. I was therefore led to ask permission to make a systematic ezploration of the locality. Through the kind favour of the Marquis of Bristol, the owner of the property, of his kinsman and representative, R. H. Hervey, Esq., and by the courtesy of the tenant, J. H. Marston, Esq., I was enabled to carry out what I believe to be an exhaustive examination. Before entering into the details of the excavations, I propose making a few remarks upon the locality in which these remains were discovered. The place in question is a grass field about one hundred yards to the south of the town of Sleaford, which was included in the Saxon kingdom of Mercia. This town is of considerable antiquity, and was doubtless from a very early period a place of some importance. The following account is given in Domesday : — In Egla/orde. habet Bardi .xi. camoatas teirae ad geldutn Terra ad xi, carocatas. Ibi habet episcopus in dominio .iii. caracatas et zziz. villanoB et vi. sochemannoB et xi. bordarios habentos .xiiii. carucatas. Ibi presbitor et ecdeBia et viii. molini de x. librie et ceo. «t xx acras prati et i. acra silvae minutae MareBcam ceo. et xxx acramm. Tempore Begis Edwardi valebat XX. librafi, modo xxv. libras. British remains have not infrequently been found in the immediate neighbour- Lood, a fine camp being still discernible at South Kyme, only a few miles distant. VOL. L. 3 y Digitized by Google 884 Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. Sleaford is situate upon the small stream or river Slea, which discharges itself into the Witham, and would thus afford a direct means of communication with the sea. The town lies about twelve miles from Grantham, and about eighteen from Boston. It adjoined a branch of the northern Roman road, Ermine street, and was within easy distance of the immense navigable canal of the same people, the Car Dyke. The road crossed a ford of the stream a few hundred yards to the east of the now existing town, and led in a direct line from Durobrivae, or Castor, to Lincoln. Certain localities in the neighbourhood of this street or road shew nnmistakeable evidences of a lengthened Boman occupation, in the frequent occurrence of coins and pottery. The settlement would seem to have been after- wards colonised by a tribe of the Saxons, or Angles, and, from the abundance of the remains now discovered, the occupation was evidently an extensive one. The conBguration of the &ce of the country having been so much changed by culti- vation, it is impossible to fix with certainty the absolute boundary of the Saxon cemetery; a high road, a railway, and farm-buildinge, more or less intersect the lines of burial. Judging, however, from the space which I have examined, I believe the cemetery to have been rectangular, based upon a due east and west line, and of an area of about 3,600 square yards, the southern base being at the least 60 yards, and the probable form an oblong. The space is intersected diagonally by the line of the Great Northern railway, which, from its width at this point, has unfortunately caused the destruction of more than two-thirds of the original cemetery; for I find on inquiry that not only upon the recent widening of the line, but also, many years ago, upon the original making of the same, bodies and relics were found in great profusion in the position which would be included in the space I have suggested. My operations were therefore confined to the southern portion of the cemetery in the angle formed by the railway and the high road. The small comer on the opposite side of the line was used many years ago for the purpose of digging gravel, and was found to contain similar remains, as was also the site of the farm-buildings on the other side of the high road. Although some of these relics have fortunately fallen into the hands of persons through whom they are made known to the antiquarian world, in the very aWe ■ and interesting history of Sleaford, written by a Fellow of this Society, the Right Reverend Edward Trollope, bishop of Nottingham, yet there has been no systematic exploration of the ground, and consequently no record of the details of the interments. The great majority of the relics discovered on these previous occasions seem to have utterly disappeared, and some them may have been again entombed in the course of railway operations. Digitized by Google Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. 385 There is but little elevation in the ground occupied by the cemetery, perhaps a rise of about two feet at the highest point, and, the country being slightly undulating in its outline, there was absolutely nothing in external appearance to mark it as a burial-place. I estimate the number of interments in the entire cemetery to have been at the least six hundred, as the burials in the portion that I have examined were arranged in rows coinciding with the external southern line of the cemetery, and were at a tolerably uniform distance of about ten feet from each other for about three-fonrths of the space explored. Beyond this portion the interments were very irregular, in some instances many square yards being utterly unproductive. In these barren spots I found the soil to be generally composed of gravel, which would thus appear to have been avoided for the purposes of burial, there being no evidence whatever of any interment therein ; as, even should the bones have perished from the more rapid percolation, yet the fibulae, pottery, and beads, would have remained. My impression is. that in this part of the ground there was originally a series of timttuli, within which the interments were made, and that such tumuli have been ploughed down. Without there being an absolutely fixed rule, there was a marked difference in the character of the burials, indeed sufficiently so to be noticed by my labourers. The bronze fibulae, beads, and pottery were chiefly found in burials at the western extremity, and the iron spears and shield bosses at the eastern end, while the extreme south-west comer, although perhaps more closely filled with bodies than the average of the remainder, was singularly barren of relics. One great peculiarity of the whole is the fact that, contrary to the usual custom, with but about a dozen exceptions (the majority of those being children), the bodies were in a doubled-up position, the knees bent and the hands before the faces, exactly as in earlier interments. The bodies were laid on the left side with the heads to the west, thus facing the north, except in one instance, where the head lay to the east, and on the right side; but with this body there were no relics. The original depth of the interments was probably about two feet nine inches, and I have, therefore, in the subjoined detailed account, made no reference to the depth, unless in the two or three cases where the average was exceeded. The surface of the ground was slightly undulating, having been ploughed into ridge and furrows, so that the depth varied. The subsoil is a well-defined stratum of white silt, upon or slightly within which the bodies lay, and thus affords, not only a good index to the original depth of the interment, but also, from its unmixed purity, a sure indication that there was no lower burial. The upper soil is a very porous sandy loam, which but ill 3p2 Digitized by Google 386 ,Excavatiom in an Anglo-Sascon cemetery at Sleaford. preserves the bones and pottery, both of which were in a very decayed condition. Sparsely scattered throughout this soil were fragments of pottery, not of a sepulchral character, as well as charcoal, and animal bones, and these occurred without reference to the graves. I can vouch for the position and number of all the relics to each interment, my plan having been never to allow any excavation beyond a foot in depth without my presence, and no bone or relic of any des- cription to be removed from its site except by wj own hands. I am thus enabled to furnish what I believe to be a close and accurate account of the ground that I have examined. I would call particular attention to the fact that not a single sword was found in the entire cemetery, and that they have not disappeared from decay, is proved by the discovery of much smaller iron articles, such as knives and buckles, in fair condition, and also by the absence - of any sword ornaments in other materials. I think it well to call attention to the remarkable symbol that occurs on the fibula from interment No. 143 (PI. XXIV. fig. 2), being the swastika or fylfot, so well known as an Aryan symbol, and which not only occurs on some of the antiquities discovered by Dr. Schhemann at Troy, and Mycenae, but is also still used as a symbol by the Buddhists. The forms of the fibulae in Nos. 95 and 182 are also modifications of this sign. In interments Nos. 121 and 155 the silver and bronze wire articles which formed ornaments for the wrists remind one somewhat of a gold ornament from the lake-dwellings at Morigen (Keller, trans. Lee, PI. LVir. 9), a type not common in Saxon cemeteries. That the settlement was an early one may, I think, be fairly assumed from the fact that cremation was still existing in its absolute and not merely symbolical form, as in six cases (Nos. 10, 38, 70, 139, 172, 183) the calcined bones were deposited in urns in the ordinary manner ; and in other cases the presence of charcoal bespoke the existence of the rite in a modified form. I would also specially advert to the annular objects of ivory accompanying the articles which have been variously called girdle-hangers and chatelaines (Plate XXIV. fig. 4). In five of the eight cases in which I have found these girdle-hangers ' Two ivoiy rings were foTind by Mr. Akerman in graves of women in tlie cemetery at Bi-ighi- hampton, Ozod. and seem to have been 5 inches in diameter. See Archaeologia, xxxtui. pp. 86, 89. They do not appear to have been accompanied by girdle-hangers, but in one were a nnmber of silver coins, and the silver mounting of a. purse. Mr. Akerman suggests that these ivory rings " appear to have formed the framework of a kind of bag, probably tor holding sewing materials and implements bt housewifery." Ibid. p. 92. See also Wylie, Fairford Graves, p. 15. Digitized by Google Excavations in an Anglo-Saaon cemetery at Sleaford. 387 I have found the annular object with them in the fonn of an incomplete circle, with an opening of two or three inches, which wae lying towards the hinges of the chate- laine. I am informed that these have rarely been noticed, indeed I am not aware of any having been reported or ioade known to archaeologists. May they not have formed the framework upon which a pouch or satchel of skin or woven fabric was stretched, the impression of which latter is distinctly retained upon one ? The majority of the bangers have small perforations at the angles, and, being orna- mented on one side only, they would seem to have been attached to some material in the manner suggested. The frames without doubt formed some portion of the chatelaine, as they all lay in precisely the same position with regard to the bronze bangers, and were never present without them. The clasps of the various bracelets were uniformly surrounded by, and im- bedded in, a black substance, evidently leather, which probably formed the bracelets, but it was in too decomposed a condition to enable me to ascertain whether it was ornamented in any manner, or plain. I have noticed in several instances the presence of very fragile seed capsules of about the size of a bean, and with a smooth surface, intermixed with the necklets, as though they might have been strung among the beads, but they were all so very thin that they perished immediately upon exposure. That they formed part of the necklets may, I think, be assumed, because I found them occupying the spaces between the beads, which, without them, would have been at irregular distances from each other. With regard to the necklets themselves I can confidently assert that they were not used in the sense which is understood by the word necklet, but that they were simply festoons of beads, in many instances double ones, extending from the one shoulder to the other, supported at either end by a fibula or pin. This, I believe, has been found to be the case in some of the continental cemeteries : see for instance the graves of Livonia (Bahr, Graber der Liven, PI. 9), where chains are used in the same manner. The position of the skeletons laid on their sides enabled me to ascertain that all the beads were in situ in front of the body, and none of them either under or behind the vertebrae, which must necessarily have been the case if they had encircled the neck. I have found no coins other than Roman ones (chiefly those of Oonstantine and Maxentius), and only in one instance have they been deposited as coin per »e, being generally perforated and used as pendants to the necklets. The one excep- tion is that of No. 85, where six coins neatly piled in two heaps lay among and on the bones of the hftnd of the skeleton of a child. ' I would again call attention to the fact that in several instances I have found charcoal and carbonaceous earth Digitized by Google 388 Excavatione in an Anglo-Saseon cemetery at Sleaford. ■freely intennixed with tlie soil in immediate contact with the body, which ■would imply the existence of some sort of sacrificial rites, and in two cases animal bones had been deposited with the body at the time of interment. In one instance the head of a child lay upon the jaw of a pig, and in the other three of the cervical verterbrae of a pig, with their processes in situ, and evidently placed there when covered with flesh, lay immediately behind the head of an adult. The brooches or fibulae generally were of the usual type of the more northern districts, but in one instance (No. 194) the form was a purely southern one, being the saucer-shaped disc usual in Gloucestershire, Berkshire, and Oxfordshire, and those of graves 71, 117, and 233 are of a very uncommon form. The pelvis bones were unfortunately in such an imperfect condition that the sexes were not easy to distinguish, and I have therefore in the analysis of sexes given below' mentioned the numbers as implied by the character of the "relics accompanying the bodies, those accompanied by spears and shield-bosses being evidently males, and those by beads and fibulae beiag presumably females, while of the rest having urns, knives, &o. I have returned the sex as uncertain. 8uch of the femora and tibiae as were sufficiently sound and perfect, I have compared with my own, and pronounce the average height to have been 5 feet 6 inches. In only two or three instances have I found bones larger than my own, and the females were decidedly of a slight build, and of a size rather below the average. The crania which I have been able to preserve are mainly of a marked dolicho- cephalic tendency, that is to say, much more nearly approach the dolicho-cephalic than the brachy-cephalic type. The superciliary ridges are strongly developed; the frontal region in the main is oblique. The normae show in the norma lateralis a low forehead and flat crown, and in the norma verticalis a long skull, narrow laterally, with very square frontal region. There is no tendency whatever towards progpiathism. Several of the skulls showed signs of wounds, which, though of a very severe character, had been received some years before death. I have called attention to such points as seemed to me worthy of particular note, and shall now let the detailed account of each interment which follows speak as to the general character of the important cemetery which I have had the good fortune to explore. ' Uales 51 ; FemB,lee 86 ; CMldren 18 ; Uncertoin 92. Digitized by Google Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. '389 Detailed account of the interments. [The pine of all the fibulae have been, or are, of iron uuleBs otherwise stated.] 1. Adult. Long spade-shaped fibula' of bronze oa left shoulder; small neck- let of fifty-five beads, chiefly amber, with a few of glass ; turquoise and white opaque glass bead from earring ; iron knife near femur. 2. Adult. Two long spade-shaped fibulae at shoulders ; necklet of thirty- seven beads, chiefly amber, of elongated form, with a few of glass; pendant formed of two circular discs, of bronze gilt, with impressed circles round the edges ; iron knife near femur. Body incltwed in rude cist of unshaped stones. 3. Adult. Bronze annular fibula at shoulder ; bronze ring (diameter. If inch), with iron ring overlapping it at hips ; small bronze pin at chest ; and iron knife near femur, 4. Adult. Bronze twisted wire earring; small necklet of nine beads, one large amber, the rest glass ; with one large blue glass bead with white zigzag, accompanied by fragments of bronze wire sockets, &c., forming pendant of indefinite form ; pair of bronze clasps at wrist. Bude stone cist. 5. Adult. No rehcs or ornaments. Bude stone cist. 6. Adult. Iron knife near femur. 7. Adult. 5 feet 9 inches deep. ITm close to face ; iron ring at hip, and knife near femur. 8. Adult. Large urn close to back of head. Rude stone cist. 9. Tim in fragments ; soil black and carbonaceous. No skeleton. 10. Tim, with about a quart of calcined bones ; upper portion gone ; no sign of skeleton, or of local burning. 11. Stone cist; but no trace of bones, beyond a few fragments of skull. No relics or ornaments. 12. Fragments of bones, but no trace of relics. 13. Adult. Large cruciform fibnla and fragment of another, both upturned, the interment having been evidently disturbed. * This BpadO'shaped fibala is similar to one fonnd near Rngby, engraved in Akerman, Pagan Saxondom, PI. XTiii. fig. 7 ; bnt has fonr small holes in the square part. Digitized by Google 390 Excavations in am, Ariglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. 14. Adult. Bronze annular fibula with iron acus preserred, and two small bronze Roman coins, much worn, perforated as pendants. 15. Adult. Flat annular bronze fibula, with pattern of impressed horseshoes ; small necklet of seven glass beads, one of them double. 16. Two adults, much intermixed. Flat annular bronze fibula, ornamented with two rows of impressed rings, and portions of bronze clasps. Pair of bronze tweezers ; boss of shield ; large spear ; and small urn near back of head. 17. Adult. Flat annular bronze fibula, and portion of a bronze pin with eye near chest ; small necklet of seven glass and amber beads. 18. Adult." Flat annular bronze fibula, ornamented with transverse cross lines and circles with central dots ; iron buckle at waist, with bronze plate. 19. Adults. Two annular bronze fibulae like split-rings at shoulders, and small penannular fibula of bronze tinned, with bronze acus, moveable round the circumference, at throat. 20. Adult; bones much decayed. Fragments of um near head, and iron knife near hips. Stone cist. 21. Adult. Head of spear near back of skull; large iron buckle, with bronze plate, near hips. 22. Adult. Small iron buckle and knife near hips. 23. Fragments of skull, and other bones. No relics. 24. Adult. Iron conical point, perhaps of dart or ferule of spear or staff, near face, and large iron ring (2^ inches in diameter) at hips. 25. Fragments of skull and other bones of adult. No relics. 26. Adult. Three beads, two of glass and one of amber, and small earring of twisted silver wire. 27. Adult. Iron spear-head in front of face. 28. Adult. Iron spear-head near hipa and hand, one arm being extended by side. 29. Adult. Necklet of sixteen opaque glass beads of different colours. Rude stone cist. 30. Adult. Large spear-head and boss of shield, close to face. 31. Adult. Two flat annular bronze fibulae, ornamented with two rows of ptmched S-shaped marks. 32. Adult. Two long bronze fibulae at shoulders, one spade-shaped and the other cruciform. Rude stone cist. 33. Adult ; much intermixed with those of last interment. 34. Adult. Spear at back of head, and knife near hips. Digitized by Google Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery ai Sleaford. 391 35. Adult. Necklet of five opaque glass beads. 36. Adult. Iron spear-head in front of face, and knife near femur. 37. Adult. Iron spear-liead and shield boss at back of head, knife near femur. 38. Urn filled with, and standing in, ashes, and fragments of bronze burnt ; the whole enclosed in a rude cist. An iron tag on the top, with large socket of iron, plated with bronze, about a foot to south of ciat. 39. Adult, much decomposed. Fragments of bronze plates riveted on wood and leather near hips. 40. Adult. Iron spear-head and knife near back of head. 41. Adult. Necklet of fourteen beads, amber and glass, the latter variegated; knife near hips. 42. Adult. Two flat annular fibulae at shoulders, one ornamented with double line of impressed crescents, the other with transverse lines and S-shaped marks ; necklet of seventeen amber and glass beads, with fragment of silver disc as pendant. 43. Adult. Two bronze fibulae; one annular, with transverse lines, and the other flat annular, with transverse divergent lines ; a much worn Roman bronze coin as pendant near throat. 44. Adult. Knife near hipa. 45. Bones much decayed. No trace of implement or ornament. 46. Similar to the last. 47. Also similar to the last. 48. Bones of young person, in eitended position, arms crossed on breast. Small bracelet of seven glass beads ; bronze clasp on right wrist. 49. Adult. Large cruciform fibula, 5| inches long, two iron buckles, and knife near hips ; small necklet of twelve glass beads. Very large cist. 50. Adult. Very large cruciform fibula of bronze gilt on left shoulder, df inches long (Plate XXIII. fig. 1) ; small spade-shaped fibula on right shoulder ; necklet of forty-seven large and eighty-three small amber, crystal, and glass beads, with animal's tooth as central pendant (Plate XXIII. fig. 5); ring 2^ inches in diameter, apparently made of the crown of a deer's horn, on chest, with frag- ment of iron, probably a key ; remains of bronze armilla, embedded in leather on each arm; small bronze ring clasp, and bronze wire, portion of pendant; fragment of silver finger-ring and stone ; two bracelets of amber and glass, nine beads each, with bronze clasps, and bronze tag (Plate XXV. fig. 5). Very large cist or cairn of unhewn 3tone. 51. Adult. Coin as pendant to necklet; pair of clasps on right wrist, and iron knife at hips. VOL. L. 3 Digitized by Google 392 Eseeavatiom in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Skaford. 52. Bones, much decompoBod ; no relics. 53. Same as the hist. 54. Adult, with two fiat annular fibulae, much broken, at shoulders. 55. Adult. Two long fibulae, one oruciform, the other spade-shaped; small necklet of ten glass and one amber beads, and bone spindle-whorl, If inch in diameter. 56. Traces of bone, but no relics. 57. Intermixed with the last. 58. Adult. Urn close to face ; fragments of fiat annular fibula and of iron. 59. Adult. Two spew-heads lying side by side, one pointing upwards, the other downwards, close to face of body. 60. Adult. Urn about 1 foot &om hips ; rude cist surrounding same. 61. Bones in fragmentary condition, and portions of large um. 62. Bones much decayed. No relics. 63. Small um, with contracted mouth (Plate XXV. fig. 10). No body or relics. 64. Adult. Boss of shield reversed under bead, and spear-head 6 inches from face. 65. Adult, with two small long fibulae, one craoiform the other spade-shaped ; necklet of twenty-two amber and glass beads ; bracelet of nine beads, amber and glass, and single fiat glass bead, opaque white with blue spiral line, from an eamng. 66. Child about seven years of age. Two long fibulae at shoulders, one cruci- form, the other spade-shaped; and one flat annular fibula, ornamented with two rows of incised circles; bead from earring of opaque yellow glass ; necklet of thirteen amber and glass beads, and two simple wire bracelets with running slip, knot. 67. Child about three years of age. Traces of small bronze buttons or fibulae at shoulders staining the clavicles. Portion of the skull of adult touching same, but no trace of any other portion. Um near natural situation of hips. 68. Adult of which the skull shows a large wound extending from coronal suture to brow, penetrating skull in two or three places ; edges of bones smooth and round, and evidently healed in lifetime. No relics. 69. Adult. Iron spear-head at the back of head, and knife at hips. 70. Adult, embedded in rich black earth, with fragments of charcoal and burnt bonee extending the whole length of the body. No ornaments or imple- ments, but pieces of bronze plates, about 2 inches long and 1 inch wide, at one end, by f inch at the other, rivetted upon wood about a quarter of an inch thick. Digitized by Google Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. 39S lying in confused heap about 3 or 4 inches from crown of head ; perhaps portions of a bucket. 71. Adult. Square bronze buckle, ornamented with line of incised dots ; smaU necklet of eight glass beads. 72. Adult. Small bronze buckle and tag near hips, with iron knife. Stone cist. 73. Adult. Flat annular fibula upon sternum j necklet or pendapt thereto of five glass and amber beads. 74. Child. Fragments of small urn about 8 inches from head. No other relics. 75. Adult. Rude, simple bowl-shaped nm close to crown of head. 76. Adult. Knife near hips ; no other relics. Rude stone cist. 77. Adult. Boss of shield close to face, and the upper portion of a pair of tweezers, with portion of ring for suspending them near hips. 78. Adult. Large bronze ring, 2J inches in diameter, at hips, and girdle- hanger with poirtion of ivory ring or frame ; part of bronze circular pendant in front of chest. 79. Adult. Large cruciform fibula, 6J inches long, and small annular ditto, which has had a bronze acus and small necklet or pendant of five amber and glass beads. 80. Adult. Large cruciform fibula, 5f inches long ; flat annular fibula, orna- mented with a double row of small impressed circles joined into an S form ; small necklet of nineteen amber and glass beads, and pair of bronze bracelet clasps. 81. Adult. Small necklet of six glass beads; three Roman coins, pierced as pendants ; and a pair of bronze clasps of bracelet. 82. Adult. Small urn with incised pattern near face, and knife at hips. 83. Adult. 83a. Interment beneatii the last. No relics ; bones much decomposed. 84. Adult. Knife near femur. Head of another person at feet, but no trace of further bones. 85. Young person about ten or twelve years of age in extended position, hands crossed on chest. Small bracelet of eight amber and glass beads, and seven coins piled in two heaps in left hand, near right elbow. 86. Large cist or cairn beneath 85 contaiuiug interment at 5 feet 6 inches deep of adult. Large cruciform fibula 5^ inches long in front of chest, two flat annular fibulas with e^-and-tongue pattern ; pair of bronze clasps ; necklet of one hundred and twelve amber, crystal, and glass beads with fragments of small bronze pendant chased and gilt; girdle-hanger at hips with ivory framework, Digitized by Google 394 Excavations in an Anglo-Saaon cemetery at Sleaford. within which lay several small bronze tags riveted together upon leather, and iron knife ; portion of iron buckle and bronze tag at waist, 87. Portion of skull and humerus of child. No other remains. 88. Adult. Head to east ; tibiie and fibulae in almost upright position, arms in front of face, whole position of body showing carelessness of burial. No relics. Stone cist. 89. Bones of skeleton mucli decayed. No relics. 90. Young person, twelve or fourteen years of age, in extended position. Fragments of bronze clasp at wrtet, and small necklet of six glass beads. 91. Bones much decayed. No relics. Stone cist. 92. Adult. Enife near femur. Stone cist. 93. Adult. Skull broken and much compressed ; other \>one& decayed. No reUcs. Stone cist. 94. Adult. Spearhead about 10 inches from back of head. 95. Adult. Two large flat circular fibulae with pierced centres, forming a swastika pattern, and ornamented with double lines of impressed semi-circles ; large bronze pin,* 6 inches long, in front of chest, with head richly chased and gilded (Plate XXIV. fig. 1.) ; two circular discs of silver, with central bosses and incised ornaments on breasts (Plate XXIII. figs. 6 and 7) ; two pairs of bronze olaaps on wrists ; necklet of one hundred and twenty-five amber and glass beads ; two bronze rings and knife at hips ; and portion of bronze fittings with wood between the plates. Large stone cist. 96. Adult. Two large flat annular fibulae ornamented with repousse dots ; small silver disc with central boss ; necklet of six beads, five large amber and one green glass bugle ; a bead From earring of blue glass with white spiral line. Stone cist. 97. Adult. Two long spade-sliaped fibulae ; two pairs of clasps on wrists ; tibese are of a somewhat unusual kind, having each a hollow tube fixed to them ; small fragment of bronze tag, and an iron buckle. 98. Adult. No relics. Head and shoulders previously disturbed. Stone cist. 99. Adult. Iron spear-head 6 inches from face ; a portion of bronze fitting 8 inches behind head ; knife near hips. Stone cist. 100. Adult with um and shield-boss close to back of head ; iron spear-head 8 inches from face ; knife near hips. Stone cist. * One ot the same pattern from Islip, Oxfordshire, is engraved in Frwxedingi, 2d S. iz. 90. ^ A rich pin of the same general form, bnt jewelled, from Wingham, Kent, is engraved in Akarman, Pagan Saxondom, PL XL. fig. 3. Digitized by Google Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. 395 101. Young person. Bones much decayed. No relics. 102. Very large stone cist or cairn. Fragments of tibia of adult. No trace of other bones or relics. 103. Very large cairn at a depth of 5 feet 6 inches. Adult. Large bronze bowl, 1 foot in diameter and 5 inches high, with two small loops for suspension in the form of heads of swans or serpents. The bowl was in an upright position closely im were indi work of '. high, hav iron, and rings abo scrolls eq appearanc hoop. Tl bottom hi feet of skt 104. I 105. I No relics. 106. C 107. I feet. Sto 108. J quantities Stone cist 109. C 110. C 111. I cist and ci 112. Adult in extended position; body incliaed upwards, head within 1 foot of surface, and 2 feet higher than feet. No relics. 113. Adult. No relics. Small cairn. 114. Adult. Knife at hips. 115. Similar to last. 116. Adult. liarge cruciform fibula, richly chased and gilt, with remains of Digitized by Google 396 Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. plates of silver riveted to ends, deposited in front of chest, Two flat annular fibulae at shoulders, in fragments, ornamented with two lines of incised circles divided into segments by groups of transverse lines ; small circular disc with raised centre on breast; one and a half pairs of richly-chased and gilt massive clasps for bracelets on wrists (Plate XXIII. fig. 5) ; iron ring and knife at hips. A post hole driven through part of this interment had doubtless caused the loss of the part of one clasp; as, notwithstanding a most careful search, no remains of it were found, and its massive character would preclude the suppo- sition of decay. 117. Adult, close to 116. Upon shoulders, two fine S-shaped fibulae, orna- mented with border of incised semicircles (Plate XXIII. fig. 9). Rude stone cist. 118. Adult. Enifeathips. 119. Adult. Large spear-head at hipa, of unusual shape; blade leaf-shaped, and 11 inches long by 2^ inches wide ; socket 6 inches long ; point of junction of socket and blade disproportionately light (Plate XXV. fig. 7). 120. Adult. Knife and iron key, under hands. 121. Adult. Two circular fibulae at shoulders, ornamented with rows of impressed dots in lines; four ornaments in two sets at wrists, embedded in decomposed leather ; the ornaments are like large modem hooks, and consist of two spirals of silver wire, with a shank or junction of about 1) inch, termi- nating in a hook (Plate XXTV. fig. 6). Necklet of ninety-seven beads of amber, glass, crystal, and porcelain; and iron ring near hips, 122. Adult. Fragments of iron, and knife at hips. 123. Adult, Two annular fibulae, with egg-and-tongue moulding at shoulders, and one long cruciform fibula on breast ; two pairs of clasps at wrists, and frag- ments of iron at waist. 124-125. Two adult skeletons, much intermixed. One pair of clasps at wrist ; and one small flat annular fibula at shoulders; remains of small tube of bronze, about 2 inches long by \ inch in diameter, at hips, and spear-head between the heads of the skeletons. 126. Adult. Two small spade-shaped fibulae at shoulders; bronze buckle, knife, and fragments of iron at hips. 127. Adult. Spear-head near back of head; also, small urn with contracted neck; and the skeleton of a child, contained in an irregular-shaped cist, close to head of the adult. 128. Adult. Spear-head behind head ; shield boss in front of face ; and knife at hips. Digitized by Google Excavations in tm Anglo-Sasaon cetnetery at Sleaford. 397 129. Adult. No relics. 130. Similar to last. 131. Adult. No relics. Femora and tibiae very perfect, but no trace of any other bones. Digitized by Google 398 Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. 143. Large grave containing two interments, evidently females, close to each other ; one having only a single long fibula with large square head and small pro- jections at angles, the other having a large richly gilt and chased cruciform fibula, on which is engraved a swastika (Plate XXIV. fig. 2), and a small spade- shaped one at the shoulders ; large necklet of two hundred and seventy-one beads, chiefly amber. Two discs of silver of about |- inch in diameter upon the breasts ; . silver bulla in two hemispheres before the chest, evidently pendant to the necklet (Plate XXni. fig. 8). Two silver armillae of strips about ^ inch wide, and making almost a twist-and-a-half round the arm, ornamented with rows of impressed crescents at each margin ; remains of bronze clasp of bracelet, and fragments of small bronze rings, &c. of wire; girdle-hanger near femur composed of three bronze hangers, one of them reversed in position (Plate XXIV. fig. 4); ivory frame of pouch ; large bronze ring, about 2 inches in diameter, to suspend sameJ Within the space inclosed by the ivory frame was a small article of bronze, about 1^ inch in diameter, in the shape'of the head of a windlass, evidently forming the point of junction for two crossed straps ; iron buckle and knife at waist. 144. Adult. One flat annular, and one simple annular fibula at shoulders ; necklet of thirty-four glass beads; corroded mass of iron, evidently a girdle- hanger and keys, with several small bronze tags at hips. 145. Well preserved skeleton of adult, one foot to west of the last interment. No relics. 146. Young person, bones much decayed. Knife at hips; no other relics. 147. Adult ; head to the south, and body in very distorted position upon back, with arms and legs extended almost at right angles to body. Bronze annular fibula, with egg-and-tongue pattern, on left shoulder ; two pairs of embossed clasps on wrists. About two feet to the east of this interment was a mass of about a gallon of carbonaceous earth and charcoal, but no visible remains of any urn. 148. Adult. Iron buckle, bronze tag, and knife at hips ; spear-head in front of face. 149. Adult. Broken shield-boss and spear-head before face; knife and baaid of bronze bent over and riveted with iron, containing fragment of wood, at hips. 150. Well-preserved bones of adult. TJm of bowl-shape, decayed, near knees. No other relics. 151. Adult. Two large flat annular fibulae at shoulders, ornamented with double line of crescent-shaped impressed marks ; two pairs of embossed bronze clasps at wrists ; small necklet of thirteen amber beads, and as pendant a bronze disc coated on one face with silver ; large bronze massive ring at waist (Plate XXV, Digitized by Google Excavations in am. Anglo-Sasexm cemetery at Sleaford, 899 fig. 2), from which were suspended three iron keys (Plate XXV. fig. 3), and one bronze girdle-hanger; ivory frame of pouch shewing impression of canvas covering; smalt bronze tags within, 152 and 153. Two adult males in extended position, the head of one resting in the hollow of a reversed shield-boss, and a small diamond-shaped spear-head near left side of head ; the other with long spear head between the tibiae, and knife at hips ; four large iron discs round shield-bof sides. 154. Adult. Two fiat oval annular fibu teen amber and glass beads, and two pairs < 155. Adult. Two small cruciform fibul amber and glass beads, with bronze ring fi (probably similar to those of silver desci clasps on one wrist, and simple circlet of bi iron of undefinable shape near right elbow, 156. Grave only distinguishable by colo of adult. No relics. 157. Adult, in much decayed condition. No relics. 158 and with large ( ornamented at wrists, ai small bronzE probably ke; fibulae at sh segmentary beads. 160. Adi with double ment of fom pair destroyed}. 161. Adult. Iron buckle, bronise tag, and knife at hips. 162. Adult; very much decomposed. No relics. 163. Grave 4 feet 6 inches deep, containing bones much decayed, of an adult. Remains of bronze clasps at wrists ; fiat annular fibula ornamented with impressed circles forming an S-pattem ; plain pin of bronze, which has had a loop at the end, now imperfect, 2^ inches long, on breast ; bronze finger-ring, a plain circlet, on left hand ; coin pendant of bronze, and remains of another. At the waist a VOL. L. 3 H Digitized by Google 400 Excavations in cm Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. large bronze ring, 3 inches in diameter, with mass of corroded iron — probably keys. The whole of the grave was filled with soil of an unusually dark colour, and in immediate contact with body seemed to be oomposed mainly of decayed leather. 164. Young person about fourteen years of age. Knife at hips; no other Telic. 165. Fragments of three urns lying about a foot from each other, and in a Tein of sand. No trace of skeleton or of cremation. 166. Adult. Spear-head in front of face, and large knife under left side at breast. 167. Adult. Spear-head in front of face, and small knife near left elbow. 168. Adult. Two long spade-shaped fibulae ; small necklet of fourteen beads of amber and glass, and two pairs of massive bronze clasps with traces of gilding, at wrists, imbedded in decayed leather ; knife and key at hips, with small ring of wire. 169. Adult. Large cruciform fibula, richly chaaed, gilt and silvered, with flat garnet in square setting at one end; one of the arms of the cruciform part missing; two other small cruciform fibulae on shoulders; necklet of forty-three amber and glass beads, with fragments of bronze disc as pendant ; iron buckle and knife at hips, and rude bowl-shaped urn in front of face. 170. Adult. Spear-head and two urns near face. 171. Adult, remains in much confusion, evidently disturbed. Fragments of urn (Plate XXV. fig. 8) intermixed ; small necklet of twenty amber and glass beads. 172. Lower half of a large um, capacity of about a gallon, and containing about a quart of bones and ashes. 173. Adult, imbedded in clay; bones so much decayed as to make position unrecognizable. No relics. 174 and 175. Two adults, side by side, legs crossing each other; one had a spear in front of chest, and a second spear and reversed shield-boss beneath the head, and also a pointed ferule or pike-head of iron near the knees (Plate XXV. fig. 6). The other one with the head doubled over and lying face downwards near the hips, the claviculae and heads of humeri being 8 or 10 inches behind the skull ; a shield boss of pyramidal shape occupying the natural position of head; knife at hips. 176 Adult. Two long fibulae of unusual shape (the lower part lozenge-shaped, the upper semicirculM* with five radiations) with small necklet of fifteen amber and glass beads ; two pairs of embossed clasps at wrists ; and fine um with incised pattern before fa^. Digitized by Google Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. 401 177. Adult. Two annular fibulae at shoulders, one being fiat, ornamented . with a single row of incised dots, and the other cylindrical in section ; a necklet of eighteen amber and glass beads with coin as pendant. 178. Adult. Spear-head near back of head, 179. Adult. Buckle and knife at hips, and pair of bronze tweezers ; larger buckle slightly above the interment, probably of later date. 180. Adult, much decayed. Large urn, bowl-shaped, in front of face. 181. Stone cist containing bones of adult much decayed, with urn close to face. 182. Adult. Two lai^e cruciform fibulae, and one flat annular fibula with pierced centre, forming a swastika, similar to the one in grave 95 ; knife at hips, and urn close to face. 183. Stone cist containing small urn with carbonaceous earth, fragments of bone, and stains of bronze and iron among the ashes. 184. Adult. Spear-head close to face, and small am at hips. 185. Adult, embedded in clay ; grave 4 feet deep. No trace of any relics. 186. Adult, much decayed. Spear-head near back of head, and knife under chin. 187. Adult. Spear-head near back of head. 188. Adult. Knife at hips. Eude stone cist. 189. Large cruciform fibula, much decomposed, embedded in rich carbo- naceous earth, evidently the result of decay of animal matter. No trace of bones or other relics. 190. Stone cist, containing um, but no trace of bones, relics, or cremation. 191. Adult. Two small flat annular fibulae with egg-and-tongue pattern ; necklet of eighty-nine amber and glass beads, a portion of them being set in a framework of iron and bronze ; coin as pendant to necklet, with fragment of woven fabric adhering, and a remarkable pendant of dark blue glass, nearly black, with a turquoise zigzag band round the body and a loop for suspension (Plate XXTV. fig. 3) ; three small bronze wire rings and fragments ; large heavy bronze ring at waist nearly 2 inches in diameter, with tooth of carnivorous animal perforated and suspended thereto by bronze wire loop (Plate XXIV. fig. 5) ; four small tags of bronze and large gilt bronze plate with corroded iron buckle at hips ; long pin on chest with annular head, broken. Two small urns lying on sides, mouth to mouth, close behind sacrum. (One in Plate XXV. fig. 8), 192. Adult, much decayed. No relics. 193. Adult much decayed. Urn lying on side with mouth towards the south, and near head of skeleton ; in front of mouth of um remains of flat annilla of Digitized by Google 402 .Excavatwm in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at SUaford, bronze tinned^ with hook-and-eye fastening, and with Bmall punched orna- 194. Adult. Two flat annular fibulae, ornamented with a row of impressed dots on shoulders ; solid saucer-shaped fibula, having pattern of intricate inter- woven lines and central raised boss, in front of chest ; necklet of twenty-three amber and glass beads ; fragments of bronze amulla ornamented with central waved line. 195. Adult. Buckle and knife at hips. 196. Adult, much decayed. Iron flat annular fibula, and bronze fibula with double line of impressed conuna-shaped marks, with segmentary divisions of ^transverse lines ; pendant of three amber beads and one glass. 197. Adult, much decayed. Two large flat annular fibulae, engraved with four sets of transverse lines ; necklet of twenty-six beads, chiefly amber, with two of rock crystal, facetted, and one ribbed bead of blue porcelain, with pendant bulla composed of two hemispheres of silver, forming perfect sphere; small earring of simple twisted wire, and silver finger ring, making one and a half turn round finger ; large clasps at wrist and knife at hips. 198. Adult. Spear-head at back of head and knife at hips. 199. Adult. Spear-head at elbow. 200. Adult. Spear-head at back of head and shield-boss behind sacrum. 201. Adult. Knife at hips and fragments of clasps at wrist. 202. Adult. Bowl-shaped van, small knife, and bronze ferule at hips. 203. Adult. Iron pin and iron ring at shoulders in the usual place of the fibulae; small necklet of twelve fine anjber beads and one of rock crystal, facetted. 204. Adult. Two flat annular fibulae, much decayed, at shoulders ; head of pin of saucer-shape, with gilded interlaced lines, and rude human head, the rest of pin gone ; two paira of clasps (embossed) at wrists, fragments of bronze ferule ftt waist ; necklet of seventy-nine large amber and glass beads. 205. Adult. Two cruciform fibulae at shoulders, and one large flat annular fibula in front of chest, pair of massive bronze gilded clasps on wrists, necklet of forty-three amber and glass beads, large bronze ring, and portion of iron buckle and bronze tag at hips. 206. Adult, with bones of small child of about seven years of age intermixed. Small iron arrow-head or ferule. No other reHcs. 207. Adult. Embossed bronze clasps at wrists, remains of girdle-hangers and ivory ring or frame ; small wooden bucket about 3^ inches high, bound with bronze, at waist. Digitized by Google Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. 403 208. Adult. Knife at elbow, whole body embedded in carbonaceous earth and charcoal, 209. Adult. Two small cruciform fibulae at ehoulders, and long pin with ornamental head on breast ; two bronze finger-rings, and one and half pairs of massive gilt clasps at wrists. 210. Adult. Spear-head and knife near hips, and another spear-head about 6 inches from front of face. Digitized by Google 404 Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. 224 and 225. Grave containing tte remains of two adults ; one with two flat annular fibulae and necklet of fift.y-one very small amber Mid glass beads ; the other with shield-boss at back of head ; small bronze ring, iron buckle, and knife at hips, and truncated cylindrical um at back of head. 226. Adult, evidently disturbed. Among the bones a fragment of a cruci- form fibula, part of that found in grave 233. No other relics. 227. Adult. Two flat annular fibular, having marginal ornamentation of tri- angular indentations, and small silver disc of the size of a shilling, § ornamented with a marginal circle of punched circles, with three radiated lines of similar circles from centre ; necklet of eighty-two amber and glass beads; Roman intaglio in onyx, without setting, (ftiu Mi^ " representing Minerva with a snake at her feet (see woodcut) ; and two pairs of highly ornamented and gilt massive clasps at wrists (Plate XXIII. fig. 4). 228. Adult, evidently disturbed. Portion of a flat annular fibula among the bones ; no other relics. 229. Adult. Flat annular fibiila with bronze acus, and necklet of thirty-seven small amber and glass beads. 230. Adult, much decayed. No reUcs. 231. Child, much decayed. Small simple circlet of wire on wrist, and plain um at crown of head. 232. Adult. Remains of clasps on both wrists, two medium-sized cruciform fibulae and necklet of sixty-nine blue glass and amber beads ; bronze tags at waist, part of bronze pin with hook at chest, simple wire earrings, Roman coin at feet. 233. Adult. Remains of clasps on both wrists; large cruciform fibula; flat annularfibula; and double-ended spade-shaped fibula, with bronze pin (FlateXXIII. fig. 2); small necklet of nineteen amber and glass beads; fragments of um at head; bronze semicircular strap, snspending knife and keys, the latter much corroded.. 234. Adult. Head of spear in front of face. 235. Adult. Bowl-shaped um with ornamentation of simple diagonal scorings in front of face ; knife at hips. 236. Adult. No relics. 237. Child. No relics. 238. Adult. Simple bowl-shaped um in front of face, small annular fibula (egg-and-tongue pattern) at shoulder ; necklet of thirteen opaque yellow glass and amber beads. 239. Adult. TTm at back of head, fragments of shield-boss at crown of headj knife at hips (no spear). Digitized by Google Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. 4^5 240. Adult. Shield-boss reversed under shoulders, four large rivets ; spear- head in front of face. 241. Adult. Bpear-bead near knees, buckle and knife at hips. 242. Adult. Two annular fibulae at shoulders, and iron tweezers near hips. There were obtained from the same ground, without any details as to the finding, a medium-sized cruciform fibula, a flat annular fibula with flat acus, and a very fine long fibula with square head, having projections at the upper angles* the whole richly gilt and deeply cut, with centrs four beads of glass and earthenware. These were all obtained by purchase, havii tions, and were indeed the means of indicating t [The collection of objects discovered by H communication, was sold by auction at Boston i] Mr. A. W. Franks, F.S.A. by whom it has been DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Fig. I. Cruciform fibula oJ coarse riveta below the bow. 1 now much decayed. The pin, i of the upper part and the centn fiicee. Grave 50. Fig. 2. Bronze fibtda of u: bronze pin, now lost. Grave 2 Fig. 3. One of a pair of br leaving a thickaesB of about \ remaine. The central portion, ' gilt, while the expanding ends t Fig. 4. Pair of clasps of _ probably made of leather. Such clasps seem to have occurred in many of the graves in this cemetery, but are by no means common elsewhere. A second pair of similar design was found in the some grave. Grave 227. Fig.'S. Fair of clasps from a bracelet, of bronze^ partly gilt Grave 116. Fig. 6. Silver disc or pendant with central boss and punched ornaments forming a kind of rude arcade. Grave 95. Fig. 7. Similar disc of silver with punched dots forming a triqaetra pattern. In one place near the edge is a small hole by which the object was suspended. Grave 95. Digitized by Google 406 Excavations in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford. Fig. 8. Two hemispberea of silver, which have been orifp'nally joined together so as to form a hollow ball Each has aix sets of bands partly gilt Grave 143. Fig. 9. One of a pair of bronze -fibnlae, the pins of whioh were of iron. Th^ are of an S shape, and the terminal ornaments seem to be intended to represent animals' heads. The surface has been tinned and ornamented with small crescent-shaped punch marks. Grave 1X7. Plate XXrV. Fig. I. Fin of bronze, the surface of which has been partly tinned and partly gilt. The ornament seems to be intended for a grotesque head. Grave 95. Fig. 2. Cruciform fibula of bronze, partly gilt The central ornament of the head consists a BwaslJka engraved on the surtiice. Grave 143. Fig. 3. Glass pendant of an nnnsual kind. It is of dark bine, with a serpentine line of an opaque greenish colour. Grave 191. Fig. 4. Three girde-hangers suspended from a loop, all of bronze, with punched ornaments on one face only. One of the side pieces was found with the plain face upwards. Grave 143. Fig. 5. Canine tooth pierced at the root, and with part of the bronze ring by which it was suspended. Grave 191. Fig. 6. Hook formed of silver wire. Grave 121. Plate XXV, Fig. 1. Framework of a bucket of nnnsnally large size, the diameter of which is 16 inches. The broad band round the mouth is of bronze edged with iron, and the three lower hoops, the handles and ornaments are also of iron. The wooden staves are now entirely decayed. This bucket is probably the hu-gest that has been found in an Anglo-Saxon cemet«ty, thougli greatly inferior in size to the specimen found near Marlborough, and published in Hoare's Ancient Wittt, vol. ii. PI. VI. This measured no less than 2 feet in diameter and 21 inches in height It seems, however, to belong to a pre-Saxon period. Grave 103. Fig. 2. Solid bronze ring with four projecting knobs. Diameter 2^ inches. Probably connected with the iron keys found in the same grave. Grave 151. Fig. 3. ^ree iron keys about fS inches in length. Grave 151. Fig. 4. Iron shield-boss of somewhat nnnsual type, being narrower and higher than the others from this cemetery. Diameter 5^ inches. Fig. a. Bronze tag formed of a double band riveted together at each end. On one face lines of crescent-shaped punch-marks. Length 2| inches. Grave 50. Fig. 6. Iron spike or ferule, probably from the bntt end of a spear. Length 4 inches. Grave 175. fig. 7. Spear-head of slender make and unusually graceful outline. Length 12 inches. Grave 119. Fig. 8. Diminutive urn of hituk ware, with seven projecting bosses on the body ; band of impressed dots round the neck. Height 2^ indies. Grave 191. Fig. 9. Small nm of brown ware, having on the sides four triangular compartments filled with impressed, oirdes bordered by lines. Height 5 inches. Fig. 10. Diminutive um of rude make, with scored lines (much injured). Grave 63. Digitized by Google Archaeolo^ia Vol L PI XXIU. C F KeU,Liti. ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN AN ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY AT SLEAFORD, (FULL ^^|)|^y (^QQqIc Ft'J'h.:/ui^l Ly lh< Digitized by Google VolL PI XXIV C.F Kdljjtli. AKTIQUITIES FOUND IN AN ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY AT SLEAFQRD (FULL S^ll^ by CjOOQIC Uili.>/>^-ii by 'Jif, Sociffy of ArUi^i/i Digitized by Google ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN AN ANGLO-SAXON CEMETERY AT SLEAFORD^it zed by LjOOQ IC I'uiili.shed by die Suciftv nf ArUufuaries of Londcrt,. JSS7, Digitized by Google XXIII. — On certain churches on the eastern coa»t qf Italy. By Edwin Freshfield, Esq., Vice-President. Read December 14, 1882. I NETER consider my holiday well spent if I am not able to bring back from it something of interest to tell the Society. I am afraid what I have to tell upon this occasion is very poor, but I hope at a future time to improve upon it. I had so often passed Bari and the towns on the eastern coast of Italy that I was glad of the opportunity (being obliged to leave England late) of visiting this district. There is a series of towns situated along the east coast of Italy, commencing just south of the little lump caused by the projection of a spur of the Apennines at Monte St. Angelo (Monte Gargano) into the sea. The first of these towns is Barlctta, and the last may be said to be Taranto. South of Monte St. Angelo the Apennines recede altogether to the western side of Italy, and the country from Monte St. Angelo down to the heel is, speaking approiimat«ly, flat. It consists of a series of undulating stone hills, backed with downs about the height of our English South Downs. The whole district is cultivated to the highest extent with vines and olives. In some places wheat is grown, but the staple products of the district are wine and oil ; com is found only on the higher hills and the plain of the river Ofanto. To those who are interested in tracing the history of antiquities, these vineyards will be instructive. In each of them is a circular house, built of stone, and domed, looking exactly like a bee-hive, and bearing, I suppose, a great resemblance to the ancient British houses found in the neighbour- hood of Holyhead and elsewhere in Wales. The towns along the coast generally are built upon slight projections into the sea, which must in the times of the early Oreek colonists have afforded safe harbours to the small ships then in use, and VOL. L. 3 I Digitized by Google 408 On certain churches on the eastern coast cjf It me, rather later. It is in shape exactly like it, consisting of a T-shaped basilica, with a transept rather higher than the nave, and a grand west entrance. The church at Corato, which I also visited, is too much injured to be worth describing. There still remains a group of churehes at Brindisi. These are neither as large nor as interesting as the churches I have before described. The cathedral is entirely modern, the only feature of interest that I know in it being the coloured tiles with which it is floored. There is a circular building, now roofless, and filled with weeds, which is Digitized by Google On certain churches on the eastern coast of Italy. 419 Norman, and is said to have been a church of the Templars. This is on the high ground above the harbour. Close to the harbour is a church called " the church of the Greeks," which is also Norman, consisting of a nave with two aisles and an apse. This church is also filled with weeds, and is without a roof. There is no indication whatever that it has ever been used for the Greek ritual, aud it is decidedly much later than the churches at Bai-i. About two miles from Srindisi, upon the hills, is a small church called Santa Maria de Casale. This is also said to be Norman, but I should say it was of considerably later date ; it is attached to a monastery. It ia a small building consisting only of a nave. The most interesting feature in this is the porch, of which I exhibit a photograph. I should say that this church is not older than the time of the emperor Frederick. The monastery to which it is attached is . desecrated, and the monks offered to sell me the chapel, to take away if I liked it, for £1,200. I unfortunately had not time to visit either Lecce or Otranto. It will be seen that there are in this district three distinct descriptions of churches. First : the group represented by St. Nicholas, where the building is a T-shaped basilica with the transepts higher than the nave. Secondly: tie buildings represented by the church at Canosa and those at Molfetta, and the small church at Trani, where the buildings are entirely domed. And thirdly; the cathedral at Bari, where the building is a T-shaped basilica with a dome at the crossing. There are also the following peculiarities : (1.) All the churches have three apses. (2.) Several of the churches have square east ends applied to the apses. I should say that the Normans borrowed the domical features from the Greeks, the domes being all purely Byzantine in construction ; the westernmost dome of the cathedral at Molfetta being as I should suppose a reparation by some person more acquainted with the Lombard style of building. The three apses, which are unintelligible in a Latin church, also seem to represent a Greek feature ; but, with the exception of a small piece of carving that I saw in the third chapel of the church of Bitonto, there was not one which I should say was a reproduction of the distinctly Byzantine clinging acanthus. The circular Norman windows form one beautiful feature in these buildings. I could not quit this part of the country without passing over to Salerno in order to compare these buildings with the glorious Norman cathedral there. Whether having regard to its size, or its arrangement, or the internal decorations. Digitized by Google 420 On certain churches on the eastern coast of Italy. its pulpits, candlesticks, mosaics, or ivory altar-piece, it is one of the most beautiful and interesting buildings I ever saw. Although it hs not in my line I cannot leave the subject alt(^ther without saying one word about the Via Appia. I do not know at what time of the year Horace travelled along it. He arrives at Canosa and there he describes the gritty bread." If any one chooses to buy a piece of bread in modem Canosa they will find it still gritty, caused as I believe by the softness of the stones with which the flour is ground. Horace describes that, as he left Canosa, the way became worse and the weather better ; " this waa, I have not the least doubt, owing to the fact that he was really getting into the south-eastern climate : all tbe bad weather goes up the vaUey of the Ofanto, and as he got round under the shelter of the downs he would find himself in a true southern country. Many a time we saw storms going along the valley into the sea, while it was perfectly dry fine weather at Bari and in the neighbourhood. The road here is over a stony ground, and is infamous. I had comforted Mrs. Ereshfield, who had been somewhat starved on the journey, by telling her that at Bari at all events we should have good fish because Horace had called it " fishy Bari." " One portion of our impedimenta, consisting of Mrs. iPreshfield's box, always remained in our sitting-room, and we were pain- fully reminded of Horace's epithet as applicable to Bari by the fact that this particular box had been put by the guard of the train into the fish dep6t at Bari, and for the rest of our journey we were reminded that Bari was and still is fishy. I had originally intended to amplify this paper and illustrate it with some photographs ; but after I had written and read it, I found that the subject had already been dealt with much more fully, though not in the same connexion in which I have treated it ; my object having been to trace the Byzantine influence on the northern architecture." ' Sed panis longe pulchemnms, ultra callidus ut eoleat hnmeria portnre riator; nam Canusi lapidosue. Sena. Lib. I. 5, 89, et teq, ^ PoBtera tempestas melior, via pejor, ad usque Bari mocnia piscosi. lb, I. 5, 96, ' " Denkmneler Der Kunst des Mittelalters in Unteritalien," tou H. W. Schultz. Digitized by Google XXIV. — The History of Malmesbury as a Village Gommvmty, By G. L, GoMMB, F.8.A. B»d Jannarj 20, 1887. In the north-west of "Wilts is a district which contains some remarkable reminiscences of the two dominant races who have influenced the history of this country. In tracing out the history of this district, as it has come down to us by the traditions and records of early chronicle writers, we arrive at an important epoch when for the first time is brought into strongly marked prominence the outline of the community which had settled there. This community, known to us later under the local name of Malmesbury, is one of the most perfect types of the primitive village which has survived in England, and to the elucidation of its chief characteristics it is proposed to devote some little attention. Keeping before us the outline made known from early records we shall see how this is gradually filled in from facts, which though gleaned from later and modern records, are never- theless stamped as belonging to the earliest stages of history. And when this local mosaic is completely pieced in we shall be able, I think, to satisfy ourselves that what has so persistently clung to locality in later days originally belonged to a social group, types of which are still to be found in Eastern Europe and India, where society is in a state of arrested progress and has not advanced along the lines which mark its development in "Western Europe. At the commencement of our researches we meet with some significant facts which in the first place give some kind of definite outhne to a district which has Malmesbury for its centre point of interest, and in the second place enable us to discover in this district strong traces of the continuance of Celtic habitation un- broken by the Saxon conquest. It is necessary to clearly understand these facts. The western boundary of this district is the British trackway marked in most maps as Akeman Street, running from Bath to Cirencester, while on the eastern side the great forest of Braden spread its thick foliage. In the north-west angle Digitized by Google •422 The history of Malmesbm-y as a village eoTmmcnity. of this district was situated the British fortress of Caer Dur. The present topo- graphy of the place sufficiently attests that it was once a position of importance, and by nature well adapted for the site of a fortress, while the lane leading to it by Back Bridge affords, says Mr. Akerman, to this day, one of the most perfect examples of the roads by which our ancestors were wont to travel." Before the Romans left this island they had turned the British trackway into a foss road and Caer Dur into one of the defending halting places along the line."" Driven out of Caer Dur by the Romans the British settled in a fortress two miles off which they knew as Caer Bladen. That this seems to have been the course of events is borne out hj the fact that no Roman remains have been found on the site of Caer Bladon;" and curiously enough there still exists a tradition among the inhabitants of the place that Caer Dur is "one hundred years older.'"' Caer Bladon was built on the summit of a hill surrounded on all sides but one by two rivers, and its position as a formidable hill-fortress had probably much to do with its later most interesting history.' We have thus clearly before us by the light of modem topographical remains the two British strongholds of Caer Dur and Caer Bladon, and our next point is • Arckaeologia, xzxtii. 257. * Traces of Bomati work at Caer Dor are noted in Wilts Arch. Soc. viii. 6. ' An account of some Ancient Triangular Bricks Jiiscovered at Malmeshury is given in Qent. Mag. 1831, part ii. pp. 499, 500. These are conclnded to be Roman in Joum. Arch. Agtoc. xxriii, 41, by Mr. Syer Cnming, who, writing about some triangular bricks discovered in Marden Castle, Dorchester, says, " Triangnlar bricks have been discovered at Malmesbnry [Caer Bladon], and near Canterbury, having perforations through them of about the same diameter as thoBe in the Dorset examples. The date of the Malmesbnry bricks is not well defined ; bnt those met with in Kent positively belong to the Roman epoch, and constituted a portion of a hearth with which was an iron triput, hooks, &c. for cooking." — Jovm. Arch. Astoc. iviii. p. 272. On turning to this last-mentioned reference we find Mr. Syer Cuming himself the exponent of the Roman theory. Mr. J. Brent exhibited the " tri- angular bricks very imperfectly burnt," which had been discovered in digging for gravel at Bigberry Hill about two miles from Canterbury at a distance of seven feet from the surface, which originally had been two feet higher (a wood which stood thereon having been grubbed up). Near to them was picked up a very perfect arrow-head of flint ; and Mr. Cnming pointed out a vessel, found taaong the debris, " the parts of which bespeaking a Celtic origin," and he " detected a portion of the rim of a rude nm referable to the stone period, so that," says Mr. Cuming, "there are within the limited area of a few feet objects of the primeval, Celtic, and Roman periods." But there is no evidence that these bricks are Roman, and they are associated at all events with primeval and Celtic objects. ^ Arckaeologia, xxxvii. 257. ' The position is best described by a passage in Qent. Mag. 1831, part ii. p. 500, where the discovery of triangular bricks is noted. Digitized by Google S%e histoiy of Malmeshtry as a village community. 423 to consider their position after the Kng'lish inroad, which, Bucceeding the epoch- making battle of Deorham, brought the Celt and Saxon for the first time face to face in this district. It is extremely difficult to decide this part of the question, but I think it can' be satisfactorily established (1) that the English at once sacked and occupied Caer Dur, renaming it scornfully, and in illustration of its condition then and long afterwards, Brokenburgh ; ' (2) that they sacked the homestead at Caer Bladon, but left the British garrison isolated in its strongly defended castellum. I have partly followed Dr. Guest" in the reading he has given of an interesting passage from the Eulogimn Historiarvm; but ae this passage is the key to much that I shall have to advance presently in connection with the early history of the community who settled at Caer Bladon, it will be well to quote it here. It is as follows : — There was in Ireland (Seotia) a certain monk named Meildulf, who was so harassed by thieves and robbers in his own conntry that he conid hardly live. He, seeing that he conld not long remain there, took to flight and came as far as England. As he was surveying the country and thinking how God would dispose of him, he at last took up his quarters under the Castfillnni of Bladon, which in the Baxon tongue was called Ingelboume Castle. This Castellum was built by a certain British king by name Dunwallo, and by surname Molmuncius ...... There had furmerly been a city there, which was totally destroyed by the foreigners (alienigenis) hut the castellum, being a fortified building, maintained itself, and stood there for a long time .... without having any dwelling near it. The king's residence and the manor belonging to it were, both in the Pagan and in Christian times, at Kairdurburgh, which is now called Brnkebnrgh, or otherwise Brokenbem (Brokenberh), The hermit aforesaid, by name Meildulf, selected for himself a hermitage beneath the Castellum, having obtained permission from the men in charge of it, for there was not much resort of people there ; and when the necessaries of lite began to &ii him, he collected round him scholars to teach, that by their liberality he might mend his scanfy commons. In a short time these scholars so learning the mdiments swelled into a small convent" This passage follows up the evidence from the topographical remains, and it is important to bring into prominence its chief features. They are as follows : — 1. The Anglo-Saxon head-quarters were at Brokenburgh ; 2. The British still held out at Bladon, which was known to the English as Ingleboume Castle ; 3. The Irish (Celtic) monk settled under the walls of a fortress inhabited by his fellow-countrymen. ■ Gnest, Originet CeUicae, H. 252. » Ibid. ii. 251, 252. e Eutogium Bittoriarum, Eolls Series, 1857, i. 225 VOL. L. 3 L Digitized by Google 424 The history of Malmeshury as a village commmiity. Dr. G-uest suggests that Meildulf " found an English guard posted" in the castellum at Caer Bladon;' but there is ahsolately no evidence in the chronicle for this. On the other hand, all the facts point to Caer Bladon being occupied by the British. Meildulf would settle where he obtained some sympathy, and not where he was at the mercy or by the sanction of people whom he considered foreigners — alienigenos. We are told that the castellum maintained itself, and was known in the Saxon tongue as Ingelbourae CastJe; but this naming by the Anglo-Saxons is no proof of conquest, as the brook flowing by Broken- borough was known as the Ingelboume, the brook of the Bngle, Caer Bladon would be correspondingly known as the castle on the Ingelboume. To empha- size the evidence for the continued British occupation, it is curious to find that the Celtic name of the river, the Bladon, was known in later times and used by the Saxon bishop in his charter of 672, and both the Celtic name Caor Bladon, and the English, Ingelboume Castle, subsequently gave way to one which originated from the Irish monk Meildulf, the old English name being MailduUsbury, thence the Malmesbury of modem times. ** And it is worth asking whether this Celtic monk could have imposed his name upon a community who were not of the same race and language as himself, especially as we learn from a passage preserved by Leland in his Collectanea {ii. 304), that the Saxons had previously to this date destroyed " a house of nuns close by the castle of Ingleboume, in a certain hamlet called Hanburgh, by the Saxons termed Biu-gh- ton." Noting that here again we have a Celtic place-name supplemented by its Saxon equivalent, it is clearly arguable that the destruction of the Christian convent would not have been followed by the ready assent to the establishment of a Christian monk if the occupiers of the castellum were of the same race as the destroyers of the convent. And the reasonable assumption is that the castellum was held by the British as a frontier stronghold for that king who, in the language of Dr. Guest, as "lord of the rich and beautiful district which stretched from Malmesbury to Lands End must have been little inferior to the King of Wessex himself, either in the extent or resources of his dominions."" We have some confirmation of this from the history of the Celtic church which was established in this district. When Meildulf settled under the castle of Caer Bladon he saw around him nothing but the ruins of the former town. " There ' Originet Celticae, ii. 252. •• Cf. Rev. W. H. Jones in WilU. Arch. 8oe. viii. 69. ' Ongines Celticae, ii. 270. Digitized by Google The history of Mahneshury as a milage cormriunU;/. 425 had," says the record previously quoted, " formerly been a city there, which was totally destroyed by the foreigners, but the caatellum, being a fortified building, maintained itself and stood there a long time without having'any dwelling near it." He built a cell (tugurivm) under the walls of the castellum, and an extract given by Leland in his Collectanea (ii. 301) fixes the date of this as a.d. 637. It was thus that the light of the old Celtic church was kept burning in. spite of the opposition of the fierce paganism of the early Saxons.' The same British chief who is credited with building Caer Bladon is also said to have built castella at Laycook and Tetraonburgh, and though the latter place is not now to be iden- tified, Laycock, it is important to note, is situated in this old Welsh district with which Malmesbury is identified, and was also the seat of a British church. And even the first glimpse we get of Saxon influences is the appearance of the far-famed Aldhelm, a near kinsman of Ina, who, in 688, became King of Wessex, but who had been a pupil of Meildulf. It was his great mission to soften and almost eradicate the bitter enmity that existed between the Celtic churches and those which recognised the authority of Augustine and his successors. It has been well said that there was a fixed determination among the British not to attempt the conversion of the Anglo-Saxon race.'' But Aldhelm came to the work fresh from the teaching of his Celtic master Meildulf of Malmesbury. There he built two churches, one on the foundation of an old British church," and later on he founded other churches at Bradford and Frome, both of which places again are situated within the Celtic tongue of land which had for its northernmost stronghold the castellum at Caer Bladon or Malmesbury. Thus again we are forced to the conclusion that strong Celtic influences existed in this district, and they must be reckoned with in any attempt to understand the evidences of early times which meet us in the institutions which now exist. I think we thus get as a starting point clear evidence of a Celtic stronghold at the northernmost boundary of a wedge-like Celtic district, maintaining itself between the English-conquered districts of Mercia and Wessex longer than any * Mr. Trice Martin in his introdaction to tlie Begislrum Malmetburietue, ii. pa^ xl. comes to the eame coaclosion as mj'self, that Meildulf b chnrch was Celtic, " it mnet have followed the rule of St. Colamba, and it was not natil the reforms of Eadgar and Donstan that the stricter Italian rale was enforced and observed." I notice also that Dr. Leo points ont that " it was to the west of England and to Wales that the British Christiana were driven in early times, witneBB the names of the headlands on the Welsh Coast." — Zocal Nomenclature of the Anglo-Saxom, p. 54. " Rev. W. H. Jones, in Wilts. Arch. 8oc. viii. 76. « Ibid. 73. 3l2 Digitized by Google 426 The history of Malmsghury as a village comrmmity. other stronghold.' And in addition to the military stronghold there is the influence of the subsequent religious foundation tending to keep up as far as possible, in the midst of other influences, Celtic traditions of social organization. If we add to these two pregnant facts the extreme probability of a strong Celtic population having survived the Saxon occupation" of the district, we may expect to find that the institutions which are discoverable at the dawn of history, or by the light of modem scientific research, are strongly tinged with Celtic charac- teristics. And I would further suggest that the realization of these expectations would go far to substantiate the reading of the early chronicle evidence which I have ventured to adopt. We are now in a position to ask ourselves what are the initial facts with respect to the community who settled at Malmesbury ? In 637, when Meildulf took up his abode, there was no village or inhabitants outside the fortress. - In 672 Leutherius, bishop of the Saxons, granted to Aldhelm " terram illam cui vocabu- lum est inditum Maldumesburg." This gift no doubt included the ground upon which the two churches were afterwards built. But the building of a church other than the monastic church implies the existence of a community who would use it, and the question that therefore arises is — was this community, which now appears for the fiirst time, composed of the original garrison of Caer Bladon and their descendants, or was was it a band of Saxons who were attracted thither by the monastery? My own readiug of the evidence is that it was the Celtic com- munity who had occupied the castellimi, and who, as more peaceful times arose, and as the monastery flourished beneath their walls, again occupied the deserted village, and again worshipped in the church of their forefathers. At all events there is no evidence of any great inroad of Anglo-Saxons, and, though they un- questionably took part in the final settlement of the district, it was side by side with their old Celtic foes, not in place of them. If this is the correct view to take there will be traces of this race origin in the later institutions. What these later institutions were it is our next step to establish. The chronology of events has guided us so far, and now we must leave chronology and seek our guide in the science of comparative pohtics. By this we know that an institution is not modem because it happens to have been noted for the first • Gtneat'a map in Origines Oelticae, ii. 242, gives the poaitiou of the races very clearly. ^ I say " occupation," becaose, if Caer Bladon, sacked in a.d. 577, was still allowed to retain its British garrison in the castellnm the "conquest" of the district clearly did not take plttoe then. But an occupation nnqnestionably did take place when Mercians and West Saxons in later years overlapped their earlier bonndaiiee and f onglit f^inst each other or nnited against a common foe. Digitized by Google The history of Malmesbury as a village community. 427 time by modem inquirers : it is modem, or archaic — the creation of an historical period, or the descendant from a far-off period — ^just bo far as it is com- parable to modern or archaic ittstitutions known to exist elsewhere. If its parallels are known to have been created in order to meet the living practical purposes of modem times, then we may classify its origin as appertaining to modern history ; if on the other hand its parallels are to be found only in those backward lands, or among those arrested societies which exist in the eastern world in great plenty, and in the western world on the borders of civilization or in isolation amidst and in spite of civilization, then we class it with its fellows as appertaining to primitive history. Guided by what we already know of the beginnings of the Malmesbury community at the dawn of English history, we purpose next to group it among its parallels either in modem or primitive history. We will consider the structure of the Malmesbury community under the heads of (1) the basis of membership ; (2) the rights of membership. The basis of membership has some features which are of almost unique importance. Oar knowledge of them is chiefly to be obtained from an account in the Oentleman's Magazine of 1832,' which is copied from a manuscript dated 1685-6. What this manuscript is, and where it is, I have failed to discover, but that the extract I am going to use is original cannot for one moment be doubted. Being to mention MalmeBbury often in tlie ensuing narration, I have thought it not unfit, to Bay something of the policy of that anntient Corporation, which by the juatjce and clemency and liberality of former Kings, hath not only retained its auntieut forme of Government, but hath been inriched with great quantitys of land, which are disposed amongst the Freemen and Onildoners, by very just and pmdent methods. The Borrow of Malmesbury is situated in two parishes, tliat of Malmesbury properly, and that of Westport. The Commoners and Giuildeners of Malmesbury are divided into sixe centurys or hundreds or tribes, and every Commoner is reduced under one of these tribes, and inrolled in a large skin, under the name of a tribe or hundred, so that there are six columns of names, all which persons hare right of Common in the large portion of grounde called King's Heath, given to them by Charter, in reward of faithful services done to King Athelstan, whose monument is yet extant in Malmesbury, by that magnanimous King, but wisely limited, so that every Commoner hath an equal advantage by it Kow the 48 names which by antiquity or seniority come to be next the names of the respective centnrys or tribes, are termed the 48ths, and have an Addition of Land in a Common Field, belonging to that Corporation, as a Corporation. There is also a superiore order of 24', which are elected ever out of the 48 by the majori^ of the 24', who doe not always respect seniority, but the tribes of the persons. There is also another order, which consists of 13, who by the majority of the 13, are ever elected ont of the majority of the 24' onely, in which Election seniority is also not always regarded, • Part i. pp. 405-6. Digitized by Google 428 The history of Malmeehiry as a village community. Three persona of tliia 13 are yearly preBented to the Commoners by the rest of the 13, wW choose out of them an Alderman for the ensninge yeer, which Alderman is a Justice of the Peace for the Borrow j and hath power to nominate a Deputy, who is to act onely when the Alderman is out of the Burrow. These 13 have also large Meadowes or Pastures, none lease than il. nor none worth more than 16L per ann. to each one, bnt under penalties of waste, so that these grounds are not empayred, altho they pass tiiorow many hands. Confining ourselves firstly to the constitution of the community, what is the evidence to be derived from this remarkable document? The answer is to be found by ascertaining the constitution of the Welsh tribal communities, which can readily be done by turning to Mr. Seebohm's English Village Commmiity (pp. 181-206). Mr. Seebohm is there treating, not of the late survivala, imper- fect in form and twisted from their archaic originals by the forces of modem politics, but of the early tribal communities as seen from the evidence of laws and other early authorities. And though I shall not suggest that we can absolutely identify the Malmeabury community, with its "hundreds or tribes" and its "thirteens," with the "tribes" and "thirteens" of the Welsh system, yet I shall urge that the archaic arithmetic of the early "Welsh tribes has un- questionably sumved in the curiously complicated system of the Malmesbury community. " Without pretending to have mastered all the details," says Mr. Seebohm, "of these obscure [the Welsh] tribal arrangements, the point to be noted is that the scattering of the tyddyns all over the country side, and the clustering of them by fours and siiteens, or twelves, into the group which was the unit paying the gwestva or tunc pound, and again into clusters of twelve or thirteen under a maer as the unit of civil jurisdiction were obviously distinctive features arising from the tribal holding of the land."' Apply this statement to the condition of things at Malmesbury, and what do we find ? There could be no very extensive " scattering of the tyddyns all over the country side," because the community at Malmesbury was hemmed in by the Sassenach ; but substitute for this a closer drawing together of the few tribal homesteads that remained when they again issued from their oastellum, and the rest of Mr. Seebohm's summary of the early Welsh tribal constitution holds good too as a summary of the late Malmesbury constitution. In the first place we have not any definite traces of a " village " at Malmes- * Engiifh Tillage Community, p. 205. Mr. Seebohm qnotes from the Oicentian Code, p. 375, the following, " there are to be thirteen trers in every maenol, and the thirteenth of these is the snper- Doinerary trev." Digitized by Google The history of Malmesbwy as a village community. 429 bury. There is a community of independent homesteads, but not a village in the archaic sense. This is well illustrated by the evidence of BomesAay, which shows that Malmesbury was situated in two hundreds, that of Cheggelewe and Sterchelee, and Mr. "W. H. Jones significantly aaks " if the town of Malmesbury existed at the time when the hundreds were formed, is it likely that it would have been parted between two hundreds, especially when we bear in mind that the lordship of both belonged, from an early period, to the Abbot of Malmesbury ? " ' I do not follow Mr. Jones in hie answer to this question, but it suggests to my mind that, though there was a community at Malmesbury recognisable certainly as early as Bede, it waa baaed upon the old tribal system which we have been examining, and that there did not arise anything like a town until those much later years when com- merce had broken through the archaic network which held the community together. Of course, it is not to be expected that the structure of the com muni ty in the seventeenth or nineteenth centuries was exactly the same as the original from which it descended ; and the disturbing causes which prevented at the starting point a free settlement of a tribal community would introduce modifications of the general archaic system from the very beginning. But, considering these facts, the twisting which has taken place, owing to the operation of modern economic laws, is wonderfully small ; and I do not think we shall be overstepping the bounds of historical science by translating the modem title, "capital burgess," into the archaic " tyddyn " of the "Welsh. It is advisable to consider a little Tapper, Punjab Giutomary Law, vol. ii. pp. 74, 75. ' Laveleye'e Primitive Property gives parallel instances from Russia (p. 14), Switzerland (p. 94), Germany (p. Ill), Holland (p. 283), and it is an admitted feature of the primitive community wherever found. Digitized by Google The history of Malmesbury as a village community. _433 one for tlie swearing in of officers, one for admission of commoners, and one for the turning out of commoners upon disqualification. We do not know sufficiently of the details of the proceedings of this assembly to pick out all the points of contact with the assemblies of early social groups; but Mr. Trice Martin has preserved in his preface to the Registrwn MaVmesburiense (vol. iii. page xliii.) an interesting archaism which accompanies the delivery of the allotted portions of land to the commoners, seizin being given by the transferring of a twig and the repetition of the rhyming formula — This laiid and twig I give to thee, As free as Athelstan gave it me, And I hope a loving brother thou wilt be. The appearance of the rhyme at once denotes that we are in the presence of archaic custom,' and the last line recalls that " common brotherhood " which is a typical feature of early communities, and of which we have already had some evidence in the kinship which underlies the constitution of the Malmes- bury community. Further than this is the significant practice of the delivery of the twig. There exists many examples of the primitive community in England, where the annual allotment of the land is made by means of cu- riously formed twigs,"" a twig being placed on each strip of land, and corres- ponding twigs being cast into a hat, from which the various members of the commimity draw. The twigs so drawn denote the piece of land which each drawer is to have for the coming year. With these interesting facts before us I suggest that in the rhyming formula still surviving at Malmesbury we have a relic of the periodical redistribution of land by the assembly of the commu- nity. We have next to deal with the rights of the community. The rights of membership at Malmesbury, governed by that intricate system which has already been noted, are entirely of an archaic order. There is the tenement or home- stead. There is a right to land " in a common field," that is land held in common by those bundles of strips of acres or half-acres which Mr..Seebohm has made so familiar to us. There is the common pasture attached to the arable lots. In 1835 the Municipal Corporation Commission thus described this land : — " I have given some details of this interesting subject, rhyming formulae, in an article in the Antiqnary, vol. viii. pp. 12-15. *• Archaeologia, vol. xxivii. p. 383. On symbols of transfer generally, consult Spence's Court of Chancery, i. p. 22. 3 h2 Digitized by Google 434 The history of Malmeslmry as a village community. The properly of the Corporation oonsiste of abont 516 acres of land, divided among the entire ^l>ody in the following proportion: 280 commoners, abont I acre each; 48 landholders, about 1 acre each ; 24 assistants, about 2 acres each ; the alderman and eleven [twelve] senior capital bnrgessee, 140 acres between them (see Report, yoI. i. p. 77).' but the Commissioners of 1876 obtained much more valuable information. This information I summarise as follows, the reference figures being the number of question and answer in the evidence : — 1. The homestead, which gives in primitive times the right to land allotments in the common lands, is represented by thirty>nine properties, which belong to the alderman and capital burgesses (5487-5500). 2. The allotment of lands. — No one can hold land unless he be a freeman of the borough either by right of birth or marriage (5415). This enables them to take up their right as commoners (6420), and they take common as a vacancy occurs. The commoners then succeed by rotation to a vacant acre held by the landholders. The mode of succession to this higher body is regulated by custom. The custom is, that the whole common is divided into six " hundreds," each hundred part having a particular name (5433-6). The commoner draws lots upon one or more of these six " hundreds," and enters himself as a candidate for vacancies as they arise (5411). He cultivates or lets his allotment, which is not marked out by boundaries or by fences (6531), The next grade is that of assistant burgess. To become a member of this grade the candidate must first give a " seeking feast" to the body of twenty-four (6293), and then take up his allot- ment upon the death of a present holder. Then from the assistant burgesses are elected the capital burgesses, who have each a burgess part in the lands of the borough (5470). Now this remarkably intricate custom has many features common to the primitive agricultural holdings, some of them of special interest. The village tenements, the arable allotments, the common pasture, are all characteristics that do not belong to modem times. Rotation by death or seniority replaces the annual allotment of primitive times. And this slight deviation is quite capable of historical explanation (see Laveleye's Primitive Property, p. 93), besides which we may compare this succession to long-established allotments to the Punjab custom of succession to ancratral shares. Another fact it is important to note is the use of the word acre in its archaic sense. Bach of the six " hundreds " has a certain portion of the common land * This is the same as recorded in the preamble of the local Act 1 and 2 Geo. lY. cap. 34, and it is important here to note this aa an instance of archaic cnstom being recorded in a modem statute. Digitized by Google The history of Malmeabury as a vUlage com/munity. 435 appertaining to it. This is divided out into lots or " acres." These, it was ex- plained to the Commissioners of 1876 (Q. 6491), are not statute acres, some being half and some three-quarters of an acre, and it is these nominal acres which form the holding of the members of the hundreds.' "With reference to the curious division of the communal lands into " six hundreds or tribes," I am tempted much to dwell upon the archaic terminology here so distinctively used. But whether or not there be anything to be derived from this, the real point to note is, that the sirfold division does not really affect the constitution of the community. The "thirteens," the 488) &c., exist quite independently of the six hundreds, and all that this division applies to is the land. I think there can be little doubt that we have here the survival of an influence which was not Celtic in its origin. I have noted how the two races, Celtic and Saxon, probably met at Malmesbury on more equal terms than usual, and it may be that in the sixfold division we see traces of Teutonic influence. An arrange- ment into six fields is to be met with at Kells, co. Meath," and this, perhaps, may give the clue to an explanation of the Malmesbury system. Kells was over- run and re-settled by Danes, and there is something more than conjecture for referring its curious constitution to this period and people. Now Malmesbury was overrun by the Danes, and I throw out the conjecture for what it is worth, that the division into the six hundreds, perfectly independent aa it is of the rest of the organization, might be due to this later race-influence. One further note of parallels between the Welsh tribal system and Malmesbury must be made. Observing that in king Alfred's time, Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, and even parts of Wiltshire still formed what was known as " West Wales," Mr. Seebohm goes on to point out how that king in his will carefully abstained from applying the word ham to his numerous possessions in the West Welsh districts, but invariably used in describing his estates there the word lamd, the land or the landes at such and such a place." Now the use of the term Uind in this particular way is one of the dialect peculiarities of Wiltshire,* and particularly so of Malmesbury. There is first of all the specific title of " landholders " appUed ' Thia naming of the holdings hy the term " acrea " led to a wrong statement of the area of the corporation property. In 1835 it was stated to be 516 acrea (aee above), but there were really 516 loti, which represented 800 statute acres, if not more. See Commiagion of 1876, Quegtion 32,613 et seqq. " 1 communicated this to the Athenaeum of 3rd March, 1883; and see Seebohm, EngUth Viltoffe i-ommumty, p. 227. " Seebobm'e EngluK Village Community, p. 254. •" Davis, Agriculture of Wilts. Digitized by Google 436 The history of Mahmshwry as a village community. to one section of the communitj', and a section too which enters into the most archaic parallels with the early tribal system, and the evidence before the Com- missioners of 1876 clearly establishes the term " lands " as a specific phrase locally known to Malmesbm-y. "We have now gone through step by step the constitution of the Mabnesbury community, and alike in the basis and rights of membership we have found Strongly marked parallels to the basis and rights of membership in archaic society. There is one final, and I hold conclusive, teat by which we may prove the archaic nature of this commimity, and that ia by ascertaining its degree of original inde- pendence from the national law and the national economy. There was absolutely no room for the national law of England within the constitution of Malmesbury. Small offences being punishable by the assembly of the community, the whole of the criminal code is got rid of by the simple ex- pedient of expelling the felon from membership; an expedient which in early society led to the creation of " broken-men," who, fleeing from one tribe, were adopted by another. The law of wills can find no place, because succession to property is by kinship, all the sons succeeding to the rights of the father. There can be no alienation or gift of property, and hence no laws to govern this process. The position of woman requires no law to regulate it, because after she has passed the patrimonial rights to her husband she has no further status, and her position when unmarried would be that of absolute dependence upon the father. To show its independence of the national economy we must revert to a sub- ject which I mentioned just now as requiring some explanation, namely, the Bmallnesa of the holdings of the members of the community. Now, the area of land belonging to the modem corporation has admittedly diminished. The commissioners of 1876 obtained from one of the witnesses evidence to the effect that, " by reputation," they had lost some lands, and do not know where they have gone to, and they possessed "old deeds relating to pro- perty " of which they do not know the existence. If we turn to the doings of the abbey, as chronicled in the Registrv/m Malmesburiense, we can obtain some expla- nation of this. The enclosure of the common lands round Malmesbury, says Mr. Trice Martin in his preface to that volume, furnish the subject of many of the documents. Fouleswike and the Rowmerse, which are frequently mentioned in this connection, are probably what is now known as Bird's Marsh, about a couple of miles north of Chippenham, on the Malmesbury road. Portmaneshethe recalls the familiar Portmeadow of Oxford, and was the property of the burgesses, a& well aa Bamdehethe or Bumtheath, which the Malmesbury people are fond of Digitized by Google The history of Malmesbury as a village commimity. 437 telling strangers was granted to their ancestors by Athelstan for help given in the battle against the Danes.* It is impossible without local knowledge to do justice to the extremely valu- able documents collected in this volume; and I venture to suggest that the Wilts Archaeological Society, to whom we already owe so much, should take up the subject in the same spirit that Mr. Akerman has adopted in his paper in Archaeohgia (vol. xxxvii.) on the possessions of the Abbey of Malmesbury, in North Wilts. It seems pretty certain that the tenements within the town and the grants without could be one and all identified. Even without this local identifi- cation these documents tell us the same story which we have learned from other parts of the history of Malmesbury. The lands are intermixed allotments in a common field, and held by their various owners in bundles of acres. It will be sufficient to quote one or two examples to prove this ; and I will select the docu- ments dealing with ThomhiU. This is the name of one of the six " hundreds " into which the lands of Malmesbury are divided ; and I think we have here not only evidence of the ancient mode of culture and holding, but of the once wider extent of these " hundreds." The first document is a grant of " tres acras terrae cum omnibus pertinentiis suis in campis de ThomhuUe, quarum duae acrae jacent juxta tenementum quondam Roberti le Charpenter versus occidentem, una dimidia acra extendit se versus terram Willelmi Parcarii inter terram Willelmi le Frere et Bicardi Finnock, et alia dimidia acra jacet in campo de Borghtone" qui vocatur le Ham, inter terram Roberti Woderove et terram Aliciae de la Grene.'" Here we we have two acres lying together, and two half -acres lying between the acre-strips of other holders. The next document relates to an exchange of land at Thomhill, consisting of " illas septem acras terrae arabilis quae jacent in campis de Bornh- tone et ThomhuUe,'" of which two acres and two half-acres are the same as described as above, and the remaining four acres are scattered in parcels, two of one acre each, and the remaining two acres together. The last document relating to this district is the grant to the abbey " totum tenementum meum et terram meam apud Thomhulle, cum domibus, gardinis, curtillagiis, pratis, pascuis, et pasturis."' But if we have thus been able to show that one of the " hundreds " now ■ Begistrum Malmetbtirienie, vol. ii, p, iliii. " This is the hamlet allnded to above (p. 4) as the seat of the nunnery destroyed by the Saxons and called by the Britons Ilanborgb. « Beg. Malm, ii, 184. * Ibid. ii. 230. • Ibid. ii. 349. Digitized by Google 438 The history of Malmeshtry as a village cormn/unity. belonging to the Malmesbury community once extended beyond its present area the remaining documents of Mahnesbury Abbey show us very clearly how the abbey gradually gathered iato its hands tenements in the town and large tracts of land without, which once no doubt belonged to the community. And when we come to the charters of John, which granted the town to the abbey in fee-farm, and gave them absolutely the castle, the Norman successor of that ancient British castellmn which was the source of all civil rights in Malmesbury, we know quite well that the stage when old communal lands were to be transformed into chiirch lands had been reached. Looking at the evidence thus, I do not think it is too much to suggest that the community of Malmesbury was once a community independent of the national economy for its support, obtaining its own food and its own clothes from the lands and flocks which it owned. One special illustration of this fact is the custom of granting land for the support of the village oflBcers. Sir Henry Maine has drawn significant attention to this point,' and its bearing upon the independent economy of each settlement. That we have a survival at Malmesbury in the annual grant to the alderman of a piece of land known as the " Alderman's kitchen " is evidence of a once existing system of economy which did not extend beyond the community itself. This concludes the evidence with reference to the archaic nature of the Malmesbury community, and it will be admitted, I think, that on the whole the twisting from the original has been singularly shght considering the lapse of time and the peculiar racial disturbances which attended the early settlement of the district. It may be that some of the customs I have enumerated are to be attributed to Saxon origin and not "Welsh. And certain it is that we have no evidence, as far as I can see, of- the old custom of food-rents so characteristic of the Welsh tribal system. But while on the other hand we have so near as Cirencester an example of what Mr. Seebohm characterises as " very much like a survival of the Welsh food-rents at one of the cities conquered by the Saxons in 577,'"* so I would venture to suggest a survival at Malmesbury of the duty of the free tribesmen " to join the chiefs host in his enterprises," in the Domesday record that " when the King going on an expedition, whether by land or sea, he was either wont to have from this borough 20 shillings for the support of his sailors, or took with him one man for each honour of 5 hides." ■ Village Communities in the East and West. * English VHiage Oommunit^, p. 211. Digitized by Google XXV. — Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London, dated respectively 1245 and 1402; now, for the first tm^e, prvided, with an Introduction by W, Spabbow Simpson, D.D., F.8.A,, 8vh-Dean of 8. Paul's, The third edition, folio. London, 1818, pp. 310-335. ' A very carefnl transcript of both these docnmentB bas been made for mo by Mr. R. B. G, Eirk, to ^bose minute accoracy I am much indebted. Digitized by Google TiDo Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paitl, London. 441 Monasticon (edition 1830, vol. vi. pp. 1202-10), seemeto have been taken about the year 1510 (p. 1203, col. i.) : and the great Lincoln Inventory, occupying" nearly sixteen columns of Dugdale (vol. vi. pp. 1278-86), is still later, not having been compiled till 1536. Full of interest as it is,, it ia very melancholy reading, for it was followed almost immediately by a peremptory letter from that remarkably disinterested monarch Henry VIII., in which the king, exceedingly jealous for the well-being of his subjects, orders the removal of the great ahrine and of " superstitious relics, as superfluous jewels, plates, copes, and other such like." They were so dangerous to the souls of his people these jewels, and the like, that they must be guarded with the strictest care. As he is careful to direct : for they are to be conveyed to " Our Tower of London, into our Jewel House there, charging the Master of our jewels with the same." The catalogue is very fuU — the English in which it is written sufficiently quaint — some of the articles enumerated are of peculiar interest (as, for example, that pix containing " the - chain with which St. Katherine bound the devil"),* — ^but the reader feels as he peruses the Inventory as one who is reading a list of the names of men who are to be executed to-morrow. All these precious jewels, vestments, ornaments, were to be swept at once into the huge drag-net which was being drawn over England. The Inventory was compiled in the 28th year of Henry VIII., IJhe king's imperative letter was written four years after. The Pauline Inventory dates nearly three centuries earlier. The Inventory of 1245 occurs on the fly-leaves at the commencement of a noble volume, preserved amongst the archives, known as the Statuta Majora, On the last cover is a horn plate, secured by small nails to the board of which the cover is composed, and beneath the plate is an inscription Statuta Majora Ecclesiae Sancti Pauli. It is called the Statuta Majora,^ to distinguish it from another volume entitled the Statuta Minora." The Statnta Majora contains fewer statutes than the Statuta Minora, but is written in a far finer and bolder hand.^ The Inventory commences on folio 5. b, and ends abruptly at the foot of folio 8 b, filling twelve columns and a half, in so small a hand that no less than seventy-four lines are contained in a single column. ' Dngdale, Moncuticon, vol. vi. p. 1279, col, 2. » It is a folio Tolame, about fonrteea inches in height bf nine tund a half in width, bound in wooden boards (very muoh decayed), covered with a roagh skin of leather. ' Nearly ten and a half inches in height by >boat six inches in -width. " The statutes are printed in my BegUtrum Statutorum et Contnetitdinmn Bcclenae Cathedralii 8. Pauli Londinentw. 3k2 Digitized by Google 442 Two Inventories of the caGtedjral church of St. Paul, London. The Inventory of 1402 is a thin Telluin book of twenty leaves, if the two leaves which form the cover are to he counted.' ■ The actual Inventory does not commence till page 9, hut on the previous pages other entries of a like nature have been made at a later period. In the present transcript these entries are printed at the end so as to exhibit them in their true chronological order. On the outside cover is written ' . "Inventarium Anno Domini 1402" the date being in Arabic figures.'' It may be convenient to pass the first of these Inventories under somewhat detailed examination, though only those items can be selected which seem worthy of especial and separate notice. First in the enumeration are sixteen chalieest five of gold, the rest of silver-gilt. One had belonged to Alardus de Bumham, dean, who died in 1216 ; on the paten was engraved the representation of the Majesty, and the foot of the chalice was set with amethysts. The hand of the Lord in benediction was a frequent subject for the ornamentation of the patens. Another chalice bore upon its foot, in incised letters, the donor's name. A fig^e of the Holy Trinity enthroned upon the rain- bow is seen on two other patens. The chalice belonging to St. Radegund's altar had been stolen, but the offerings at the altar had sufficed to purchase another, bearing the scallop-shells of St. James upon the foot and the Agnus Dei upon the paten. A chalice of Greek work had lost its paten but retained its reed, calamus; a relic of the time when, as Dr. Rock says, the deacon carried the chalice down from the altar to the people, and " each one drank of its hallowed contents through a long narrow pipe or hollow reed, made of gold, silver, or ivory, which was often, though not always, fastened on a pivot to the lower inside part of the sacred vessel. The golden reed is used to this day by the pope whenever he solemnly pontificates, and by the cardinals who serve him as deacon and subdeacon, both of whom communicate with the supreme pontiff under the two kinds."" Three such reeds are figured by Dr. Bock, In a later Inventory at St. Paul's, a chalice, apparently the same, is described as having two reeds of silver-gilt. The golden * Twelve and a half inches in height by fonr and a half in breadth. " Below this inBcription is written in characlera, bo faint that they oan with difficnlty be deciphered, " De pecania et argento fracto nota fo. 4*°." ' Church of Our Fathert, i. 165-7. Digitized by Google T7C0 Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 443 chalice of bishop Henry de Wingham, adorned with' enamels and with its knot set with pearls, completes the list. One of the chalices had belonged to a prior of the hospital of St. Thomas of Aeon, who died suddenly in the prebend of Holbom, bnt whose name has not been recorded. Of phialae, or cruets, of silver, there are seven pairs, beside one, old and broken, which has lost its companion. Two of these cruets, which had belonged to bishop Eustace de Fauconberge, had been delivered to "William the chaplain, and had been stolen, wherefore they should not be included in the Hst. Nine censers, some enriched with figures of angels, of silver ; two navieulae, or incense-boats, one of silver-gilt, the other with its coclear or spoon ; a silver discus or dish, in the form of a salt-cellar, but intended to serve aa an incense-plate ; three silver ampullae for oil and chrism, and two ampullae portatiUs, also of silver, with chains of the same metal; three poma, or metal balls, one of silver and white metal, another of silver-gilt, the first adorned with figures of animals, the third with representations of the months; and two crismatorta complete the next section of the Inventory. These poma were hollow metal balls so contrived as to be filled with burning charcoal or hot water, so that the bishop during the intervals of service might warm his hands, and thus the more readily hold the sacred vessels.* This convenient instrument was also called calefactorium, calepungnus, and scutum. One of these poma had belonged to bishop Eustace de Fauconberge, another to Fulke Basset, the bishop then presiding over the see of London, whilst the third had belonged to a canon of the church. The section headed De Candelabris is, like the last, somewhat miscellaneous. It commMices with a pair of portable candelabra of silver, and of ancient work, the feet representing dragons ; another pair is ornamented with figures of men riding upon lions ; a third pair, smaller, of enameled silver with copper feet, serves for the boys at the high altar ; and there is besides a single candelabrum of copper covered with silver. A silver pix, for the Holy Eucharist, which foimerly hung " ultra majus Altare " ; a silver comb, partly gilt; a silver-gilt cup which king Henry had given for the Eucharist, adorned with lions and leopards; a silver vase for holy water, of Greek fabric, probably the gift of bishop Richard de Belmeis I. ; and a small silver vessel to contain the salt used in baptism and at ozorcisms. Six pairs of silver badni, basons or dishes, follow. Two are adorned with dragons and lions, two with images of St. Peter and St. Paul, one with the figure of a man » Dr. Bock, ii. 163. Digitized by Google 444 Tiw Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Pcml, London. holding a book in his hand (possibly an evangelist), another with the effigy of a man fighting with a lion (probably Samson), whilst another is gilt within "in modnm crucis." The following section is of greater interest, as it deals with shrines and relics and their cases. First, of course, is the shrine of St. Brkenwald, the sainted bishop. It is of wood, covered with plates of silver enriched with imc^es and precious stones : of the latter, *' it is said," so the scribe puts it (it is to be supposed that the time did not allow of their being counted), there are no less than one hundred and thirty. A former dean had fastened to the shrine his gold ring, set with a sapphire. It was an example to be largely followed. "Walter de Thorp, a canon, gave, in 1319, all his gold rings and jewels, of what sort soever, to the shrine ;' king John of France made an oblation of twelve nobles ; and in 15 Richard II. Richard de Preston, citizen and grocer, presented his famous sapphire, of singular virtue for the healing of diseases of the eyes. Special indulgences were granted to those who visited the shrine.'" On the two feasts of St. Brkenwald, bishop Braybrooke ordered that all the clergy of the diocese vested in their copes should repair thither. It was, in fact, the chief place of pilgrimage in the cathedral chmvh. If of secondary importance, yet still of great interest, was the shrine of Mellitus, the companion of St. Augustine and first bishop of London. This also was of wood, covered, on the front side only, with plates of silver and with images, over which stood an angel of copper-gilt. The shrine of St. Erkenwald and that of St. MelUtus stood side by side, probably on the beam above the high altar.' It must therefore be concluded that the shrine of St. Erkenwald, here described, was not the large structure of later years, on which in the reign of Edward III. three goldsmiths laboured for a whole year,* but a lesser and portable shrine. Of St. Erkenwald the church possessed the entire remains, which were translated in 1148 from the nave to *' the east side of the wall above the high altar," to use Dugdale's own words. He describes the shrine, and the iron gate which enclosed it. A third shrine " supra magnum altare," an ancient shrine, of wood covered with silver, contained divers relics, " collectae in diversis collectionibus." » Dngdale, 8. Pattl'$, 15. edit. 1818. " Dngdale gives copious details abont the slu-itie. * " Haec duo sunt collateralia in magno altari." ' Dngdale, 15. . Digitized by Google Ttoo Inventories of the cathedral church of 8t. Paul, London. 445 A fourtli, of wood covered with silver-gilt plates, contained a smaller shrine of crystal, and within it two ribs of St. Laurence. It cost fifty marcs. A fifth shrine, that of bishop Richard, third of that name {Richard de Ely, sumamed Fitz Neale), was of wood covered with silver plates well gilt and adorned with imitations of carbuncles and sapphires. It is called the shrine of the Blessed Virgin, for it contains some of her hair ; and, also, in a little capsole, a tooth of St. Vincent. The sixth shrine is that of the royal Bthelbert. It is of wood covered with silver plates and set with one hundred and thirty precious stones; " so it is said," observes the scribe, for, in this case also, he has not ttiken the trouble to count them. King Bthelbert was a generous donor to the cathedral church, no less than to the Church at large. St. Paul's still holds the manor of Tillingham, with which it was endowed by the royal benefactor. The seventh shrine, that of bishop William, was entirely of silver, richly gilt, with figures in high relief and very beautiful. Two large ivory coffers, standing upon the high altar, contain various relics, in separate cases ; a third (black) coffer is similarly furnished. Of reUcs suflBciently important to be separately specified, there are the arm of St. Oswald, covered with silver plates ; an arm of St. Mellitus, also adorned with silver plates set with sixteen crystals, and with one stone curiously carved, it was probably an antique gem, together with four greater and six lesser stones ; ' an arm of St. Osyth, virgin and martyr, holding her head in her hand, the reliquary adorned with twenty-two stones and with enamels and pearls ; other bones from the arm of St. MeUitus, particularly one which the monks of St. Augustine's abbey had presented to bishop Eustace; an ivory pix containing a finger-bone of St. Oswald ; a pillow which had belonged to St. Edith ; a staff, perhaps a pastoral staff, and a comb, relics of St. Thomas k Becket ; two crosses of crystal ; a graceful (gracilis) cross, with the image wholly gilt, adorned with a stone carved with the figure of a man, the arms of the cross bearing two amethysts ; a larger cross of wood covered with silver plates, ornamented with the not very usual subject of the resurrection of Adam ; a small pectoral cross ; two processional crosses ; a silver-gilt cross in which are preserved certain relics of the true cross ; and ten combs, bring this important section to a close. The next division treats of episcopal staves and ornaments mainly. The staff of bishop Richard Fitz Neale, enriched with massive silver figures of St. Peter ' AccoDQt anpplemented from Inventory of 129S. Digitized by Google 446 Tiffo Inventmies of the cathedral chv/rch of St. Paul, London. and St. Paul, and set with amethysts. This staff was at the moment in the hands of Thomas of St. Sepulchre's, who waa replacing the wooden portion of the staff, which was decayed or broken. Another staff of the same bishop, with a crook of horn terminating in a dragon's head, from whose mouth issued a vine surrounding the figure of a lion ; the metal here employed was copper-gilt. A third staff, which had belonged to bishop William, and which bishop Fulke Basset was then using, was of great beauty; it was made of silver and richly adorned with figures of the Apostles, of St. Peter and St. Paul, and of the Blessed Virgin with bishop William himself kneeling before her. Two other staves call for special remark ; the first is the precentor's staff of ivory with silver-gilt enrichments, adorned with crystal and with precious stones. The second is the haculvs stultorvm. The subject of the Feast of Fools is large enough to demand a separate essay ; it must suffice here to refer to a very important article on the subject in Henschel's edition of Ducange.* Of mitres there are four. The first of white embroidered in purple, ornamented both in front and behind with stars and crescents ; in each star is a topaz or an almandine, whilst in the circle surrounding the head are golden plates pierced with trefoils set with peridots, and tau crosses adorned with gems. The mitre was at the time in use by bishop Basset ; it had belonged in time past to bishop Eustace, and was enriched with seed-pearls and with larger pearls. To these must be added a mitre for the boy bishop, of small value. It is a little remarkable that the boy bishop's mitre should have been nullivs pretii, for the city of London was specially devoted to the ceremonial of which he formed a part. The small parish of St. Peter Cheap had, in 1431, "ij cluldes copes for S. Nicholas w* j myter, j tonycle, j cheseble, and iij feble aubes for childer, and a crose for the bysshope, p's xl.s." At St. Paul's in 1263, the dean, Geoffrey de Feringes, found it necessary to pass a statute, regulating in a very minute way the observance of the ancient custom.'' He recognises the significance of the rite : " innocens puer Praesulatus officio fungeretur, ut sic puer pueris pre-esset, et innocens innocentibus imperaret, illius tipum teuens in ecclesia, quem sequuntur innocentes, quooumque ierit." But liberty must not degenerate into license. Great irreverence had been caused * Under tbe word Kaletidae. *> See Part vi. cap. 9, of the etatntes as incorporated by bishop Baldock and dean Lisieox in mv SegUtrum Statutonim, Ac. See, especially, the Btatate De Officio Pverarum in Feelo Sajictorvm Twttocentittm, Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 447 " propter insolenciam effrenatae multltudinis subsequentes eimdern, et affluentis improbonmi turbae pacem Praesulis esturbantis." Care must be taken that the higher dignitaries of the church be not brought into ridicule ; the boy bishop must not, in future, select his ministers from the canons, major or minor, but only from those who sit upon the second or third form. The election of the boy bishop takes place on December 5, the eve of St. Nicholas' day. He has two attendant chaplains, two taper-bearers, five clerks, and two of the servants of the church precede him with their virgae. He sups, after the vespers of St. John, at the house of the canon in residence, in whose absence the dean entertains him. If the boy bishop goes to the deanery he may take with hioa fifteen companions. Other dignitaries entertain other of the choristers in small companies, each not exceeding four in number. The dean provides a horse on which the boy bishop rides forth to give his benediction to the people ; and each residentiary provides a horse for some person who takes part in the procession. They assemble in atrio, and there take horse. The strange and profane travesty of holy rites which followed need not here be detailed ; but at St. Paul's, as elsewhere, the sermon was a great feature in the proceedings. So grave and learned a man as dean Colet ordained, in the statutes of St. Paul's school, that " all these children shall every Childremas daye come to Paulls Churche, and hear the Childe Bishoppes sermon, and after be at highe masse, so each of them offre a j ' to the Childe Bishopp, and with the Maisters and Surveyours of the Scoole." Erasmus, himself, composed a sermon for the boy bishop to deliver. The procession was discontinued by proclamation, 25 July, 1542;' but the citizens of London did not relinquish it till some years later, and it lingered on in country parishes till the reign of Elizabeth. But to return to the Inventory. The episcopal sandals and stockings are well worthy of notice." One pair of sandals was of red samite, embroidered with flowers, whilst the stockings are embroidered with circles containing eagles and dragons. Another pair of sandals was of blue samite, and the stockings were embroidered with the scallop-shells of St. James and with lions. Pour pairs of gloves, of old workmanship, adorned with golden circles, are also enumerated. The scribe next takes account De cathed^ et pulvinaribus. Nine chairs are ' See BrtmA, Popular Antiquities. Bobn's edition, i. 428. " Br. Book, ii. 249, 250, figures & good example of each. VOL. L. 3 Digitized by Google 448 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. set down. Four of wood, and a fifth of the same material which had belonged to the sainted bishop Roger Niger ; three of iron, and one of iron plated with silver, and gilded and adorned with human heads, which bishop Baaset, no mean judge in such matters, it would seem, was using for himself. In 1295 an iron chair with gilded heads and balls was set apart for the precentor's use. A single pulmrtar, or cushion, may be noticed, and this only for its use, " ad portandum textum." The next section is of very great importance, for it describes, one by one, the more valuable copes, of which there are no less than thirty-seven. A few speci- mens must be selected. The cope of Alardus the dean, of purple samite (in 1295 it is said to be of black samite. Had the London atmosphere and forty years of time made it become dingy?), embroidered with roses, stars, gladeolis {are these the sword of St. Paul?), and crescents, cum taseellis, on which were embroidered St, Peter and St. Paul : the morse was of gold. These tasselli ' were sometimes thin plates of gold or silver attached to the cope or chasuble, occasionally set with sparkling gems. The cope of Richard of Ely was of purple samite, embroidered with leopards and flowers interlaced : the morse of silver with massive figures of St. Peter and St. Paul, and four angels in the corners. The cope of Peter the archdeacon possessed a hood sewn with pearls, on which was inscribed the name of the archdeacon : its silver morse, set with precious stones, and in the midst an engraved cornelian, whilst the silver-gilt crest of the morse was adorned with engraved sapphires. Amongst the precious stones plentifully adorning other copes may be mentioned a kamaeu, or sardonyx, engraved with a woman's head; lapis qui didtwr presme ; a counterfeit sapphire ; a topaz ; a counterfeit presme ; cornelians, onyx, amethyste. The cope of Richard de "Windesore bore upon one of its *' tassels " a representation of Windsor castle, and upon the other the figure of Richard himself standing at an eagle lectern and reading the gospel before a bishop. Upon the "tassels" of the cope of Richard Ruffus were depicted the martyrdoms of St. Stephen and St. Thomas. Other subjects are the Jesse tree and the scallops of St. James. The colours of the copes are generally indicated : of these fifteen are red, eight purple, five black, two white, one green, and one yellow. Of less precious copes there are forty-four, besides twenty-eight for the boy bishop and his train, and for the Feast of Fools, but these are " debiles et con- ■ Dr. Rock, it 33. " The omanleDte' on the backa of episcopal gloyes, when not done in embroidery, bnt made of silver or gold plate, are likewise called tasselli." Digitized by Google Two Invmiories of the cathedral chwrch of 8t. Paul, London. 449 tritae." The colours are not always stated ; so far as they are indicated eleven are red, four purple, three black, eight white, four green, and three yellow. The morses of the copes next claim attention. That of Alardus the dean was of pure gold with an amethyst in the centre, a sapphire and a cornelian on either side, together with other stones large and small. The morse of WiUiam the bishop was of the same precious metal, set with a sapphire and two cornelians, with other sapphires and precious stones. The remaining morses are of silver- gilt, and exhibit great variety in design and ornamentation. Two of the simpler ones are formed of silver plates upon a wooden core. Thirty-four chaavi>le3 are thought worthy of particular description. Their special parte are, in some cases, minutely indicated: thus we have the intei- hwmerale, the pare anterior, and the pars doraalis, besides the orphreys and the tasselli. The embroideries include birds and flowers, the Agnus Dei, swords, lions and birds, a tree with branches, SS. Peter, Paul, and Michael. The chasuble of Roger the chaplain had an orphrey in the form of the archiepiscopal pall ; that of Peter of Blois had the words arckidiacomis London, inscribed upon the tassels ; that of bishop Maurice (1086-7 to 1107) had the words Mauritius me fecit frater episcopus ; whilst the ornamentation of the chasuble presented by Otho the legate had been transferred to a new " foundation." The colours here are in nine cases red, in five purple, in two black, in three white, in two green, in three yellow, in one blood colour, in two nigra purpurea quasi marmorea, and in one plus croceo quam viridi. It may be noted that the pall-shaped orphrey is seen on the back of the chasuble of St. Thomas of Canterbury preserved in the cathedral church at Sens, figured by Dr. Rock;' and a very similar arrangement appears on that of St. Regnobert at Bayeux. The following table will show the distribution of colours amongst these vestments : PnciomCopa. Ordinuy Copes. ChMnblm. Red 16 11 9 Purple (indioi colons) 8 4 5 Black S. 3 2 White 2 8 3 Green 1 4 2 Yellow 1 3 3 Nigra purpurea quasi marmorea — 2 Plus croceo quam viridi — — 1 Blood colour — — 1 • Oh«rch of Our Falhm, i. 322, and fiontispieoe. 8o2 Digitized by Google 450 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. PoaiI, London. The marble silk mentioned above "had a weft of seTeral colours so woven as to make the whole web look like marble stained with a variety of tinta. During full three centuries this marble silk found great favour amongst us ; for Henry Maohyn in his curious diary tells us how ' the old qwyne of Schottes rod thnight London,' and how 'then came the lord tresorer with a 0. gret horsse and ther cotes of marbull ' to meet her the 6th of November, 1551." * The numerous tunicUs and dalrtiatics scarcely demand separate notice, but the vestimenta et eorum pertinentia form a section of considerable import-ance. Some of these were evidently of great magnificence, aa, for example, the first enumerated ; the vestment of bishop GKlbert embroidered with stars and crescents, on the ends of the stole the figures of Abraham and Melchisedek, on the fanon Jacob, on the amice the Twelve Apostles. The vestment of bishop Richard was embroidered with lions passant and with flowers interlaced, the amice ornamented with rows of pearls ; a second vestment of the same prelate was still richer : the Apostles (the name of each placed below the figure) appeared in the appcureU, on the stole , and maniple similar figures with white faces, at the extremities of the stole St. Nicholas and St. Oswald, of the amice St. Erkenwald and St. Edmund, whilst the midst of the amice was enriched with pearls and grains of gold. The vestment of canon H. de Norhampton was embroidered with lions, flying serpents, eagles, and fishes, and the stole with angelic figures, Uriel and Barathiel. On other vestments are to be found figures of St. Thomas and St. Paul, St. Erkenwald and bishop Richard ; St. Gabriel, St. Michael, Oherubin and Seraphin ; dean Alard'e vestment bore the favourite subject of .the Majesty and the Apostles, the stole and fanon having similar subjects, and, at the extremities, angels with Httle silver bells. These bells"* were, it is probable, not mere representations of bells, but real silver bells, like the golden bells on Aaron's robe." On the vestment of "William the Hermit appeared the Three Kings, the Blessed Virgin, the Angel, and the Shepherds ; and on the amice the Blessed Virgin, St. Peter, and St. Paul. The vestment of Geoffrey de Lucy, dean, exhibited in the apparels the figures of two bishops and that of St. Paul, whilst the amice bore the less usual subjects of the Resurrection and the descent into Hades. Of baudekin and silken stufEs there was rich store. The king and queen were bountiful givers ; other donors were Thomas of Savoy, count of Flanders, • Rock, TexHU Walrict, 76, 77. " Dr. Rock, Ckwck of ow FatlivrB, i. 415. * Exodna, xxviii. 33. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paid, London. 451 who visited London in 1240, Beatrice, countess of Provence, and bishop Fulke Basset. One piece had been presented at the funeral of bishop Roger, another by the king at the funeral of Alexander Swerford, treasurer, and a third at the obsequies of William Joynier, mayor of London in 1239. William Longesp^, earl of Salisbury, on his return from the Holy liand in 1242, presented a piece of pa/n/rms de areata of red colour embroidered with yellow parrots and trees, and queen Eleanor had presented two pieces pro fiXio el filia, probably her eldest son and eldest daughter. Of cughions and hangings for the choir, of tapestries and veils, there is no need to speak in detail ; the velv/m quadragesimale and the velum quod est aide Magnam Grucemf that is, the great rood in the nave, alone require special remark. The Inventory concludes with a goodly array of hooka. A Bible, written in the old English character (veteris Anglicae litterae) extending to the prophet Zachariah. On the cover is inscribed the Hebrew alphabet and the Greek. A second Bible, of similar character but finer, ending with the Book of Job. It contained in its first cover the relics which bishop Theodore (that is, in aU probability, archbishop Theodore, consecrated in 668) had presented to the church. Another Bible in two volumes (peroptimae litterae) comprised the whole of the sacred Scriptures to the end of the Epistle of St. Jude. This is the copy actually used in church all the year round. On one of its covers was a record of the consecration of Richard de Belmeis as bishop of London by St. Anselm, 26th July, 1108. A Passionarivm, called Pilosvm from its hairy cover, a book of Homilies, also called Pilosimif another book of Homilies called Parvum, a Passionate (de Scotica littera), a Benedictionale of bishop William, three books which had belonged to Ralph de Diceto, historian and dean, de peroptima littera or de grossiori littera (and it is well-known what grand volumes the scriptorium of St. Paul could pro- duce), a Benedictionale of bishop Eustace (then in the hands of bishop Basset); a Missale of David the chaplain with its noble initial letter, a king seated with a diadem upon his head, his vesture of ruby and of azure (probably a figure of king David, in allusion to the donor's name) ; a Breviariwm of Henry de Norhampton, with a noted antiphonary, magnum et honae litterae, having an initial letter of gold with a field of ruby on which is depicted a bearded man bearing a roll, the Digitized by Google 452 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. prophet Isaiah ; these stand out conspicuously amongst the other ritual books -which compose a list of most singular and varied interest. They are scattered and dispersed, many destroyed, some no doubt still extant. In the cathedral library to-day only one ritual book, a portion of a breviary, can with certainty be identified as belonging to the ancient church. There is a missal in the British Museum, — and another fine book (not ritual) in the Lambeth Library, — both of which should be at St. Paul's, but which, alas, have strayed. In Documents illustrating the History of Old 8. Paul's (Camden Society), an attempt has been made to exhibit the ancient offices of St. Erkenwald and St. Paul as used of old in the cathedral church, but the originals of these have perished, and the offices there set forth are taken from a transcript. No one can say with any certainty what was the ancient Use of 8. Paul's before bishop Clifford issued his mandate directing, with the consent of the dean and chapter, that, from the first day of December, 1414, the Divine Office in St. Paul's should henceforth be conformable to that of the church of Salisbury for all canonical hours both night and day.' Nor can any determine, with precision, what was the exact effect of bishop Clifford's mandate. LiturgioHsta have laboured, with admirable success, upon the ritual books of Sarum, York, Here- ford, Exeter, but the materials seem wanting for similar labours at St. Paul's. We do not find in this Inventory, as we do in the later Inventory of 1295, the ivory horns mounted in silver-gilt and studded with precious stones,'' like the grand horn which once belonged to Charlemagne preserved in the treasury at Aix-la-Chapelle : nor an Osculatoriwm nor a Flabellum, although these were to be seen in 1298 in the church of St. Faith in the crypt : Item iij superaltaria benedicta, vij Osculatoria, et j Muscatorium de pennis pavonum " A fan of peacocks' feathers would seem more suitable for the sunny south than for the colder regions of England,'* and the crypt of the cathedral church seems the most unlikely place in which to find it. These super-altars, too, might well have been described somewhat fully. It is known that one was of jasper " omatum capsa argentea deaurata,"* and that this was dedicated in honour of the Blessed Virgin ' Dngdftle, 16. » Dugdale, 315. « Dngdale, 336. ' Dr. Bock fignres sach a flabellum, iii. part 2, 198. ■ Dngdale, 315, Inventory of 1295. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 453 and of all TirginB : whilst anotlier,^ also of jasper enclosed in plates of silver-gilt, contained relics of St. Andrew and St. Philip the Apostles, St. Dionysius and St, Blaise, martyrs, and a piece of the cross of St. Andrew. St. George's chapel, "Windsor castle, was rich in these super-altars, having no less than six — one of jasper, one of alabaster, and four of marble. Dr. Bock figures a fine example of a super-altar in oriental jasper framed in oak set in silver ; '' though even this was less magnificent than the super-altar set in gold amongst the treasures of Salisbury cathedral church in 1222. Jet was occaaionally employed in the con- struction of sup preferred to auj Apocalypse, em poisons and so derives its nam< spots in it are 1 and so on, with curious mystica It is to be r to have visited bottom of the page. Digitized by Google 454 Tujo Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. The foUowmg table will show the distribution of colours amongst vestments : — Red 69 12 30 Purple 18 1 4 Black 30 7 12 Wlito 41 15 16 Green 6 6 6 TeUow 1 1 — Bine . 27 7 20 Bed mixed with blue — 1 2 Diversi coloris 2 — — Colour not named — 1 2 179 Two queens have contributed to this rich collection. Anne of Bohemia pre- sented six copes embroidered with golden falcons and with her arms ; and Isabella, queen of Richard IT., gave two copes, a chasuble, and two tunicles, of red velvet studded with golden angels and her arms. Specially worthy of notice must have been a cope powdered with golden letters (videlicet, M) and angels; and a chasuble and two tunicles sem^es with the Holy Name Jhesu. But the rich gifts of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, take precedence of all othera. First come some precious copes of cloth of gold, ornamented with flowers and golden crowns, together with a chasuble and two tunicles of the same set ; two copes of cloth of gold and red velvet adorned with lions and collars, with a stag lying in each collar, the chasuble taid two tunicles of the set are powdered with golden leopards ; besides these are two copes and two tunicles of cloth of gold, of blue colour sem^es with golden roses and white ostrich feathers ; there are fifteen other copes, one chasuble, and two tunicles of the same set, a princely gift indeed. John Lynton, formerly chMnberlain, had presented two processional banners of silken cloth, of green colour, for Easter, and William of Cologne had given a third. • Next in order, in the treasury, are arranged the albs, amices, stoles, and fanons, some of them folded in covers of canvas. The embroidery is well worth a Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St, Ptml, London. 455 record. In one case the apparels of the amice exhibit the history of St. Thomas Digitized by Google 456 Two Inventories of the cafhe&ral church of St. Paul, London. with a figure of the Crucified, with St. Mary and St. John, with divers reKcs of the Holy Cross ; a cross of crystal for use on Corpus Christi day and for Easter ; are all objects of more than usual interest. Amongst the mitres that of Simon of Sudbury stands conspicuous, with its pearls and precious stones ; nor are gloves and pastoral staves wanting, amongst them the precentor's staff of ivory and two little staves for the boy bishop, of moderate value. A banner of green silk for the great rood in the Paschal season exhibits figures of St. Peter and St. Paul. Then follow pieces of gold cloth laid up for future use in chests. It is thought worthy of notice that fifteen pieces of gold cloth of Rakemask were divided amongst the dean and four of the canons on the 24th of February, 1404, each person having three pieces, and that other pieces were laid aside to make chasubles for divere altars in the church. Two interesting notes are added : After the battle of Shrewsbury, 23rd July, 1403, in which Henry Percy was killed, queen Joan of Navarre, the second queen of Henry IV., presented two pieces of cloth of gold " sufficientes et boni valoris." Later still, on the death of his father, Henry IV. (20 March, 1412-3), his son and successor, Henry V., at the funeral presented six cloths of gold of red ground ornamented with golden crowns. Here ends the second Inventory. The blank leaves of vellum which the original scribe had left at the beginning of his work presented a great attraction to other writers, and in 1445 two additional Inventories are inserted. The first of these is very brief, and relates chiefly to certain altars in the church, the most noticeable of which are : the altar at the shrine of St. Erkenwald and the altar at the famous crucifix at the north door, the oblations at which in two years near the middle of the fourteenth century amounted to 647^. &s. 7d,, besides forty-one and a-half florins in gold. The magnificent cross presented by cardinal Beaufort, son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, to the chantry endowed in his father's memory, receives a brief and passing notice. An extended contemporary account of this crucifix, from another manuscript preserved amongst the archives, is added at the end of the Inventory. It must have been a superb example of the silversmith's art. The purses and money-boxes are esamined, and, though not rich in their contents, present several features of interest ; the phrases employed, peeunia deaurata, argentum fractum, annuH moniles, have each of them their story to tell in reference to the money of the day, Another case contained pontifical rings, together with thirteen rings of pure gold, two irwnilia of pure gold, and a spoon of jasper with a silver-gilt handle. Digitized by Google Tico Lii-entories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. . 457 The second brief Inventory, taken 7th July, 1445, relates to the Lady chapel. Each chapel in tlie cathedral cliurcli had its own furniture, as may be seen more fully in the Inventory of 1295 : and probably the richest of these would be the Jjady chapel. A few of the most important objects only shall be noted. A round crystal colunm containing divers relics, and surmounted by a cross adorned with coral ; a pax, una pulcra tabula it is called, for the kiss of peace, set with rubies and other stones, and adorned with a figure of the Blessed Virgin seated, holding the Holy Child in her left hand and a globe (pomum) in her right ; a little image of the Blessed Virgin in ivory, sitting under an ivory tabernacle ; various can- delabra and a " Kandilsfcikk " ; an ancient pax of gilt tin, with an image of the Crucified with St. Mary and St. John ; another pax of copper-gilt, with a cross without a figure in the midst; various vestments, and especially an ancient chasuble with a silver cross in the midst, and lions on the one side and " fiowrde- lice " on the other ; pulpit-cloths of divers colours. The books with which the Inventory draws to a close may not be dismissed without a few words : for in addition to the usual missal, gospel and epistle books, and the like, are a series of volumes relating to the music of the church. There is a roll cum diversis caniicis notatis, two beautiful books (each is described as liber pulcker) de organico cantu ; three books de piano cantu; another book de cantii organico ; seven books, each described as quatemus, also de organico cantu; and another quatemus pro organis ; and two others de plaiw cantu. These music-books have the greater interest, because very little is known about the early music of the cathedral. In the large volume of the Statutes of St. Paul's the organ is mentioned only twice, in 1533-4, and in 1598 : whilst in Dugdale's St. Paul's (so far as the index is to be trusted) there is but one solitary reference to the instrument,' and [that only to the organ in the modem church. The organist was not a statutable officer, and in all probability the singers attached to the choir took their places in turn at the organ. This was certainly the arrangement in the earl of Northumberland's chapel in the reign of Edward IV." The term de piano cantu needs no explanation. It refers, of course, to the ancient church music introduced into England by St. Augustine, who had learned it from St. Gregory himseU.' Gantus organicus is a more difficult expression. » Dngdale, 183. " Dr. Rimbftnlt, Old Cheque Book of the Chapel Royal. Introd. iv. " For full details, see an article on Plain Soag in Sir George Grove's Viciimary of Miwic.by W. S. Rockatro. 3p2 Digitized by Google 458 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. JPaul, London. Dr. Stainer, the accomplished organist of St. Paul's, supplies a curious example of this kind of musical treatment together with a clear definition of it : — " Cantus organicus signifies the singing of the Organum, called also Dlaphonia and Symphonia. Diaphony was the result of the earhest attempts at harmonizing a given melody. It was explained by the monk Hucbald in the tenth century in his Musica Enchiriadis. (Gerbertus, Script. Ant.) Guido d'Arezzo in the eleventh century gave an account of it, and of the laws which governed it, in his Microhgus, defining it aa " vocum disjunctionem quam nos organum vocamus, cum disjunctae ab invicem voces et concorditer dissonant et dissonantes concordant." It con- sisted of adding a part above a given melody at the interval of a fifth, and another below it at the interval of a fourth. The relation of the parts to the melody being strictly adhered to, as the melody proceeded there resulted a succession of parallel quarts, quints, and octaves, which would be intolerable to modem ears. The following is part of an example from Gerbertus, altered to modem notation. The middle part is the melody, and was probably sung louder than the parts above and below it, which form the whole into an organum." -^^^^^mi^mimsmm- c. -p J- .,3- p — p> -^ ^ Singularly harsh and unpleasant as these harmonies are, according to modem ideas, they were familiar enough to the worshippers at St. Paul's in the early part of the fifteenth century. The rich store of vestments recorded in the inventories now for the first time printed, when supplemented by those which are enumerated in the inventory of 1295 (which is somewhat fuller throughout, and much more full in its enumeration of the treasures of the separate chapels), sets before the reader a clear and definite view of the wealth contained in. the treasury of a great cathedral church in the middle of the thirteenth century, and at its close, and at the commencement of the fifteenth. It is specially observable that many of the ornaments and vestments were, as were also many of the chantries, the gift of the clergy of the church. It is easy for ignorant and vulgar minds to speak of the clergy of the time as extorting from the laity, under the dread of mysterious penalties, the precious gifts and endowments which were so freely given, but at least it must be Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral cMirch nf St. Paul, London. 459 remembered that the clergy themselves were generous giyers, and the records of the treasuries of the cathedral churches may be put in evidence. It is possible, after the perusal of such Inventories, to realise such a scene as Fox the martyrologist describes, on occasion of the thanksgiving in London for the restoration to health of the king of France in 1536.' There was a grand procession : the waits and children of grammar schools, with their masters and ushers ; the friars and priors with their copes and crosses ; the clerks and priests of London in their copes; the monks of Westminster, the canons and clergy of St. Paul's, the choir of the cathedral church, the bishop, and the abbots. He estimated the number of " gay copes " at seven hundred and fourteen. In a like procession, on the feast of the conversion of St. Paul, in 1555, "there were fourscore and ten crosses, one hundred and sixty priests and clerkes who had everie one of them copes upon their backs." It has been seen already that in 1402 St. Paul's could have suppUed 179 copes of its own, if those of different colours could have been worn together. Or the picture found in The Sguire of Low Degree,^ may be accurately realised : T vestn wouli vast I the e Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. NOTE. Whilst preparing this paper for the press, the writer has very carefully collated the Inventory of 1295, printed in Dugdale's History of St. Paul's (edit, 1818, pp. 310-336) with the original manuscript.' It appears in Dugdale's first edition,'' but the source from which it is derived is not there stated. In the Monasticon" it is said to be taken "Ex cod. MS. penfcs praef. D. et Cap. (B) fol. 42. b." It is to be found in Liber. I. preserved amongst the archives of the dean and chapter of St. Paul's, where it fills folios 6. fe-23. A portion of the same Inventory is to be found in a small quarto volume of twelve leaves, but this transcript ends abruptly at the third article under the heading of Troperia.^ From the former of these two manuscripts Dugdale printed the copy which appears in his first edition of the History; and Sir Henry Ellis in his edition of the same work appears to have contented himself with reprinting the Inventory as it stood in the first edition without com^paring it with the original. This may fairly be inferred from the fact that there are numerous errors common to the two copies. A minute and careful collation has now been made between the original manuscript and the Inventory as printed in the third edition of Dugdale's History, and it may be desirable to place on record some of the more important results of that collation. The copyist who made the transcript for the press wa& quite indifferent as to the use of mmierals or of the Latin words by which the figures are expressed : he writes duo where the MS. has ij, and even in the same sentence ij where the MS. has duo. Had he limited himself to such minute variations little criticism need be bestowed upon his labours : but there are omissions and commissions far more important. A few of these will now be noted* p. 310, heading.' For in Thesaora S. read in Thesauria Sauncti. ' I gladly acknowledge the valnabie ftid which, I have received in this collation from my younger son, C. Sparrow Simpson, Trin, Coll. Camb, ■• Folio, Loudon, 1658, The writer is so fortimate as to possess Sir Christopher Wren's own copy with his antograph signature. • Monastid Angliami volumen tertium ei ultimum. Savoy. 1673. • The present press-mark of Liber I. is W.D. 16 ; that of the small quarto MS. is W.D. 3. • The references are to Dugdale, Sistary of St. Paul's, edit. Sir H. Ellis. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 461 P. 310, col. 2, 1. 8 from bottmn, Read Morsus Radulfi de Douniouij argenteus esterius deauratus cum lapillis insitis in limbo et quodam castro continente duaa ymagines ponderis xxij.' P. 311, col. 1, 1. 25. Sere insert Item duo candelabra cristallina parvula cmn apparatu partim argenteo de dono Thome de Bsshewy P. 311, col. 1, 1. 7 from bottom. For turribus read turril' ; taith which compare thurellis in the following entry. P. 311, col. 2, 1. 2, For Episcopi read cujuadam Epiacopi. P. 312, col. 1, I. 9 from bott&tn. For Angeli evenientis read Angeli ©jicientis. P. 313, col. 2, 1. 28, Bead Lucao . . . omatua in anteriori parte continente ymaginem Majestatis et quatuor BvangeUstas de opere piano nigeUato. -P. 314, col. 2, after 1. 8 insert . Item Brachium Sancti Melliti magnum ornatum platiB et-eexdecem cristalliB et anterius continet circuliun tripboriatum et deauratum, qui continet unum lapidem sculptum et quatuor alios majorea et vj minorea, et deficiunt quinque. P. 317, col. 1, 1. 19, read Item capa Magistri Eicardi Ruffi de^ rubeo sameto breudato sagittariia et griffonibus. Item iiij capae quae fuerunt Radulpbi de Diceto de rubeo aameto cum rotundia pectoraUbus aurifrigiis. P. 317 -' ^ ' "^ P. 318 fa P. 321; . . ad mortuoa vetua et auspensum ; assignatur ad reparanda alia. P. 321, col. 2, 1. 8, add Digitized by Google 462 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. P. 323. col. 2, 1. 5. For Bradlyng read Braghyngs. P. 323, col. 2. 1. 7, Bead liberator ad altare Sancti Johannis Bvangelistae, P. 324, col. 1, 1. 23 /rom hotUm, Read London sicut Rubrica tesfcatur, P. 324, col. 1, 1. 20 /ro«i hottmi, . . nomine. In primo incipit folio. Domino eancto, est de Romana transla- tione. P. 326, col. 2, 1. 13, Item Gradale unum bonum, incipit a mbrica . , . P. 326, col. 2, 1. 20 from bottom, Ortwm prodest, in penultimo folio. P. 326, col. 2, 1. nfrombotUm, in antepenultimo folio. P. 326, col. 2. 1. 11 from bottom, Omit Organ, and in jtext line but one read . . . Liber Organorom perpnl- clierrimum . . . P. 327, col. 2, 1. 15, For S. Vitha read Sanota Ositha. P. 328. col. 2, 1. 10, . . scribitur in oustodia prima . . P. 328, col. 2, 1. 5 from bottom, . . de dono F. Lovell.' Consumitur similia. P. 329. col. 1. 1. 2, . . Bdmundi fratris Regis B. P. 329, col. 2, 1. 7, . . Passemer. de hiis duobus pannis factae snnt duae caps©. In the margin of articles 6 to 9 is lontten assignantur ad capas. P. 329, col. 2, 1. 20 . . junioris. de hiis pannis factae smit xj capae. P. 330, col. 2, 1. 2, For Petri gestantibus read Petri gestantis. " That is, Folk Lovell (not C. Lovell, as in Dngdale's text), archdeacon of Colchester, who was elected bishop of London on the death of bishop Chishall in 1279-80, but declined to be consecrated. Digitized by Google TW Inventoriee of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 463 P. 332, col. 1, 1. 14, from bottom, . . non regulata. Et deficit secundum vestimentum restituendum, ut dicituFj per Alexandrum le Porter. P. 332, col. 2, 1. 12 from bottwn* . . marcae, quaa dictus Kobertus de Dodyngton percipit per manus Decani qui pro tempore fuerit. P. 333, col. 2, 1. .12/roOT bottom. For oblationes read oblatas. P. 334, col. 2, 1. 10 from bottom. For Fauconbridge read Faucumberge. P. 336. At tbe end of this page might ^ in the original manuBcript,' which n ceded it. S. Gregory's church tone abutting against the south aisle of tl Inventarinm Omamentonun in ecclesia Jovis proximo post festmn purificationis beatae Virginis anno domini millesimo cc° nonagesimo octavo. j. calix argenteus cum patena intns deauratus et in parte extra ponderia x eol. Item j. cuppa de cupro deauratus in qua ponitur eukaristia in bursa de serico serata. Item j. crismatorium cum distinctis subseparalibus. Item ij. phialae stagneae. Item j. pelvis cuprea de amal et j. pixis lignea ad oblatas. Item j. thup Item j. crux Item duae c. Item iij. osc Item j. vas' Rectori Item iij. paUae benedictae quarum duae cum pamris et j. manutergium ad sacrarium. Digitized by Google 464 Two Inventories of ike cathedral church of St. PoaiI, London. Item duo frontalia ad majuB altare de pal vetusto. Item imum vestimentum principale cum paruris de pal et amictis cum paruris breudatis cum avibus et leonibus in rotellis cum stola et manipula de pal et cafiula de rubea sameto aurifrig. Item aliud veatimentum dominicale cum casula et parura et stola et mtmipula de pal. Item una alba cum parurb de pal et amictus cum paruria de pal cum stola et manipula de file contezta. Item ij corporalia in duabus capsis de pal. Item tunica et dalmatica de pal. Item unum missale vetus de veteri nota. Item manuale bonum et plenare. Item unum antiplionarium cum psalterio capitulario collectario et ympnario plenare notatum. Item aliud antiplionarium cum psalterio veteri. Item ij. legendae distinctae et temporale et commune Sanctorum. Item j. graduale bonum cum tropario bene notatum. Item aliud graduale oum troperio veteri. Item ij. cistae cum seruris. Item ij tintinabola ad elevationem corporis Christi. Item leotrina et sedilia sufficientia in Cancello. APPENDIX. Bescrvptio vaaorwm wu/reorum et argenteorvm, Librorum, Caparum, Tvmccvnum, Dalma- ticarvmi, vestvmentorum, Pannorum de serico Theeamrariae ecdesiae Sa/ncU Pcmli London', facta in CTOstino sancti Bartholomaei Apostoli, cmno graMae M^GCzl, Qitinto, per Henricwm de Gomhille, Decanvm ; Tunc ibi prmentihm Alexandra Thesawario, Magistro Boberto de Barton, Johanne de Bulemere, Ganonids.^ Et primo De vasis awreis et argenteis. Calix de auro qui fuit ut dicitur Alardi Decani," ponderat cum patena xxxv. Bol. z.d. In patena sculpta est ymago Majestatis, et in pede calicis apponuntur » Henry de Comhill, dean, 1243-54 ; Alexander, probably S-werford, be died in 1246; Robert de Barton, prebendary of Willesdon, precentor 1246, dean 1256-9 ; J. de Bulemere, prebendary of Harleeton. " Alard de Bnmbam sacueeded Ralph de Diceto as dean. He died in 1216. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 465 Oalix de auro, qui fait ut dicitur Robert! de Clifford:,' ponderat ciim patena xxv. sol. iiij. d. Planus est undique, et sine opere trifuriali. In patena manus Domini benedicentis est insculpta. Caliz tercius de auro ponderat cum patena xlij. sol. & j. d. In patena sculpta est manus benedicentis, campo undique circa manum minutis stellis stellate. Oalix de auro, quern dedit "Willelmus de Briwera," ponderat cum patena Ixvj. sol. viij. d. Planus est undique, et sine opere trifario. In ejus pede inscisis litteris scribitnr nomen donatoris. In patena sculpitur manus benedicentis, ex uno latere Stella, ex altero luna. Oalix argenti deauratus, qui fuit ut dicitur Magiatri Roberti Capellani, ponderat cum patena Uj. sol. ix. d. In oujus pede levantur opere levato fiores glageoli.' In patena sculpitur jmago Trinitatis Integra. In uno latere capitis Stella, in altero luna. Calix argenti deauratus, qui dicitur fuisse Magistri Heurici de Norhamton',^ ponderat cum patena 1. sol. Pes ejus fiorigeratur quadam gravatura. In patena sculpitiir ymago Trinitatis Integra sedens super archum. Calix argenteus intus et extra deauratus, planus undique, et sine onmi grava- tura vel sculptura in patena, ponderat cum patena xxvij a. ij. d. Calix bene deauratus interius et exterius, in cujus pede et nodo sunt gravaturae, et in patena in limbis florata sculpitur ymago super archtmi sedens, ponderat cam patena xxvj. sol. viij. d. Calix argenteus parvus deauratus intus et extra undique planus, in cujus P. 6, col, 1. patena sculpitur manus benedicentis, ponderat cum patena xviij. sol. Digitized by Google 466 Two Inventories of ike cathedral chm'ch of St. Pwal, London. Calix magnus et undique deauratus quo deserviebatur in altari Sanotae Radegundae, ponderabat liij. sol. Tj. d. Furatus fuit ibidem, et de bonis habentis illud altare inventis fuit emptus calix ponderis xx. sol. iiij. d., in cujos pede sculp- untur scalopae Sanoti Jacobi et in patena Agnus Dei. Liberatur ad illud altare serviendum. Caliz Graecus sine patena et de G-raeco trifurio, ponderat cum calamo vj. li. Calix argenteus undique deauratus, quem dedit Bicardus yicarius de Bello Campo ; planus est undique ; habet patenam deauratam tenuem cum Agno Dei insculptam ; ponderat xx. s. T. d. Calix planus deauratus undique, et nodo piano, cum manu benedicentis in patena, ponderat xxv. solid, d. [sic]. Calix auri, qui fuit H. de Wyngam, episcopi,' ponderat xlviij. sol. & iiij. d., omatus est cum aymalo '' et cum margaritis in pomello. De Phialis argenteis. Phialae duae argenteae albae ponderant xv.s. vj.d., quarum una habet circulum deauratum in medio vineatum. Phialae duae, quae fuerunt Roberti de Clifford, ponderant xiij. sol. & iiij.d., quarum una est tota deaurata et veteris operis sculpta ymaginibus, alia [sic J. Phialae duae Alardi Decani ponderant xix. sol. vj. d., quarum una est tota deaurata, altera alba. Phialae quatuor novae et de novo factae per "W. Heremitam ° de quibusdam aliis veteribus, quae oonsueverunt computari in compotis precedentibus ; albae sunt, et sine cooperoulis; ponderant xxvj. s. ij. d. Phiala una, sine pari, vetus et oonfracta, ponderat vj. s. Phialae duae quae fuerunt Eustachii Bpiscopi,* quarum una alba, altera tota deaurata; ponderabant viij. s. ; traditae fuerunt Willelmo Capellano, et furatae, unde non computantur in Thesauraria. Phialae duae Willielmi Episcopi,* quarum una est deaurata, tota altera alba ; ponderaut xj. solid, viij. d. ' Henry de Wingbam, chancellor of Englaad, bishop of London 1259-60 to 1262. I am unable to explain the fact of his being styled Bishop in this document. '' Aymalo, enamel. * William the Hermit, or Eremita, was prebendary of Portpoole in 1226 and 1267. Le Neve. '' Enstace de Fanconberge, treasurer of the Exchequer, bishop of London, 1221-8. " Probably William of St. Mary's chnrch, snccessively dean of St. Martin's, dean of St. Paul'fi, and bishop of London 1199-1221. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 467 De Thuribulis et Pomis argenteis, Naviculis, Ampullis ad Oleum et Criema. Thuribulum magnum album argenteum augelis levatiB iusculptum, cum scutella aeris imposita, ponderat c. solid. Thuribulum aliud magnum argenteum et album conaimile alteri in opere et forma, ponderat cum scutella sua iiij. lb. xiij. a. & iiij. d. Thuribulum quod dicitur 0. de Camera,* album, sed in limbie deauratum cum casitis desuper deauratis, ponderat per ee sine scutella xxxviij. sol. Thuribulum, cujos coopertorium angeUs sculpitur album, ponderat cum scu- tella aeris iiij" mar.' iij. sol. iiij. d. Thuribulum parvum deauratum totum, quod fuit Badulfi de Sancto Benedicto ponderat sine scutella xxiiij. s. Thuribuliun deauratum cum coopertorio trifuriato opere, ponderat Iiij. sohd. iiij. d. cum scutella cupri. Thuribulum Eustachii episcopi, ponderat ixvj. sol. yiij. d. Rogerus Episcopus habuit. Modo. F. Episcopo.'' [Modo Philippus frater suus.] " Navicula'' alba argentea in limbis deaurata a Navicula alia, quae fuit Eustachii Episcopi, c Discus argenteuB, ad modum salsarii, deputat X. B. & TJ. d. Pomum, quod fuit Johannis de Sancto Laurentio, argenteum et album, cum scutella, ponderat xiij. sol. & x. d. Pomum, quod fuit Eustachii episcopi, argenteum deauratum omn botris' rotundis fabricatum bestiis in eisdem soulptis, ponderat cum scutella xtj, sol. viii. d. Digitized by Google 468 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. • Thuribulum magnum, de dono Hemrioi Capellani, ponderat c. sol. • Turribulum Bpiscopi H. de "Wyngam" totum deauratum ponderat c. ij. sol. • Pomum Domini F. episcopi," inscultum menBibus anni deauratis, ponderat zij. sol. Crismatorium Gilberti episcopi" interius ligneum est coopertum exterius foliis argenteis cum ymagiuibuB elevatis. Criamatoriimi Bustachii episcopi'' argenteum ponderat xviij. sol. Bpiscopus F. habet." Be Gandelahris. Candelabra duo portabilia argentea antiqua, pedibus draconibus insculptis triforiatis, ponderant vij. lb. Candelabra duo, quae fuerunt Magistri R. de Storteford,' opere triforia, operata Bunt cum hominibus leones equitantibus ; ponderant iiij. lb. xiij. b. iiij. d. Candelabra duo curtioria argentea undique neelata' cum pedibus planis cupro pedibuB inclavato ad efForciandum, ponderant cum cupro o. b. Hiis deservitur ad altare majus a pueriB. Candelabrum unum cuprinum particulariter argento coopertum. Fixis argentea cocleareata ad Bucharistiam, aliquando Buspensa ultra majus altare, ponderant ij. mar. & t. d. cum nodis neelatis. Ft alia quaedam argentea ponderat ixxyij. s. ij. d. Pecten argenteus'' in medio deauratus cum gravatura dentibuB albis, ponderat ix. B. Cuppa argentea deaurata imdique, quam dedit Rex Henricus' ad euchariatiam, cum leonibuB et leopardis, node et pomello bene operate, cum cathena argentea, ponderat o. iij. sol. & x. d. ; [et tercia argentea ciun Uteris in coopertorio, ponderat xiiij. 8.] ^ • These entries are made by another hand at the foot of a column. » Henry de Wingham, vt supra. ^ Fnlke Bassett, t(t tupra. ■ Gilbert Foliot, bishop of London, 1163-II67, 8. ' Enstace de Fanconberge. ■ Fnlke Baesett. ' Richard de Stortford appears as chancellor of St. Paul's in 1184. He held the pi-ebend of Harleston. • Neelata, ornamented with niello. " Inter ministeria sacra recensetnr qno scilicet Sacerdotes ac Glerici anteqoam in Ecclesiam pFooederent, crines pecterent. Dncange. ' Perhaps Henry III., who was in the 29th year of his reign when this Inventory was taken. J The words within brackets are added by anothei- hand. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral chwck of St. Pavl, London. 469 Vas ad aquam benedictam cum ansa est argenteiun totum opere Graeco fabrica- tum cum' ymaginibuB et litteris designantibus soulpturam; ponderat viij.mar. iiij. 8. ; ut dicitur, de dono Ricardi Bpiscopi." • Parvum vas argenteum ad eal benedicendum, ponderat v. 8. De Bacinis argenteis. Bacini duo albi et magui circulo fundi deaurato draconibus et leonibus connexis insculptis, ponderant vij. mar. & iij. s. iiij. d, Bacini duo albi similiter cum argento apposito de novo facti, ponderant xlij. s. vj. d. ; efc in fundo insculpuntur janaginea beati Petri et Pauli. Bacini J. de Sancto Laurentio"" albi e uno sculpitur homo tenens librum in man' Bacini dao albi cum limbis deauratis, Cycestrensis Episcopus, ponderant Ixsviij • Bacini ij" A. Tesaurarii" cum p. et p. ^ _,.^. -_j- _- • Bacini ii" episcopi F./ intus deaurati in modum crucis, ponderant iiij. librae iiij. 8. iiij. d. De Feretris, Brachiis, Philateriis,' el Thecis, argenteis et ebumeis. Feretrum beati Brkenwaldi' est interius Hgneum extra coopertum platis argenteis cum ymaginibus et lapidibus. Est autem summa lapidum, ut dicitur, 0. et XXX. Postmodum inclavavit in eo G-. Decanua' anulum aureum cum aaphyro.'' Ad duo capita feretri ejusdem apponuntur duo angeli argentei cum brochis ferreis ; ponderant Ix. solid. Digitized by Google 470 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. Feretrum quod dicitur Sancti Melliti * totum ligneum, fronte solum cooperto platis argenteis et ymaginibus, cui impoiiitur angelus de cupro totus deauratus, et haec duo sunt collateralia in magno altari. Feretrum supra magnum altare ligneum est et vetus, et coopertum albo argento undique, in quo sunt diversae reliquae collectae ex diversis coUectionibus. Feretrum Sancti Laurentii portatile est et ligneum, coopertum undique platis argenteis bene deauratis cum ymaginibus levati operis, cujus pomelli sunt ad modum pomorum pinei superius florigerati. In eo continetnr feretrum totum cristallinum bene preparatum creata argentea et angularibus argenteis bene deauratis, inpositis lapidibus preciosis scnlptis ; in quo reponuntur duae costae Sancti Laurentii ; quod quidem feretrum comparavit 0. de Wesliam pro 1. mar. Feretrum Ricta^ Episcopi tereii" ligneum est et coopertum platis argenteis bene deauratis, et addubbatum' lapidibus contrafactis ad similitudinem carbunculorum et sapbyrorum ; et dicitur feretum Beatae "Virginis propter capiUos ejusdem in eo repositos. In eodem reponitur parvissima capsula auri, in qua reponitur dens Sancti Yincentii. Est autem capsula longitudinis pollicis et dimidii. Feretrum Sancti Bthelberti^ ligneum totum platis argenteis coopertum cum lapidibus preciosis, capsulis, lapidibus deauratis ; dicitur habere c. et xxx. lapides. Feretrum WiUielmi Episcopi totum est argenteum massicum sine ligno,' exterius bene deauratum cmn ymaginibus bene levatis ; perpulcbrum est. Cofri duo ebumei magni et lati stantea supra magni altare, in quibus reponuntur reliquiae cum parrulis tbecis in illis contends. Cofnim nigrum, quod dicitur fuisae Gilberti episcopi, in quo similiter reponim- tur reliquiae. Brachium Sancti Oswaldi coopertum foliia argenteis, praeter mannm. Brachium Sancti Melliti coopertum similiter foliis argenteis. * Mellitas, the companion of St. Angnetine and first bishop of London. " Ricardi Episcopi ten;ii. Richard de Ely, anmamed FitzNeale, bishop of London 1189-1198. <= Addnbbatnm: » vevj favourite "word 'with this scribe. Cf. addonbed, armed or acoontred. Adonber, old French. See Naree, who qnotee an illnstratiTe passage from Sidn^'s Arcadia. See also Halliwell. ' King Ethelbert was a great benefactor to the cathedral church. He gave to it the manor of Tillingham, which is still in the hands of the dean and chapter. ■ Bishop William, the king's chaplain was consecrated in lOftl ; was present at the Council of London in 1075 ; and, djing shortly afterwards, was buried in the cathedral chnrch. Probably he is the bishop whose shrine is here described. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of 8i. Paul, London. 471 Brachiam Sanctae Osithae, cujus nmnus tenet caput virginis, conaimiliter foliis argenteis coopertum. Item brachium Sancti Melliti parvum, quod dedit Bustachius episcopus, con- similiter argento coopertum. In quo reposuit os de brachio Sancti Melliti, quod ei dederunt Monachi Sancti Augustini. Pixis ebumea aliquantulmn magna, in qua reponitur os digiti Sancti Oswaldi, et alia parvula, in qua nichil reponitur. Cruces duae criatallinae, quarum una ponitur aliquando super feretrom Sancti Erkenwaldi, alia in quodam armariolo. Auricularium ' Sam Potenta'BeatiThc Crux gracilis, quae cum yconia tota deau aculpitur ymago bomin duo bracbia duo amatis circulate lapidibus. Crux major ligne yconia. In cujus patil Adam surgens a sepu et comeliniis. Parva i suspensibilis ad collum Cruces duae portati bus argenteis ante et r< Item crux argentea deaurata undique in qua reponuntur reliquiae crucis, et omatur lapidibus minutis, et v. grossioribus, per iiij'"' partes crucis, et alamandina * Digitized by Google 472 Ihoo Inventories of the cathedral chirch of St. Paul, London. Memorandum, qaod omnia philateria et bursae, in quibus olim dependebaut reliquiae, reponuntur in tliecis et consignantur. Sei peotines ebumei, tres spiasi et magni, tres tenues et uauales, et quatuor pectines de novo. De Baatlis et Omamentis Episcopalihus, Baculus' Ricardi Bpiscopi tercii, cujus cambuca" de argento massitio,' bene deauratuB, oujus revolutio termiuatur in angelum. In medio sculpuntur ymagines maesitiae apostolonim Petri et Pauli. Pomellum bene sculpitur cum fioribua consolide minoribus et cimi lapidibus amatistis. Baculos fuit per peoiaa cum circulis deauratis. Modo habet Tbomas de Sanoto Sepulobro ad apponendum novum lignum integrum. BaculuB alius ejuadem, cujus cambuca est de comu, revolutione tenninante in caput draconis, a quo exit vinea cirouens leonem. Flos totus deauratus, et vinea est de cupro. Pomellum de oupro bene incisum et deauratum, sub quo est quaedam indentura de comu et de cupro. Baculus, cujus cambuca tota est de cupro cum pomello bene operate grosso opere leonum et serpentium. Baculus, cujus cambuca est de comu veteri, oujus revoculo " terminatur in capud draconis, a quo ezit vinea deaurata spissa et massitia cum ymaginibus hominum. Pomellum de cupro bene incisum. Baculi duo, quorum cambucae sunt de ebore, et pomellum. Baculus stultorum * est de ebore et sine cambuca, cum pomello de ebore subtus indentatus ebore et comu. ^ [Hie Ba]cnliisacomo[daT]it abba[tis8a] Romeeseye [et te]net earn. Sed .... Badnlfna de . . . ho pronuBit . . . de Temm , , . nr. Et ia . . . lo. This note is by a later hand. i> Cambnca, or cambnta : bacalna mcnrratas, vii^ pastoralis Episcopomm. Dooange. < Maasitio ; probably the same as macisene, solidng. lb. ^ Bevocalo s probably an error for rwolulio. * BacnloB Staltomm : An important article on the Episct^og Staltomm will be found in Dacang^ (Honschel'a edition) under the word Kalendae. "Festnm Hypodiaoonomm, quod vocamas Stnltomm, a qnibnsdam perficitnr in Gircnmcisione, a qnibnsdam veio in Epiphania vol in ejne octavia. linnt antem qoatnor tripndia post Katiritatem Domini in Eoolesia, Levit^oim scilicet, Sacerdotnm, Pn^«mm, id est, minomm aetate et ordine, et Hjpodiaoonomm, qni ordo incertns est." For centuries the dis- jrepntable rites of the feast, in which the holiest offices and orders were made matters of the lififhteet Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral ckv/rch of St, Pa/ul, London. 473 Baculus cantoriB ' est totus de peoiis ebomeis, omn oirculis argenteis deauratis, et cum pomello argenteo deaurato, et ornato omn lapidibus. Podimn est de oristallo cum lapidibus.*" Baculus Episcopi Willelmi totus de argento omn nodo concavo oum ymaginibus apostolorum in cambuca, ymaginibus Petri et Pauli ex altera partem ymagine Beate Virginis, genu flectente episoopo. Episcopus F. babet. Mitra de alba purpura breudata stellis et lunulis ante et retro. In Btelbs utrinque sunt topatii et almandine. In circulo inleriori sunt quasi bisantii tri- phuriati cum lapidibus peridotis," et similiter thau oum lapidibus. Mitra alia nova alba addubbata aurifrigio, plana est; quam dedit J. Belemains'' episcopo innocentum.' Mitra Eustaohii episoopi bene addubbata, acommodata Episcopo F. ; et est de perulis et margaritis albis.' jesting, found farour with all sorts and conditions of men ; and it was not abolished until after long and strennoDs efforts had been made for its sappression. In the Abb^ Migne's Diotionnaire de» Mytteres (F£te des Fons), an aoconnt is given of the establishment of a sort of FSte des Fons at St. Sophia by " Thtophylacte fils de I'empereiir, nomm^ patriarche de Sainte- Sophie k peine encore &g6 de seize ans : — " C'est k ce patriarche, dit C4dr4nitB, qne r sabstitner dans les pins grandes f^tes et les pine Tontrage de chansons ind4ceates, de rires et de c offrir k Diea ponr notre saint. Ce pontife n Eathj-mios & lenr tdte, fit de cet homme le gardii danses diaboliqnes, des cris infemanx et dee cham Some remains actn&llf a law-enit ' the fSte. The offid Dncange does I snb-deacons only ti ad literam, ni^urt X • The precento Dr. Lee's Olosiary t >> . . . d's Dun note i-^ -'-*—•- — of hi note t Digitized by Google 474 . Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Pa/ul, London. Mitra episcopi innocentum, nullius precii. Mitra alba cum aurifrigio Tineato et floribus lappanim." Sandalia et caligae de rubeo samito satis bono et novo, cujua caligae sunt breu- datae circuliB interins continentes aquilas et dracones interius forratae croceali Tiridi sendato. Sandalia sunt breudata aliis floribus furrata indico sendato cum semellis'' de coreo. Sandalia alia de indico samito, cujus caligse sunt breudatae scalopis S^icti Jacobi et leonibus, furratae rubeo sendato, et omatae aurifrigio. Sotulares" breu- da'.ae sine semellis* floribus sine semellis. Sandalia, duo sine caligis furrata rubeo sendato, et breudata lunulis et vineia. Quatuor paria cyrotecarum antiquarum addubbata ciroulis deauratis. Supra continentur Calices aurei et argentei cum patenis, Phialae argenteae, Thuribula argentea, Poma, Naviculae, Ampullae argenteae, Crismatoria, Candelebra, Bacini argentei, Feretra, Bracbia, Philateria, Theeae argenteae et ebumeae, Cofri, Cruces, Pectines, Baculi, et Omamenta Episcopalia. [Sed aliapostmodum inventa de consimilibus scribuntur in ultimo folio.'] De Cathedria et Pulvvnaribm.^ Quatuor cathedrae bgneae depictae, quintaferrea, quae est apud Sanctam Rade- gundam.* Duae ferreae de dono G. de Lucy,'' Decani, et ima lignea, quae fuit episcopi Rogeri.' Item, una ferrea deargentata cum capitibus humanis et deauratis, quam epis- copus F. habet. Pulvinar ad textum portandum de opere sartacinito aUquantulnm vetus in quo Bcribuntur WUlelmus et Albreda. Pulvinar novum, totum consutum nodis de serico, quod fuit Mauricii de Herlawe.* * Lappa; cardni speoiee, a thistle. DunAttge, > Semella, the sole. Fr. Semelle. " Sotnlares, sabtalarea, shoes, Fr. 8 William de Norhall, bishop of Woroestoi-, held the stall of Neaedon iu 1177, when he was archdeacon of Gloncester. " Richard de Windesore held the stall of Oxgate in 1192. i leta po[nitiir] in emeiid&[tionem] alianun. This note is by another hand. * Roger the chaplain ; his obit was observed on November 16. ' Richard Rnffns, archdeacon of Essex 1142-62 ; his obit was observed on January 18. Digitized by Google Ihoo Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 477 Digitized by Google 478 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Pa/al, London. albo diaspero, opere trifario mirabiliter in ipso panno contexto quasi in orbiculMibus. Nova est et bona addubbata mediocri aurifrigio. Capa de rubeo samite, quam dedit magister R. de Wendover,' nova est ; habet morsum oblongum ; in cujus medio est Onicliinus rotimdus, cum crista argentea deaurata, cum thurcliesiis et gravatis.'' Capa Rogeri Episcopi de rubeo samito, bene breudato cum steUis et rosis et lunulis. Capa de samito croceo, quam dedit P. Wintoniensis Bpiscopus," tota plana est et nova. De Gapia minus predosis, Capa,*" quae dicitur archidiaconi Nicholai, est de albo sameto piano, cum taaseUo pectorali quadrato contexto margaritis albis et viridibus contrafactis* et filo auri in orbicularibus pure et tracto contexto. Capa alia ejuadem vetus est de panno serico ut dicitur imperiali cum pavonibus et arboribus contexto. Capa Roberti de CKfford' est de imperiali ' cum leonibua sine morsu. Capa de indico sameto aliquantulum vetus breudata laciatura cum leonibus in orbicularibus cum morsu consimili superiori morsui H. de Norhamton'; sed ubi fuit Kamacu appositus est modo lapis rubeus dublettus.' Capa alia indica tota plana et vetus sine morsu, sed addubbata aurifrigio cum tassellis de filo auro tracto. Capa quae dicitur Eadulfi de Alta Ripa est de sameto rubeo piano cum tassellis purpura breudatis. Capa quae dicitur Magistri Nicholai est nigra tota plana cum tassellis parvis juxta aperturam sub mento gladeolata magnis gladeolis. Capae tres quae fuerunt Osberti de Camera, quarom duae sunt de croceo sameto et sine tassellis plana©. Tercia de rubeo sameto cum tassellis de purpura breudatis cum angelis. Capa quae dicitur Alexandri de Sakevile'' est de sameto rubeo piano sine tassellis, sed atacbiata est de minutis perils. * Bichitrd de Wendover died in 1252* Prebendar; of Neasdon. " CouTertitnr in alios nsns. Note b^ another hand. " P. Winton : probably Peter de Rnpibns, Sir Pierre dee Roches, knight, consecrated at Borne, bishop of Wincheetei- in 1205 ; he died 123S. ^ Modo inde casnla. Added in the margin by a later hand. " Contrafactns : fictos, snpposititios. ' Imperiali: see note on page 47. ■Dnblettms: a doublet. " Alexander de Sackville, prebendary of Cadington Major, about 1162, Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Fault Londonm 479 Capa Gilberti Banaatr'' est de viridi sandato veteri addubbata aiirifrigio, trifuriato nodis et tassellis trifuriatis cum gladeolis purpureiB in limbis aperturae anterioris capae. Capa Magistri Othonis multipliciter est breduata, et est de panno serioo, in bendis enim sunt rosae, in aliis pisciouli.'' Capa qua© fuit Braund' est de panno serico purpurae et fiavia virgata sine tassellis; vetus est; parum valet. Capa quaedam vetus obscura de panno serico breudata floribus gladeolis et liinettis. Capa etiam alia vetustissima de obHcuro panno breudata roais et lunettis ; parum valent." Capa Eustachii Episcopi est deauratum cimi ymagine Beat coUateralibus cum iiij" sapliiris Capa Abbatis de "Waleden' p latia cum tassellis de purpura, ascensus. In cujus cristae medi Alia ejusdem de panno 8eric( tassellis rotundis breudantur ymagines Salvatoris et Beatae Mariae. Tertia ejusdem d ymaginibus Salvator Quarta ejusdem texuntur aves cum n Quinta ejusdem virgata gemellis croceis gladiolata in Umbis aperturae. Capa Abbatis Colecestriae de panno serico rotate cum leonibus croceis in Digitized by Google 480 Two Inventories .of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. quanim una est sine tassellis, aliae duae cum tassalia rubeis confraotae sunt, et quasi niiUius precii. Capa quae fuit Vitalis tota nigra subducitur de numero, quia confracta, inter quas computantur iiij"* noctumales cum rosis et leonibus. Capa etiam Willelmi capellani Decani Radulfi ' de albo diaspero. Capa et mantella puerorum ad festum Innocentum, et Stultorum sunt xxviij. debiles et contritae. Capa vetus de albo baldekino Tineata et arborata purpura gracili cum ymaginibus malefactis : fuit R. Archidiaconi Midleses'. Oapae duae rubeae sine tassellis cum aurifrigio veteri cum gemellls auro inter* laqueatis ; inde deservitur ad matutinas. Capa Eustacbii episcopi de rubeo eameto plana cum morsu ligneo contextum margaritia albis et nigris. Capa de rubeo sameto plana cum tassellis purpureis circulatis interius rotatis margaritis; fuit Bicardi de Camera." Duae capae virides de sendato Eustacbii episcopi. Capa Willelmi Joymer de croceo sameto cum regibus in anteriori parte breu- datis. Item alia capa Joymeri de balkeno rotato purpura cum griflonibus comutis. Item quaedam Glalfridi Decani de baldekino rubeo cum leonibus, griffonibus, et floribus." Item capa de Waleden' de panno de Arista rubeo cum aviculis albis. II ^m duae capae de panno de Arista,*' quarom una facta fuit de panno, quam '.edit Eustachius episcopus; alia de panno episcopi Rogeri, cum trifoliis. Kovae simt : tenent inde choristae. ■ Ralph de Diceto. '' Bichard de Camera, prebendaiy of ChamberlainBwood abont 1213. • Apad a . . . . Note by another hand. ^ Arista, or Aresta. Idem omnino videtur qaod Ara», operis scilicet Atrebatici. Dac&nge ; vork of Arrae. But Dr. Rock, TesetHe Fabrict, ubserrea that " Arras had not won for itself a repntation for its tapestry before the fonrteenth century," and contends that the cloth of Areste took its name not from the place vhere it was iroren bnt from the nse to ivhiGh it irae generally pnt, namely, for hangings aboat chorchee. This cloth of Areste was however light enough for tanicles. Digitized by Google . Ttvo Inventories of the cathedral chwrch of St. Paut, London. 481 Moram Gaparum, qui non attaekia/atur continue ad Capos. Morsus Alardi Decani de auro puro habet amatiBtam in medio oristae, saphyrum in sinistro latere, comelinum in deziro Bculptmn, praeter alios minutos lapides et grOBBOS. Morsus Willelmi Episcopi de auro poro cum saphiro in medio oristae et duobus comelinis sculptis sibi collateralibus, cam saphiris et aliis lapidibus precioBis, Morsus petri Blesensis * ex argento deaurato habens Kamacu rubeimi in medio et alios lapides, omatus in circuitu margaritis ad modum aliorum. Morsus Ricardi Archidiaconi Colecestriae'' argenteus deauratus, habens Majes- tatem in medio et quatuor ymagines in quadratis.° Morsus Eustacliii episcopi argenteus deauratus, cum Paulo et duobus collatera- libus episcopis, omatus quatuor saphiris pulchris duobus topaziis et duabos almandinis et aliis lapidibus parris, Morsus Johannis de Sancto Laurentio amplus et rotundus argenteus deauratus cum magna almandina in medio et xi. aliis lapidibus magnis per extremitates et aliis minoribus lapidibus iuterius. Crista argentea deaurata et bene operata, omata lapidibus variis et margaritis. Morsus Willelmi de Ely argenteus et deauratus cum ymaginibus junctus in taibuB f rustris lapides apponuntur multi, preciosi et pulchri. Morsus G. decani argenteus bene deauratus cum ymaginibus vj., omatus quatuor magnis lapidibus, scilicet, ij. jacintiis et ij. almandinis et aliis minutia lapidibus. Crista ad caputium argentea bene operata trifuriata cum perlis et aliis lapidibus, habens pomellum trifuriatum, cum broca et cathena argentea. Morsus Cintii Bomani argenteus deauratus ad instar lunae semiplenae, cum ynu^ine Pauli et duobus angelis collateralibus, omatus preciosis lapidibus per circuitum. Tres morsus argentei et deaurati, quorum unus cum ymaginibus et parvia lapidibus, non habens lignum interius ; duo aUi habent Ugnum interius, et lapidibua exteriuB omantur, cum trifuriatis gradatim positis. ' Peter oE BloU, archdeacon of London, and prgbendaiy of Hoxton. See more in Le jVevs, ii. 318. * Perhaps Richard Poliot, who waa archdeacon of Colchester between 1163 and 1187, ' Et crista triphura[ta] ? This is written by another hand in the mar^^ bat it is not olear to which paragraph it relates. 382 Digitized by Google 482 Ttffo Inventoriea of the cathedral chvrch of St, Paul, London. Supra confcinentur Cathedrae, Pulvinaria, Oapae sericae magis preciosae et minus predosae diTisim scriptae. Et Morsus Caparum, qui non attachiantur continue.' De Casulis. Casula Wlfstani** est de indico sameto confine aurifrigio, in cajus interhumerali breudatur floa vinealis, appoeitis lapidibus jaciuctinis. Casula Godivae de Coventria" est de quo panno nigro minutissime ginillato," cum gemellis purpureia et nibeis cum aurifrigio, fino interhumerali breudatur arbor auro sine lapidibus. Casula Hugonis de Orivall" eat de diaspero albo piano orbiculariter operata avibus et arboribus in orbioularibus, contextum cum optimo aurifrigio cum P. 7 b. col. 1. tassellis, anteriori facto de file aureo traoto de eodem breudato ymagine majestatie limbis aurifrigia dorsalis oonsutis stricta linea margaritarum. Casula de rubea purpura cum nobili tassello in interhumerali breudato Agno Dei cum duobus esmallis magnis et rotundis et cristallis cum Uteris interpositis. Casula de purpura quasi marmorea plana omata aurifrigio fino anterius auri- frigiato et in dorso consuitur margarita interhumeriale consimiliter ; in cujus fine est tassellus brevis, a quo egrediuntur iiij" gladeoli, et circumdatur illud per tasselloa perlis, in cujus medio est lapis vitreus rubeus. Casula quae dicitur Sancti Aelphegi' est de sameto < oroceo viridenti plana, omata aurifrigio bono interhumerali lato, breudato cum lapidibus vitreis, auri- frigiata posteriori subhumerali texto leonibus et avibus tasselHs anteriori parvo de filo auri tracto cum perils. ' This paragraph has been crossed tlu^ngh with red ink. ■• WlfetannB, Tlfstan, or Wlmann, dean of St, Panl's in the time of bisbop Manrice, 1085-1107. His obit was kept October 3. " In 1295 this chasuble is described ae that " Godithae de Coventre," andiB8aidtobe"snBpen8a et fracta, resetratnr ad faciendum alias." ' Orgnnllato. * Hngo de OriTslle, a Norman, sncceeded bishop William in 1075 ; he died of leprosy, 12 January 1084-5. The preciooB stones enumerated in the inventory of 1295 are not mentioned here. ' St. Alphege, archbishop of Canterbnry, martyred April 19, 1012. ■ Samite : a stnS composed sometimes wholly of silk, pannu* hcHotericut, but frequently inter- woven with gold and silver. Planch^, Cychpadia of Cottttme. Dr. Bock, Textile Fabrics, derives the word from H, six, and filroi, threada; the nnmb«- of tbe strings in the warp of the texture. " Hence to say of any silken tissue, that it was stamitum or tamit, meant that it was siz-threaded, and therefore costly and splendid." Digitized by Google Ttoo Inventories of the ca^isdral chwrch of St. Paul, London, 483 Casula de rubeo aameto alia aliquantulum vetus pluia cum aurifrigio piano intus limbata viridi et croceo obacuro sendato. Casula quae didtur N. archidiaconi " est de rubeo sameto piano, cum lato bumerali ad modum oruciB, breudata usque ad talum, florigerata perlis et vitro viridi contrafacto ad modum perlarum anteriori parte eodem modo omata. Hujus omatus ponitur super casulam novam de rubeo samito quam dedit 0. Legatua,'' et huic apponitur omatus bifatiae rem' casula simplex. Casula quae fuit Magistri H. de Norhamton' est de rubeo sameto piano satis nova cum aurifrigio ante et retoo operato nodis interlaqueatis. Casula ejusdem de nigra purpura quasi marmorea plana cum aurifrigio bono interhumerali breudato quadam arbore frondibus quasi vinealibus circumflexis. Casula ejusdem de albo diaspero orbioulari opere quasi ex leonibus vetus est et addubbata aurifrigiis mediocribus. [Reservatur ad aliud.*] Casula quae dicitur Hagistri Rogeri capellani est de rubeo sameto piano sine aliquo lineamento interiori aurifrigio solum apposito ad modum arohiepiscopalis palleoois. Casula Badulphi de IHceto, Decani, de rubeo sameto piano cum aurifrigio satis stricto, cujus interhumerale crescit in arborem breudatam ramis vinealiter^ circum- flexis sine tassellis. Casula Alardi Decani est de nigro samito piano, cujus lista anterior et posterior breudatur quadam vinea. In interhumerali breudatur arbor ramis vineaUter reflexis cum pampinis "* latis. Tassellum habet breudatum ymaginibus Petri et PauH et Archangeli Micbelis. Casula Ricardi Episcopi est de indico samito piano, aurifrigiata ante et retro lato aurifrigio sine furrura. Casula R. de Clifford' est de viridi sameto croceali aliquantulum spisso auri- frigiata stricto et bono aurifrigio. Casula Petri Blesensis est de sameto suigoineo sive epatico piano aurifrigio lato. In tassello anteriori scribitur litteris Archidiaconus London'. * N. Archidiaconi, or, in the InTeiitoiy of 1295, more fally, Nicliolai. Nicholas was arob- deacon of London in 1161. ^ Otho, the Le^te. See the highly graphic aoooont of the Conncil held in St. PaDl's 1237. in Milman'a Annals, jt. 4S et leqq. " The words within bracket« are added by tmother band. ' Pampe, Gallica, videtar dednota a Pampinitt. En nne fienr de lys k trois Pampes on flenrons, &c. Dacange. Digitized by Google 484 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. Caaula episcopi Willelmi est de viridi sameto piano Bimplici aorifrigio omata ad modum palleoms sine furrura. Casula EuBtacliii Epiecopi est de rubeo sameto aurifrigiata, pallionata.* Casula quBB dicitur Prions de Achon est de albo diaapero, videlicet, de eodem sicut capa sua praenominata, oum mediocri aurifrigio. Casula Mauritii episcopi est de purpura marmorea cum orbicularibus et minutis stellis croceis. Interhumerale breudatur ad modum arboris, et est de filo auri tracto lapidibus adjeotis sub medio lapide, Mauritius me fecit frater episcopus. Casula de sameto viridi croceali satis mediocri aurifrigio omata ad modum palU ; vetua est. Casula de panno purpureo rotate contexto leonibus cum minutis rotis croceis, deputatur ad missam capitularem. Casula qua deservitur in f eriis ad altare beatae Mariae est de dyaepero cum vili aurifrigio. Casula bendata rubeo et purpura ponitur per annum ad Pascha super sepul- chnim. Casula de sameto plus croceo quam viridi, et Causula de diaspero albo, reclutatae sunt et fractae. Archidiaconus London habet casulam albam. Casula de rubeo sendato tripolitano, cum aurifrigio Yenetensi quam dedit Comes Ricardus. Casula de bono sameto rubeo cum lato aurifrigio ante et retro nodato et Btrictiori aurifrigio per circuitum, quae fuit Bogeri Episcopi. Casula de sameto purpureo bene parata aurifrigio aliquantulum strioto et nodato et strictiori aurifrigio per circuitum, fuit G. de Lucy, Decani. Casula quae dicitur bifatia, eo quod pannus est extra rubeus et intus niger, omata aurifrigio piano, vetus est et confracta, nee valet ad alioujus uBum. Ejus aurifrigium ponitur super capam, a qua ablatum fuit oraamentum et positum super pannum 0. Legati," ut supra. Casula crocea,- quam dedit Vioarius de Bello Campo. Jesse, quam dedit Rex in dedicatione eoclesiae. Casula de purpureo sameto breudata stellis mi^;ni8 et lunis. Breudator bumeraU Crux, Johannes, et Maria, cum arboribus. ■ This last word ia added by anotlier hand. '■ Maurice, bishop of London, 1086-7 to 1107. ° Otbo, see above. Digitized by Google Two Iiwmtories of the cathedral church of 8t. PoMlf L&ndon. 485 De Thmieis et Dahnatids. Tunica et dalmatica de rubeo sameto peroptimo, quaa dedit Mister Laurentius Bomanus," aurifrigio competenti in limbis cum borduris de eodem sameto aureis. Tunica de croceo sameto, quam dedit P. Wintoniensis Bpiscopufl nova et aunfrigiata bene cum bordura ejusdem panni anrea cum avibus espansis et GrifonibuB et manicis factis in bordura. Tunica de viridi eameto, quam dedit Martinus de Pateshutt, cum bordura bene aurifrigiata, et cum borduris strictis inferioribus de eodem panno, et borduris in humeria cum leonibus et sagittariis et manicis de eadem bordmra. Tunica et dalmatica de rubeo sameto cum stricto aurifrigio omn bordura in posteriori parte et floribus cum capitibus draconum deauratis. Tunica et dahnatica de rubeo sameto virgulata interlaqueata aurifrigio stricto cum superhumerali breudato et limbis ex filio ** argenteo circumligante filum grossum ad modum perlarum, qu88 fuerunt Prioria de Achon. Tunica de imperiali" cum arboribus rubeis et leonibus cum avibus aureis sine bordura inferiori cum humerali ex auro contexto. Tunica de alio imperial! florigerata viridi et rubeo cum avibus rubeis ad modum columbarum. Tunica de alio imperial! cum vineis rubeis infra cujus frondes sunt leones. Tunica ex alio imperial! quasi marmoreo cum viridibus floribus de panno bono et spisso. Tunica de panno quodam marmoreo spisso cum rotis et g!ffones'' infra rotas de serico purpureo cum humeris undatis albo et oculis croceis. Timica de quasi consimil! panno spisso et rotato cum grifEonibus purpureis cum humeris undatis croceo et oculis albis. Tunica de dyaspero marmoreo spisso quasi purpura sine aurifrigio. Tunica et dalmatica de imperial! croceo et iudico contexto arboribus sine aurifrigio, quae fuerunt Prions de Achon. * LaorentiTiB Bomanne, prebendary of Brownsvood, and of Oxg&te. * Sic in orig. * Imperiale : Panni preiioris apeciee. Dncange. Probably " wavea at a workshop kept np by the Byzantine mnp^vrs [at Constantinople], and bearing about it aome small though noticeable mark, it took the designation of Imperial." It was in use in {'ronce u late as the second half of the fifteenth centniy. Dr. Rock, Tetetile Fabrics, 40. * GiSones: tic, in error for griffonibos. Digitized by Google 486 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of 8t. Paul, London. Tunica et dalmatica de sendato indico oonstanter cum anrifrigio, quae fuerunt Eustachii Episcopi. Tunica et dalmatica de panno serico de arest* cum avibus et pomulis croceis pinalibus, quae factae fuenmt de duobua pannie quo3 rex dedit. Quatuor paria tunicarum et dalmaticarum de dyaepero albo piano. Tunica et dalmatica de dyaspero albo veteres, quibus deservitur ad altare beatae Mariae. Tunica retuB de sameto rubeo valde uaitato^ colore quasi amisso. Tunica virgulata croceo et rubeo quibus deservitur in festo Apostolorum. Duae tunicae de viridi sameto reteres, quibus deservitur in festo coufessorum. Tunica vetustissima de panno rotate, com griffonibus albis. Tunica vetus cum arboribus et pavonibus cum capitibus viridibus et leonibus conjmictis, deputatae sunt pueris. Tunica et dalmatica de purpureo sameto bene parata boni aurifrigii, fuermit episcopi Eogeri. Tunica et dalmatica de viridi columbino omata lenibns aurifrigiis, fuerunt episcopi Eustachii. Tunica et dalmatica bene parata veteribus aurifrigiis strictis, fuerunt Episcopi Ricardi, [scilicet, de rubeo sameto de quibus a ] ' Dalmatica de opere Saracenico inveterata et perforata undique, nullius precii. Septem aliae puerorum inveteratae et contritae. De Vestimentis et eorum pertinentiis. Yestimentum Gilberti Episcopi habet paniras de purpura fusca ; breudantur cum stellis et luuulis ; stola et manipulus de eodem panno et amictus. In fine stola breudatur Abraham et Melcbisedech. In manipulo Jacob. In amicto zij. Apostoli. Deputatur ad officium mortuorum. [Totus deputatur apud Berling.] '' Yestimentum Ricardi Episcopi habet paruras de rubeo sameto breudato cimi leonibus incedentibus caudis erectis et floribus interlaqueatis. Stola et manipulus de eodem panno, in quorum extremitatibus breudatur arbor cum duabus avibus et leonibus. Amictus est de aurifrigio pm*o cum barris de margaritis. ■ The -wads witinn hneiaaia are added by another hand. ■> The words within brackets are added by another hand. Berling or Barling, a miutor in Essex belonging to 8t. Paul's. " Eccleaia de Berling a est in dominio Canon iuoram," &o. Hale's Sometday of Bl. Fault, 149. Digitized by Google TtDO Inventories of the cathedral church of 8t. Paul, London, 487 Vestimentum aliud ejusdem Habet paniras indici sameti breudataa apostolis, nominibus singulorum suprascriptie. Stola efc manipulus ejusdem paimi et breudurae; Apostoli cum albis faciebus. In extremitate BtolaebreudanturSanctue Nicholaus et Oswaldos ; manipuli, Erkenwaldus et Edmundus. Medium amictus breudatur cum puro aurifrigio tracto, cum margaritis et granis auri. Urlatur' auri- frigio puro et stricto. Vestimentum Magistri H. de Norhampton' habet paruras rubei sameti. Breu- dantur leonibus, serpentibus volantibuB, aquilis, piscibns, interjectis cum punctis albis et nigris, cum stola et manipulo de eodem panno breudatie leonibus in circulis. In extremitatibus breudantur Uriel Barathiel." Amictus est de piano aurifrig;io puri auri. Vestimentum aliud ejusdem habet paruras indici sameti breudatas leonibus, aquilis, arboribus sibimet superpositis. Stola et manipulus ejnsdem sameti breudantur ymaginibus. In eorum extremitatibus breudatur Thomas et Paulus ; Erkenwaldus et Ricardus episcopus." Medium amicti de filo auri tracto fioriger- atum margaritis. tTrlatur aurifrigio stricto in extremitatibus adaucto. Vestimentum Bogeri capellani habet paruras nigri sameti breudatas leonibus magnis et griffonibus in rotis gemellatis. Stola et manipulus ejusdem panni breudati ymaginibus cum albis faciebus. Breudantur in extremitate Gabriel, Michael, Cherubim et Seraphim. Amictus de piano aurifrigio boni auri." Vestimentum aliud ejusdem cum paruris nigri sameti breudatas cum majestate et apostolis cum albis faciebus sine superscriptione. Stola et manipulus de indico sameto breudati ymaginibus apostoloirum et prophetarum, nominibus designatis. In quorum extremitatibus breudantur Sanctus Thomas et Oswaldus, Hicholaua, et Edmundus. Amictiis est de aurifrigio piano puri auri. Limbatur Teteribus aurifrigiis strictis. Vestimentum quod dicitur Nicholai Cantoris est cum paruris consuticis, quarum campus est rubeus, cum rotis interius viridibus exterius ^bis, oontinentibus leones, cervos, aquilas, et d'ohones' volantes. Stola et manipulus de panno serico F. 8, ool. 1. ■ Urlare : omlam rel limbos inserere : Oall. Orler: Ducange. " Uriel, Barathiel. Uriel, an aroliaii^l, " the fire of God." ' PoBsibly this may be Rioardns de Belmeie I., who died in 1127-8. " He seenu to h«Te «nde«TOiired to ^t the arohiepiacopal dignity restored to the see of Iiondon." Le Here, ii. 281. ^ Alba d[a] tor apnd Ardhle . . et remanet reBidnnm. Ardleigh, Erdele, Erdeley, Sk. a manor saiA. to have been given to St. Paul's by Athelstan. Hale's Domesday, iiia • D*chones, for dracfumet, i.e., dracones. VOL. L. 8 T Digitized by Google 488 Two Inventories, of the cathedral chv/reh of St. Pa.uly London. Digro burellato, barrato minutis barris ami ; extremitates de filo puri auri tracto, arboribus interius consutis margaritis. AmictuB aurifrigiatus de puro auro. Interius operatur orbo opere limbatua duobus aiuifrigiis strictis. [Deficit totum.]* Vestimentnni quod dicitur R. Archidiaconi Colecestria babet parnras de rubeo sameto piano sine breudura limbatas aurifrigio et virgidatas. Stela et manipulns de rubeo sameto piano. Amictus de aurifrigio puro inciso in medio et ibi consuto. Yestimentnm F. Blesensis babet paruras de rubeo sameto breudatas floribus ad modum cmcis ; stolam et manipulum de eodem opere. In quorum extremi- tatibus breudantur Angeli sine nominibus. Amictus de eodem opere et rubeo aameto. Vestimentum quod dicitur Sweyn'' babet paruras de rubeo sameto breudatas martyribus, . confessoribus, virginibus ; nominibus illoram inscriptis ; stellis sparsim interjectis. Stola et manipulua de piano rubeo sameto. In quorum extremitatibus breudantur Petrus et Paulns, Jobannes et Andreas. Amictus de aorifrigio puri auri stricto limbato, veteribua aiuifrigiis albeacentibus. Vestimentum quod dicitur Wlfrani habet paruras de panno serico cum avibus rubeis et croceis. Stola et manipulus de eodem panno. Breudantur extremitates linealiter cum stellis minutis. Amictus de nigro serico breudatur lunulis qoinque, foliis bisantiis minutis. [Deficit.]' Vestimentum de albo serico cum nigris paruris deputatur ad mortuos. Vestimentum aliud habet paruras de rubeo sameto breudatas leonibus sese adinvicem respicientibus, et quorundam eorum caudse sese contingunt. Stola et manipulua de viridi serico trifuriatim intexto auro, quarum extremitates sunt de quibusdam panellis de filo purissimi auri tracto, consutis minutissimis margaritia per loca. Amictus de lato aurifrigio puri auri cum gemellis'' strictissimis. Vestimentum de albo serico habet paruras de panno serico contexto griffonibus rubeis calcantibus leones virides. Amictus ejus vetus de fiavo sameto, breudatua floribua cum duobus esmallis et lapidibus cristallinis. [Deficit.]' Vestimentum Willelmi Episcopi habet paruras de sameto rubeo breudatas filo * The words vjtbui brsokete are inserted by a later hand. ^ This aeemB to be the same as the "restimeiitiim quod dicitur Sneyl " ot the Inventorf of 1 ' This word is inserted fay a later hand. * Gemella : probably dinunutive of gemma, pncaoge. * This word is inserted by another hand. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St, Pavi, London. 489 auri tracto cum perils peroptinds. Humerale breudaiur iiij" ymaginibus, et habet amictum de perulis ; quondam Boberti de Clifford. Yestimentum Decani Alardi babet paruras de rubeo aameto brendatas majestate et apostolis sine inscriptionibus, tendentibus palmas. Habet fuuictum de auri- frigio puro cum duabus virgulis in medio elevatis intrioaturis. Stola et manipulus cum majestate, [et] ymagine in extremitatibus angeli cum campanellis argenteis. Yestimentum Willelmi Heremitae babet paruras de nigro samite breudatas tribus regibus venientibus ab oriente et yma^ine Beatae Yirginis, angelo et -pastoribus. Amictum cum ymaginibus Beatae Mariae, Petri et Fanli. De eodem sameto stola et manipulus. Yestimentum Bustachii Episcopi habet paruras de bordura aurifrigiata de «xtremitatibus sameti. Amictum de opera Sarracenico cum a^ibus et floribus. Stola et manipulus de rubeo serico contexto. [Stola et manipulus apad Belo'.] * Aliud Yestimentum ejusdem sine stola et manipulo de communi aurifrigio. [Deficit.] "• Yestimenta xij. sunt communia; de tmo deserritur ad altare apostolorum. Yestimentum quod dedit Willelmus camerarius° Bogeri Episcopi babet paruras de opere saracenico cum scutis.^ Super humerale ' vetus cum perils. Amictum de opere sarracenico contexto nodls, sine manipulo et stola, sed zonam de serico operatam. Yestimentum quod legavit P. Poenitentiarius ' babet paruras de indico sameto cum leonibus magnis inh^ rotas ambolantibus. Amlctus de eodem sameto cum leonibuB parvls in rotis se adiuTicem respicientibus. Stola et manipulus de eodem sameto breudata cum leonibus et lapidibus. Yestimentum quod dedit Blcardus Yicarins de Bello Campo' habet paruras * The words within bta^kets are mserted by anothco* hand. Proliablj Belchunp, a manor belonging to the dean and chapter. ' This word is inserted hy another hand. ' William, the chamberlain ot bishop Boger Niger. d " et ponontnr pamrae snper veatimentum sericnm." This is added in the margia by a later * Snperhnmerale : an amice. |The term occurs in archbishop Ec^berht's Pontifical. Ardtae- iilogia, xxv. 28. ' Poenitentiarins ; the name of the ofSoe appears as late as 1724. See Visitation ot bishop Oibson in my S^giitrum, &o. p. 289. ' Bello Campo ; Beaochamp. 3i2 Digitized by Google 490 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London, ' de serico marmoreo, breudatas leonibus et griffonibuB magnis ambnlantibus in rotis. Amictus de aorifrigio lato puro.* Stola et manipulus de eodem serico breudata leonibus magnis rampantibus. Dedit etiam duo manutergia ad altare. Yestimentum Episcopi Bogeri cum paruris de rubeo sameto, breudatis ad modom v. foliorum circulatia aurifrigiis strictis, cum stola et manipulo ejusdem opens. Amictus de aurifrigio magno nodato. Yestimentum G-. de Lucy, Decani, babet pantras de purpureo sameto breudatas duobus episcopis et jmagine Beati Pauli, cum duabus stoUs et duobus manipuUs albis contextis viridi. Amictus coneuitur cum Resurrectione et Inferno. Yestimentum aliud Willelmi Heremitae habet paruras mbeas breudatas leo-* pardia incedentibus et griffonibus in rotis magnis. Amictus ejusdem opens. Yestimentum quod babet paruras de serico rubeo cum leopardis sese adin- vicem obviantibus. Stola et manipulus breudantur avibus et leonibus obscoris. Amictus de aurifrigio virgulato. Yestimenta tria Radulfi Decani deputantur ad commendationes mortuorum, et tria alia ad opus pueroriim. Item sine superioribus vestimentis sunt amicti plures, scilicet, duo de filo pun auri tracto aliquantulum lati et plani. Amictus cum puro aurifrigio veteri omatus albis aurifrigiis strictis. Alius breudatus de auro puro cum rotellis et lapidibus amatistis et perulis. Item alius cum aurifrigio puro veteri et piano omato cum veteribus aurifrigiis strictis. Item alius vetus breudatus cum auro puro et esmallo ** et jaguntiis." Item alius breudatus aquilis et floribus super nigrum sendatum. Item alius de veteri aurifrigio cum tribus nodls. Item alius consutus de serico cum leone, griffone, et agno albo. Item alius de veteri aurifrigia nodato cum gemellis strictis aurif rigii veteris- Item duae stolae et duo manipuli veteres omati breudura et laqueatura in fine. Nota qaod supra in proximis tribus columpnis continentur casulae, Tunicae, dalmaticae, vestimenta, et Amictus praeter vestimenta."' * Pttro inserted by another hand. b Esmall: Esmaillna, encansinm; Qall. Bmail: Docange. Enamel. "JagTintiis. Probably for jacintas, hyacinthns, a jacinth. The jacinth, sometimes called hyacinth, is an orange-red variety of the garnet. Steeeter's Precious Stones, part ii. p. 81. ' This entiy is oroseed throngh with red ink. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of 8t. Paul, London. 491 De BaiideMnis et Ponnw Sericis. Baudekinum* de rubeo sameto cum grifonibus de aniio, quorum alae oontingunt 86 ; in cujuB oontiguitate est flos ; [de dono Regis.]" Baudekinum de rubeo sameto cum leonibus aureis rampantibus, de donO regis. Baudekinum de rubeo sameto cum leonibus aureia alatis alia sese contlngen' tibuB, leonibus post tergum se respicientibus, de dono ejusdem. Baudekinum de indico sameto cum citacis° aureis sese post tergum respicientibus et gladioHs auri, de dono ejusdem. Item aliud baudekinimi, scilicet quintum, per omnia consimile praeoedenti. Item sextum baudekinum purpura tenue ad modum sendati longum Tirgula* turn virgulis aureis, [cum pulcra j* Item baudekinum de widi sameto cum citacis aureis habentibus roaas ia pectore, quod dedit Comes Flandriss.* Duo baudekina' purpurei colons cum capitibus griffonum rubeis et rotis aureis et leuncellis inter rotas. Item duo alii baudekini purpurei coloria cum griffonibus erectis sese post tergum respicientibus, quorum alae contigue erigunt flosculum gladeoli aurei, in cujus medio est flos rubeus ; et onmes de dono regis. Item duo baudekini consimiles de dono reginae, bordati rubeo et purpurea rotati, infra quas' sunt volucres biscipites cum alis expansis, in quorum umbilico sunt steUae rubeae et purpureae. ■ Baldalcmna, BaldekinaB (Bandekmas) ; Panniu omninm ditisaimns, onjns ntpote stamen ex filo auri, snbtemen ex aerico teiptnr, plnmario opere mtertoxhts, aio dictos quod Baldaceo, aea Babylone in Perside, in Occidentales pTOvincias deferretnr. Dacange. With samitee and bandekTns Were cnrtAined the gardens. jRomance of King Alexander. Planch^, Dictionary. Dr. Rock, Te^ttiU Faltrica, p. 40, derivee Bandekin from Baldak or Bagdad, which " held for DO ahort length of time the lead all over Asia in Treaving fine silks, and, in special, golden atnfFa." <* The words within brackets are inserted hy another hand. * Citacna, i.e., Paittacna : a parrot, so called, it is said, from Peittace, a city near the Tigris. ' Added b; another hand, the last word being cat off. ■ Probably Thomas of Savoy, count of Flandera, who came to London in 1240. See Matthew Paria, iv. 19. B.S. ' The scribe writes bandekini or bandekina as it pleases him. ' Scil. rotas. Digitized by Google :4)92 Two Inventories of the cathedral ehv/rck of St. Paul, London. Item unxis baudekiniis cujus campus est rubeus rotatus, et infra rotas leones aese a tergo respicientes cum stellis purpureis et rosia albis. Item alius baudekinus de dono reginae ex traosverso, bordatus purpura et rubeo, cum aquilis expansis, oapitibus siugulorum coronads. Item baudekinus de dono regis, cujus campus est rubeus florigeratuacum grif- fonibus, quorum oculi purpurei, et aures distillatae purpureae. Item baudekinus rubeus donatus cum corpore Episcopi Bogeri,' cum aquilis expansis, in quarum umbilico sunt stellae rubeae, oculi purpurei, et capita quasi mitrata. Item baudekinus rubeus grossissimi fili, cum pavonibus et tribus Ustis deau- ratis in longum, dicitur contextus de intestinis animalitun" de dono Comitis Bicardi. Item de dono regis baudekinus rubeus rotatus, et intra rotas citaci" se respicientes adinvicem cum floribus purpureis v. foliomm. Baudekinus rubeus cum magnis floribus, cervis, et leonibus, et grifionibus auri, de dono regis. Item alius rubeus rotatus continens leones et virides flores inter rotas. Bex dedit. Item alius rubeus et rotatus auro habens iiij" leones in rotis et iiij*' aves inter rotas de dono Beginae. Item alius rubeus striotus cum longis avibus et leonibus, de dono Comitissae Provinciae,'' Item alius viridis cum parris rotis aureis; continent duos leones sese respicientes, et quatuor aves inter rotas. Item baudekinus rubeus rotatus cum geminis citacis in rotas, de dono F. Episcopi." ■ The tomb of bishop Roger Niger, figured in Dogdale, p. 58, stood between the north aisle and the choir ; a tablet, recording a remarkable storm which occurred whilst he was celebrating muss, hnog beside it. " Bishop Niger was canonised by popular acclamation ; Ma tomb was visited by devout worshippers, and indulgences granted for this pioos work." Milman, Annali, 56. ^ The scribe has written tUiwn. I enppose that animatiwm. is intended. ' Citaci, see above. " Comitissa Proyinciae : Beatrice oonntess of Provence, daughter of ThomaB of Savoy, arrived in London in 1243 ; " mater reginarnm Franciae et Angliae, mnlier decotis expectabilis, prodens, et civilis." See the account of her reception in Matthew Paris, iv. 261. The streets were decorated from liondon Bridge to Westminster, " cortinis, aulaeis, et diversis aliia omamentis," at the king's desire. • Bishop Fnlke Bassett, see above. Digitized by Google Tipo Inventories of the eaihed/raX church of St. Paul, Lonodn. 493 Item baudekinus rubeiis et strictis cum eeptem bordis in longum aiireis. [Item baudekmus de demo Domini Regis in obita A. Thesamwii.* Item baudekinum strictius ulna, com oampo viridi posterins et rubeo anterius, cum xii. rotellis, quod venit cum corpore Williebni Joimer.'']° Fannus de aresta magnus et longus cum campo indioo et minntis avibus et floribufi inter virgulas. Pannus alius magnus sericos rubeus, cum magnis rotis et binis leonibus oristatis in rotis purpureis, et Acres inter rotas. Rex dedit H. Decano,^ et decanus postea dedit ecclesiae. Pannus alius de aresta bordatus ex transrerso oum aribus et pomis pineorum interjectis. Pannus alius de aresta bordatus ex transverso rubeo et indico cum avibus et parvis castris ad caudas. Pannus alius de aresta rubeus cum arboribus pineia et parvis avibus, unde bordurae virides et strictae, cum parvis rotis ; sunt in capite. [Sic] Pannus alius de aresta rubeus, rotatus croceis rotis ; continent croceos leones sese respicientes a tergo de done "W. de Rale,* Wintoniensis Bpiscopi. Pannus de areata deputatus est ad costas Beati Laurentii involvendas. Item pannus sericus de aresta rubeus, cum gemellis croceis. Item pannus de aresta rubeus, inseratus cum targis croceis, infra quos leones rubei sese reapiciunt. Item pannus rubeus, circulatus croceis circulis, infra quos leones post tergum sese respiciunt, caudis erectis. Pannus de aresta rubeus, virgulatns gemellis purpureis et croceis, cum avibus croceis sese post tergum respicientibus, cum gladeolis croceis spissis inter eos. Pannus de aresta rubeus, cum circulis minutia, infra quos sedent reges super leunculoB, tenentes flores. Pannns de aresta cepeatus, tabulatus rubeo et indico, cum pineis et avibus p, g b^ cqi. i. post tei^m sese respicientibus. ' Probably Alexander Swerford, see above. " William Joymer was mayor of liondon in 1239. ' The two items within bracketB are inserted by another hand. * Probably Henry de Comhill, dean, • William de Raleigh, consecrated bishop of Norwich in St. Paul's, 25 September 1239; trans, lated to Winchester 1244 ; died 1250 at Toniaine. The name is aUo spelt Ralee, Raley, or Radl^. Digitized by Google 494 Two IiwentorieB of the cathedral chv/rch of 8t. Paul, London, Duo panni de areata, quos dederunt EuBtacliiuB et Rogerus Episcopi, deputali Sant ad casulaa faciendaa. Paimua de areata, bordatus rubeo et indico coloribus, cum avibus croceis, de dono W. de Rale. NorwiceEsis Episcopi. Item duo panni de aresta de dono reginae * pro filio et Alia ex transverso, bo3rdati cum avibus a tergo sese respicientibus. Item, de dono Comitis Sarum *' in adventu buo de terra sancta, pannus de ttresta rubeus, cum citacis croceis et arboribus inteitus. Item de t«atamento H. Comitis Kanciae ° i. sametum nigrum. De culdtrig et Pa/tmis pendentihus m chore. Oulcitra " "WiUehni Episcopi de rubeo sameto, cum panno rotate. Culcitra de croceo sendato, cum sameto rotato, cum leonibus post tergum se respicientibus, quam legavit Jobannes Tbolosanus.* Culcitra quam dedit Comes de Albemarlia,' parvi precii est. Culcitra de viridi sameto, cum aameto rotato, et infra ' leones crocei sese poat tergum respicientes, fuit uzoris J. Yitalis.'' Culcitra lata et Tetua, quam ab antique dedit Ougerus Senescallus. * Retina : Eieanor of Provence, queen of Henry III. Edward, the firBt-boni, was bom 16 Jnne, 1239 ; Margaret her eldest daughter was bom 1241 . ** Comes Sanun : William Longesp^, ei^l of Salisbury. " Comes Saresbiriensia initio mensis Martii [1242] de Terra Sancta rediena, applicuit sanns et incolnmis in Anglia." Matthew Paris, Chronica Maj&ra, vol. iv. p. 188. See the accoont of his prowess and death, tb. v. 153, Ac. * " Eisdem diebus, comes Cantise, Hnbertns videlicet de Bnrgo, plenns diemm . . quarto idns Mail [1243] laudabiliter diem claosit extremum apud Banstude mauerium sunm," Matt. Parisi IT. 243. ' Culcitra or Cnlcita ; cushions. ■ John de Tholoaan was sheriff of London in 1237. He witnesses a deed preserved among the mnniments, press A, box 20, No. 301. ' Willielmus de Fortibns, comes de Albemarla, in Mari Uediterraneo peregrinaiu, cum nullo modo potest comedei-e et octo diebns jojunando martirium protelasset, die Yenens proiima ante Pascham [1241] . . spiritnm sunm . . Christo resignavit." Matthew Paris, iv. 174. After many vicissitudes he had been left by Hen. HI. in Britany as one of the chiefs of the army. ■ Scil. rotas. *■ Oliver Titalis was the bearer of a letter from Saladin to the Pope in 1184. Ralph de Diceto ii. 25. One J. Yitalis was witness to a deed (preserved in St. Paul's) in 1238. He is there called John Yital. Digitized by Google Two InventoTies of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 495 Duo paimi aerici de aresta yeterea limbati albo et nigro quos dedit Rex JohanneB. Duo panni aerici de aresta Teteres nigri cum griSonibus, quos dedit Q. FoUot> episcopus. Duo panni Teteres ejusdem operis, quos dedit rex Joliannes. Quatuor panni de serico veteres, limbati croceo indico sameto, cum griffonibua et leonibiis, quoa Bobertua de Clifford dedit. Duo panni veteres rotati griffonibua quoa dedit G. Foliot, fere nullius precii. Pannua longus rubeus, cum arboribus et pomulia crooeis, qaem dedit Eustachiua epiacopus in oonaecratione. Pannus purpureus aine cera ma^us, quem dedit Badulfos Decanua. Pannus croceus, quem dedit "Willelmua Epiacopus ' in conaecratione. Pannus Tirgulatua croceus, de dono ejusdem. Pannus croceus, de dono Willelmi de Wrotbam.'' Duo panni aerici, quorum unum dedit Magister B. de Bifatiis." Unus pannus rotatua, vetua, quem dedit Gilbertiia Epiacopus. Pannus sericua magnna, quem dedit Willelmua Joymier. Pannus vetus pendena sub cruce, qui dicitur Bruiz.^ Pannua rotatus aliua vetus de opere aliorum pannorum aupradictorum. Pannus qui jacet super feretrum Sancti Melliti. De Tapetiia et Velis. Sex tapetia magna ~et apissa. Unum tapetium, quod fuit Badulfi Decani. Quatuor thalones ' cum kanabo ' lato cortine in choro. " William de Sanctae Uariae Eoolesia, consecrated bisliop of London at Westnunster, 23 May, 1199. " Willelmna de Wrotham, cnstos portnnm muifl," 1211. Matthew Paris ennmerates him amongst the evil advisers of king John, ii. 533. ' Probably Bannlf de Biaaoia, who held the prebendal stall of Newington 1217-43. ^ Richard de Bros is mentioned as a benefactor to St. Faol'a in the Inventoiy of 1295. Dngdale, 329; and the lady Isabel de Bros is specially named in ad indolgence granted by Albinos, bishop of Brechin, ib, 10. * Thalones; tic in HS., but probably we should read chalones, ohalo, chalonns, Pais anpellectilia lecti, straguli species. Dncange. ' Cuiabo, kanabo .- a casmpy. In Angostine, Ser. 61 de tempore, canaba is a hat. VOL. L. 3d Digitized by Google 496 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Pa/ul, London. Veteres ymagines cortinarum* sine kanabo. Papilio'' quern dedit Alexander Tliesaurarius. Yelum qnadragesimale integrum. Velum quod est ante magnam crucem. Duo vela quae sunt ad duas cruces in duabus alis ecclesiae. Yelum quod est ante crucem ad altare Beatae Mariae. In istis duabus columpnis supra proxime contentis continentur Baudekmi et panni serici, Panni et CuTcitrae pendentes in choro, Tapetia et vela.' De libria. Prima pws biblia« veteris Anglicae litterae, in cujus prima parte in custodia ** inscribitur alfabetum Hebraeycum et Grraecorum, et durat usque ad Zachariam prophetam. Item alia pars bibliae consimiliter Anglicae litterae. sed melioris, in oujus custodia prima continentur reliquiae* quas Theodoras Episcopiis'contulit ecclesiae in secunda, quot annis Alwredus Rex et successores sui vixerunt ; et dioitur liber Hugonis Episcopi.' Finit in Job. Item alia biblia in duobus voluminibus nova, peroptimae litterae, cujus prima pars finit in Job. In fine ejusdem in custodia inscribitur quomodo Anselmus Oantuariensis ** Arohiepiscopus consecravit Bicardum Lond' episcopmn. Secunda pars ejosdem litterae incipit in parabolis Salomonis, et finit in epistola Judae ; et intitolatur in prima custodia et in margine, Liber Hagistri Henrici de Norbampton'. In istis duabus partibus legitur per annum in ecclesia. ' Cortina : a oartwn. Cf. Vnlg. Exodus xxxTJ. 1. " Fapilio : Taberaacalnia, tentoriom. Docange. ' Thia entry is crossed through with red ink. ' Custodia; the oover. • Belies inserted in the cover of a book. See Rock, Chnreh of our I^hav, L 360. A Teztos in the British Mnsenm, " beantifally bonnd in plates oi silver, paroel gilt and studded with precious stones. On one side stands ont in relief a cmcifix, gUt, bat hollow within, and holding a lump of wax in which is imbedded a saint's relic." ' Theodoras, probably the archbishop of Canterbury, consecrated in 66& ■ Probably Hugh de Orivalle, bishop ■ Cum snblerasset : St. Jobn, vi. 5. ° Exiit edictnm : St. Lake, ii. 1. ' Scil. omeliariom P ■ The words within brackets have been added by another hand. ' Cnm appropioqnasaet : St. Matthew, xxi. 1. ■ Dixit Jhesna ; St. John, viii. 21. Feria tectinda post Reminiscere. " Liber generationis : St. Matthew, i. 1. ' Pactnm est : St, Luke, iii. 21. * Exnltet jam Angelica torba : Daniel, Tkeaavrus HymnologuMs, ii. 303, 305. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral chwrch of St. Paul, London. 499 Item capitularium et collectarimn, quod dicitar Magistri Henrici de ITorhamptofi, mcipiena in Adrentu Domini de bona et grossa littera, praemisso kalendario, Capitulum primum, Ecee dies veniwat. Et est grossa littera partita de rubeo et azorio, florata de azorio, et finit in benedictionali super scutum et baculom. Item benedictionale Eustachii Episcopi bonae litterae, incipiens in rubrica, ordo ad cathecuminum faciendum. Finit cum oratione, Purificent. [F. Episcopus habet.] Hoc postmodum est Adam ' Item omeliarium incipiens, Sacrosemcta, Magnus liber. Finit in sermone Leonis Fapae, in ootabis Sancti Laurentii. Item capitularium et coUectarium, sive manuale Eustacliii Episcopi, incipiens, praemisso kalendario, Dominica i' in Adventu Domini, Capitulum, Scientes guod jam hora est. Et est littera i* de axiro, et finit in oratione, Adorandam crucem, scilicet, Deus onmipotens, Jhesu Christe. Item capitularium quo utuntur in choro, non magni precii, sed bonae litterae. Item Missale quoddam David capellani, in quo prsemittitur Kalendarium cum litteris aureis et bestiis. Kyrye. Gloria in excelsis. Sequentiae. Concordantiae evangeliorum ; et est prima littera deaurata, in cujus medio sedet rez cum dyademate, vestitus rubeo et azorio. Item breviarium quod dicitur Henrici de Norhampton', cum antiphonario notato, magnum et bonae litterae, prsBmisso psalterio et kalendario, et ubi iucipit legenda, Visio YsaiaefiUi Amos ; et est littera de auro, et medium litterae campus rubeus, in quo homo barbatus tenet rotulum. Finit in ilia antiphona de v. panibus et ii. piscibus. Fuit H. de Norhampton*. Item liber sanctorum ejusdem, de eadem littera, cum antipionario notato, incipiens in TigiUa Sancti Andreae, Capitulo Corde creditier." Legenda Passio Sancti Andreae ; et est prima de azorio et rubeo, interius deaurata et florata minio viridi et croco ; et finit in obsequio mortuorum. Item capitularium et coUeotarium, quod fuit Hugonis de Baculfe," praemisso kalendario bono, et est liber de valde grossa littera. Incipit, Exdta Domine. ; et est littera de auro, sedens in campo de azorio, et est intos florata paupere de azorio et viridi et croco. Finit in oratione, Beus infirmitatis huma/nae. ' TJie words in brockets itre etrook out. The rest are added by another hand. ■> Corde creditor : see Sarnm fireviary. CapUuhtm, Romans x. 10. In Natali Sancti Andreae. " Hngh de Racolf, canon, appears as -witness to a deed in the time of Balph de Diceto. Press A, box 2, No. 616. Digitized by Google 500 Two InverUffries of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. Item capitnlarium, praemissis quibusdam EvangeluB et KaLendario ; mcipiens, Ecee dies venvunt ; littera de rubeo, interins florata de azorio et viridi ; et est aUquantulum de antiqua littera ; et est prima Rubrica de littera florata grosaa, scripta rubeo, viridi, et minio. Finit in oratione, Omnipotens Dominator Christus. Item, liber parvua non magni precii vetus, incipiens, Gloria Tihi, Trinitas ; in quo praemittitur £alendarium ; in quo continentur missae peculiares, et bene- dictiones frumenti candentis et aquae ; quasi quoddam manuale est. Finit in missa de Sancta Osida;* in cujus oustodia depinxit Thesaurarius, capud hirsutum. INVENTORY OF 1402. InTentarimn omnium vestimentorum et aliorum omamentorum ecclesiastioorum ecclesiae Sancti Pauli Londoii in Thesauraria ejusdem ecclesiae existentinm in festo Sanoti Thomae Apostoli Anno Domini M'COCO" secundo, factum per M. T. Stowe, Decanum, Walterum Cooke, et W. Storteford, Canonicos ecclesiae prsedictae.'' In primis> in primo Armariolo existente in angulo in pari« occidental! ex parte dextra simt xxiiij*^ perticae" in quibus pendent hujusmodi Testimenta, videlicet : In prima pertioa tres Capae preciosae de panno aureo aibi colons auripictae cum floribus et ooronis aureis de dono Domini Johannis Ducis Lancaatriae/ * De S. Vitba, in Inventor; of 1295 m printed in Dn^^dale ; bnt in the original it is 8iuicta Ositha. ■> Thomas Stowe, dean of St. Paul's, 1400.1405. Walter Coke was prebendary of Holbom in 1397 and 1421 and treasnrer in 1399. William Stortford, 'formerly treasnrer, archdeacon of Middlesex 1393-1416. ° Fertica : patibnli epeciee, coi rei snspendnntnr : Dncange. Bnt here, obvioosly, a beam oi- frame from irhich restments oould be snspended. * The stately tomb of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, ia figured in Dngdale, 60. Digitized by Google 2W Inventories of the cathedral ckwreh of St. Paul, London* 501 In ij. pertica una Casula et ij Tuniculae ejiiBdem sectae et ex dono ejasdem. Item in iij' pertica v Capae ex panno aureo albi Ooloris cum aiirifrigiis panni aurei cujos campus est blavij ooloris. In iiij. pertica iij Capae de panno aureo albi coloris pulverisatae cum Uteris aureis videlicet M. et Angelis et oertis circumferenciis. Item in t. pertica j Casula et dua« Tanicae ejusdem Bectae cum Capis proximo dictis. In TJ. pertica iij Capae de panno aureo albi coloris j Casxila et ij Tuniculae de panno aureo et albi coloris. In vij. pertica ij Capae j Casula ij Tuniculae de panno aureo albi coloris. In viij pertica j Capa j Casula ij Timiculae de panno aureo albi coloris. In ix' pertica iij Capae de panno aureo albi coloris cum bonis aurifrigiis auripictae cum diversis magnis ymaginibus. In x" pertica ij Capae de panno aureo rubij coloris cum j. Casula et ij. Tuniculae ejusdem coloris. In xj' pertica j Capa j Casula ij Tuniculae de rubeo veluto de dono Domini Walteri Aldebery" pulverisato cum coronis aureis. In xij pertica j Capa cum Casula et ij Tuniculis de panno aureo rubei coloris de dono Domini W. Courtenay" cum aurifrigiis pulverisatia cum cignis argenteis. In xiij pertica ij Capae de panno aureo ejusdem sectae et ex dono ejusdem (p. lo.) Domini W. cum consimilibus aurifrigiis. In xiiij. j Casula et ij Tuniculae de panno aureo rubei coloris pulverizato cum Tocabulo Jhesu. In XV. pertica ij Capae ejusdem sectae cum aiuifrigiis preciosis. In xvj. ij Capae antiquae de panno aureo rubei coloris. In xvij. pertica j Casula de rubeo pulverizata cum gladiis et floribus et una Capa auripicta preciose cum multis historiis bibUae in ymaginibus aureis. In iviij. pertica iij Capae de paimo aureo rubei coloris. In lix. pertica ij Capae de panno aureo rubei coloris pulverizato cum diversis yma^nibus aureis. » Walter de A]debei7 waa cx>IlBted to the deanery of St. Paul's by Simon SndbtuT in 1362. Nevoonrt doubts whether the collation took effect. ^ William Courtenay, bishop of London 1375, translated to Canterbniy in 1381. Lord high chtmcelloT in 1381. Digitized by Google 502 Two Inventories, of the cathedral ehv/rck of St. Paul, London. In xz. pertica j Oapa qaondam Sancti Thomae HerefordensiB* ij aliae Capae de panno anreo mbei coloris cum magnis ymaginibus. In xxj. 3 Capa de panno aureo mbei coloris pulverizato cum diversis ymaginibas aureis. In xxij. pertica vj Capae de panno aureo mbei coloris cum aurifrigiis blauij coloris cum falconibus aureia capuciatis cum araais dominae Reginae Annae,*" et cum Morsibus ejusdem aectae. In xxiij. iiij" Capae de panno aureo mbei coloris. In xxiiij. pertica v Capae de panno aureo rubei colons cum aurifrigiis unius (p. 11.) In secundo Armariolo proximo sequenti sunt xxvj perticae, quarum quatuor sunt vacuae et nullatenus occupatae, unde de xxij perticis occupatis est nunc loquendmn. In prima pertica ij Capae de panno aureo rubei coloris, quarum una de velreto rubeo cum leonibus aureis et aurifrigiis de coleriia Domini Ducis Lancastriae et ^ervo " in medio oujuslibet colerii jacente ex dono domini Roberti WMteby, et alia de rubeo veluto cum magnis Rosis aureis et aurifrigiis cum ymaginibufl aureis, ex dono M. J. Appelby/ quondam Decani. In seounda j Casula ij Tuniculae et ij Capae de panno aureo rubei coloris ejusdem sectae cum aurifrigiis blaviis pulverizato cum leopardia aureis. In iij. j Capa ij Tuniciilae de panno aureo novo rubei coloris. In iiij" pertica j Capa cum j Casula et ij Tunioulae de secta duamm Tunicu- larum proxime precedentium. In V* pertica ij Capae de panno aureo mbei coloris pulverizato cum aquilis et leopardis aureis. * St. Thomas de Cantelnpo, bishop of Hereford, canonised 20 April, 1320. His festiral wb« observed on October 2. " Many miracles Are recorded as being wrought through the intercessioa of this saint." Hittoria AagUcana, Harpsfield 473.) Havergsl, Fatti Herefordensei, 17-19. '' Anne of Bohemia, first wife of Bichu^ II. The white falcon was one of the king's badges. ' Servo, i.e., oervo. The lion passant is seen on Dogdale's plate of the monument of John of Gaunt. The collar of 88. is a well-known Lancastrian badge. Probably the cervw was the antelope. ' John de Applet^, dean, 1364-8, Digitized by Google Ttvo Inventories of the cathedral chwrch of St. Paul, London. 503 In vj, pertica iiij" Capae de panno serico novo et satis vilis precii viridis coloria palrerizato eum coronis aoreis et leonibus. In Yij. pertica ij Capae j Casula ij Tunicalae de panno serico nigri coloris cum leopardis de auro. In viij. pertica iij Capae ij Tunicalae ejusdem sectae et coloris. In is' pertica iij Capae eiusdem coloris et sectae. In X* pertica j Caps ejusdem coloris et sectae j Casula et ij Tuniculae de panno aureo nigri colons. In xj. pertica j Casula ij Tuniculae de panno aureo nigri coloris pulverizato cum feris bestiis aureis. In xij. pertica ij Capae de panno aureo nigri coloris pulverizato cum feris bestiis et floribua et ramia aureis. In xiij. pertica j Capa de panno aureo nigri coloris pulverizata cum leopardis et ij Capae ejusdem coloris pulverizatae cum ij feris bestiis hincinde jacentibus. (p- 12.) In xiiij' iij Capae de panno aureo nigri coloris. In XY* iij Capae de panno aureo nigri coloris. In xvj' iiij Capae de panno aureo nigri coloris. In xvij* ij Capae de panno aureo nigri coloris. In xviij. ij Capae de panno aureo cum aurifrigiis auripictis cumdiversis ymagi- nibuB in opere aureo. In xix. j Capa j Casula et ij Tuniculae de panno aureo blavii coloris pulverizato cum coronis aureis, quibus singulis sunt infixae ij pennae de Ostrich.* In xx° iij Capae de panno aureo blavii coloris de velveto pulverizatae cum coronis aureis de dono domini Simon de Sudbery,* dudiun Bpiscopi Lond'. In xxj. j Casula et ij Tuniculae praedictae sectae et ex dono ejusdem domini Simonis. In xxij. una Casula crocei coloris, quae quondam fuit Sancti Alphegi," et j Capa ejusdem coloris pulverizata cum angelis. In tertio Armariolo sunt sxv perticae occupatae. Fnde in prima pertica sunt (p. 13.) duae Tuniculae cum una casula de panno aureo albi coloris auripictae cum grifFonibus et liliis de auro, et una casula alba de serico. *Tke ostrich feather is a favourite badge of the Plantagenets. " SimoD of Sndbmy : bishop of London 1361, translated to Cantorbnry 1375, beheaded by the rebels 14 Jnne, 1381. His head is still to he seen in a niche in the vestry of St. Oregoiy'a chnrcb, Sndbnry, Suffolk. * St. Alphege, see above. VOL. L. 3 I Digitized by Google 504 Ttoo Inventones of the cathedral church of St Paul, London. In seciinda pertica tres Casulae albae de serico albi colons. In iij. pertica tres Cspae albi coloris de Bakemaskf * vidftlicet de debUi panno aureo. In iiij' pertica iiij"' Capae de Rakemaskf albi coloris. In T. pertica duae Capae de panno aureo albi coloris aunfrisiatae cum magnis ymaginibus auripictis. In Tj. pertica ij Capae de panno aureo albi coloris auripictae cum diversis truffis*" et aorifrisiatac cum magnis ymaginibus. In vij. pertica ij Capae de panno aureo albi coloris pulverizato satis tenue cum parvis leonibus et floribus diversis. In Tiij. pertica sunt una Casula purpurei coloris pulverizata cum lunis et stellis aureis, et alia Casula de serico piano ejusdem coloris, ij tunicnlae de blario Berico stragulatae. In ix. pertica ij Toniculae et j Casula de satyn rubei coloris, et aliae duae casula« de satyn ejusdem colons, et una casula cum diversis armis viridis coloris. In x' pertica iij Capae de panno aureo purpurei coloris diversimode auripictae. In xj. pertica iij. Capae ejusdem coloris et sectae. In xij. pertica iij Capae ejusdem coloris et sectae. In xiij. pertica ij Tuniculae cum una Casula de panno aureo antique rubei coloris. In xiiij. pertica ij Tunictdae rubei coloris de panno aureo stragulatae, et ij Capae ejusdem sectae. (p- **•) In XV pertica ij Tuniculae et una Casula sectae et colons proximo dictis. In xvj' pertica ij Capae de rubeo velveto auripictae cum angelis aureis et armis dominae Isabellae" quondam Beginae Angliae. In xvij* pertica ij Tuniculae et una Casula de rubeo veluto auripictae cum angelis et armis praedictae dominae Isabellae." In xviij' pertica ij Tuniculae et una Casula de panno aureo rubei coloris. In xiz' pertica ij Tuniculae et j Casula et j Capa de done domini Bogeri Waltham '' quondam Canonici liujus ecclesiae de panno serico rubei coloris. * Rakemask : Bacamae, panni pretiosoris speciee. Racamatnra, omatna Testis aen pictas, ab Italico Uaccamere, acu pingere. Gall : Broder. Dncange. " Tmffis : perhaps for Tre£Bs, Trefoils. See Dncange. ■ Isabella, danghter of Charles V. of France, Beoond qneen of Richard II. ' Roger de Waltham, prebendarjr of Cadington Minor between 1316 and 1329. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of 8t. Paul, London, 505 In xx' ij Tuniculae cum una Ca8ula de panno aureo de dono Adae Fraunceys aurifrisiatae cum magnis ymaginibiis. In xxj. pertica ij Tuniculae cum una Casula de panno aureo viridis coloris et una Capa ejusdem coloris. In xxij. pertica ij Tuniculae cum una Casula de rubeo Batyn pulverizato cum diversis crucibus de auro. In xxiij. pertica ij Casulae de Satyn nigri coloris. In xxiiij. iiij" Tuniculae blavii coloris de panno serico et ij Tuniculae de panno serico rubei coloris. In xsv pertica duo vexilla processionalia pro tempore Paschae de panno serico viridis coloris auripictae ex dono domini Johannis Lyntoii' quondam Camerarij et unum aliud vexillum de dono domini Willelmi Coloyme ' viridis coloris. In quarto Armariolo, videcet, extra hostium domus Thesaurariae, sunt xvij (P- ^^ ) perticae. In quarum prima, videlicet, prope introitum sunt ij Casnla« de panno serico viridis coloris, una casula de panno serico albi coloris, et iij Capae antiqnae de panno aureo rubei coloris. In secunda pertica ij Tuniculae et j Casula de blavio serico stragnlato, j Capa de panno aureo blavii coloris auripicto cum castellis et ymaginibus diversis. In iij' pertica ij Tuniculae j Casula de panno serico, cum j Capa de panno serico blavii coloris, et j Capa de panno aureo rubei coloris. In iiij" pertica ij Timiculae j Casula de panno serico viridis coloris auripicto cum piscib^l8 et floribus aureis. In V. pertica ij Tuniculae j Casula purpurei coloris de serico aUqualiter auripicto. In vj. pertica ij Tuniculae j Casula, cum una Capa purpurei coloris, auripictae cum garbis et circumferenciis aureis. In vij. pertica ij Tuniculae de rubeo baudekyn mixto cum blavio, et j Casula de panno aureo ejusdem coloris, pulverizato cum leopardis aureis. In viij' pertica ij Tuniculae et j Casula de panno serico blavii coloris. In ix' pertica ij Tuniculae j Casula de panno aureo rubei coloris. In x' pertica ij Tuniculae j Casula cum j Capa de panno aureo nigri coloris pulverizato cum leopardis et leonibus. ' WiUiam de Coloin);^ was prebendary of Reoalverland in 1371. 3x2 Digitized by Google JoluumU Ducii Lancaetriae. 506 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. In xj pertica ij Tuniculae j Casula iij Capae de panno serico de baudekyn nigri coloris ex dono domini Jolianuis Ducis Lancastriae quondam. In xi] pertica iij Capae de panno aureo blavii coloris auripicto cum arboribus ot leopardis de dono domini Thomae Euere/ nuper decani. (p. 16.) Item in xiij* pertica j Casula ij Tuniculae ex eadem secta de dono ejusdem. Item in xiiij' pertica ij Capae ij Tuniculae de panno aureo, cujus campus est blavii coloris, de dono Ducis Lancastriae, pulverizatae cum rosis aureis et pennis Ex dono domini | a^bis de ostricti. In xv* pertica 3 Capa j Casula ij Tuniculae de eadem secta. iln XTJ. pertica vij Capae ejusdem sectae praecedentis. In xYij. pertica vij Capae praedictae sectae. Item in praedicta domo Thesauraria extra armariola vij Capae antiquae usuales et quasi cotidianae albi coloris jaceutes ibidem. Item in eadem domo extra armariola sunt xv Capae antiquae usuales et quasi cotidianae rubei coloris vel quaai jacentes ibidem. Item ij aliae Capae antiquae ex antiquo opere diversi coloris et ij Capae antiquae blavij coloris, et j Capa purpurei coloris auripicta cum leopardis, et j alia Capa antiqua viridis coloris auripicta diversimode. (p. 17.) Albae, Amictae, stolae, et fanones. In primis in domo Thesauraria una alba cum una amicta de panno de Reynys" cum paruris aureis de historia sancti Thomae Cantuariensis in ymaginibus cum j stola et j fanone rubei coloris. Item una alia alba de panno de Reynys cum j amicta ejusdem panni et paruris ac j stola et j fanon rubei coloris auripictae diversimode cum margaritis. • Thomas de Evere, or Eure, dean of St. Paul'§ 1389-1400. " Pannos de KeynjB : so called from Bennes in Brittany, the original place of it« mannfactore. Planch^. "I have a shirte of reynes with sleeves pendent." Mystery of Mary Magdalen. 1512. " Cloth of raynes to sleep on sotte." Chaucer's Dream,, 1. 265. In 1327 three new clotha of Rains were in use for the high altar at Exeter. Rock, Textile Fabria, 68. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paid, London. 507 Item j alia alba de panno de HejnyB cum j amicta j stola et j fanone cum paruris magnanun ymaginum auripictis in rubeo colore. Item i alia alba de pauno de Reynjs cum j amicta j stola j fanone et paruris auripictis cum capitibus Christi et Petri et Pauli ac armis Angliae et Franciae in rubeo colore. Item 3 alia alba de panno de Reynys cum j amicta j stola j fanone et paruris auripictis cum ymaginibus in colore rubeo. Item j alia alba de panno de Reynys cam j amicta j stola j fanone et paruris auripictis cum diversis ymaginibus in colore rubeo. Item j alia alba de panno lineo cum j amicta j stola j fanone et paruris aureis diversorum armorum stragulatis. Efc omnia praedicta sunt involuta in uno panno de Oanevae.' § Item in uno alio panno de Canevas j alba j amicta de panno de Reynys cum j stola et j fanone et paruris auripictis cum diversis ymaginibus in oolore rubeo et albo. Item j alia alba de panno de Reynys cam j amicta j stola et j fanone et paruris aureis auripictis cum ymaginibus de liistoria beatae Marie Virginis. Item i alia alba de panno de Reynys cum j amicta j stola j fanone et paruris aureis auripictis cam ymaginibus Cbristo et Apostolis sedentibus in sedibus suis albis. Item i alia alba de panno de Reynys cum j amicta j stola fanone et paruris (p. 18.) aureis auripictis cum ymagine Christi et passione sua. Item j alia alba de panno de Reynys cum j amicta j stola j fanone et paruris aureis auripictis cum Christo passo et aliis ymaginibus dirergimode. Et omnia proximo dicta sunt involuta et ligata in uno panno de Canevas. § Item in alio panno de Canevas j Alba cum Amicta de panno lineo de Reynys et cum Btola fanone et paruris de serico blavio auripiotis cum diversis ymaginibus apostolomm. Item j alia alba cum amicta de panno lineo bono cum stola fanone et paruris de panno serico blavij coloris auripictis cam G-riffonibus aureis. Item iij albae de panno lineo cum iij amictis iij stolis iij fanonibus et iij paruris * Canevas = caiiTaB, fV. canevas. Planch^ quotes from Deklcer, in I6I1, " striped canvas for donblete." He might Iiave cited Sir P. Sidney, Spencer, and others. See Johnson's Diet- by Latham. From CanTtabu, the Latin botanical name for hemp, " we have taken onr word canvas to mean any texture woven of hempen thread." Boci, Textile Fabrics, 3, 4. Digitized by Google 508 Tivo Inventories of the cathedral ehv/rck of 8t. Paul, London. de veluto blavii colorie enbroudato ciuq ooronis aureis, de douo domini Simonis de Sudberya, quondam Episcopi Londoii. Item tresaliae albae iij amictae de bono panno lineo cum ij stolis iij fanonibus et paruris de serico blaveo enbroudato cum coronis aureis de pennis de Ostrich. Item ij frontalia sive duo panni pro summo altari de panno serico albo enbrou- dato preciose cum floribus et coronis aureis, et in utroque frontali sunt auripictae tres ymagines aureae sedentes in tronis aureis, in quorum uno sunt ymago Sanctae Trinitatis, in medio ymago Sanctae Mariae, et ex alio latere ymago Salvatoris. Item in alio iij aliae ymagines de eadem secta, videlicet, Sanctae Annae, Sanctae Mariae, et Sanctae Elizabeth, cum j parura stricta aurea pro frontal! summi altaris. (p. 18.) Item iij albae de panno de Reynys cum tribus amictis ejusdem colons et sectae, cum tribus stolis et iij fanonibus enbroudatis preciose cum diversis ymaginibus aureis, et uno panno ejusdem sectae, absque tamen ymaginibus. Item ij Bidelli* pro summo altari de panno serico stragulato tendente quodam- modo ad sectam supradictam. Item j frontale pro summo altari de panno serico cum rosis aurei colons et ij pennis argenteis de ostrich et j parura longa pro dicto altari ejusdem sectae, et ij Ridelli ejusdem sectae. Item iij albae iij amictae de panno de Reynys cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus cum paruris sectae proxime praedictae, et una capsa pro corporali ejusdem sectae. Item ij frontalia et j parura longa de serico nigri coloris pro summo altari, quorum unum videlicet principale est enbroudatum cum iij ymaginibus, videlicet, Grucifixi, Sanctae Mariae, et Sancti Johannis evangelistae. Item iij albae iij amictae de panno lineo cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus de panno serico nigri coloris et ij Ridelli ejusdem sectae. Item j pannus aureus albi coloris inbroudatus cum ymaginibus " aureis, depu- tatus pro frontali summi altaris in festis beatae Mariae, cum j parura longa pro eodem altari. Item unus pannus aureus nibei coloris operato cum leopardis aureis, deputatus pro frontali summi altaris, cum una parura longa pro dicto altari de rubeo velveto cum diversis armis inbroudatis. Item unus pannus aureus blavii coloris operatus cimi cignis et leopardis aureis et rotulis argenteis, et una longa parura pro dicto altari ejusdem coloris, cum lepardis aureis." " BidelluB : cortina, ex Gallico Bidean, a curtain, Dncange. '' Over the word ymagiitibtu ie written avibui. ' Cum lepardit avreu is redundant, the words et Uopardii aureit having been inserted two lines above. Digitized by Google Tivo Inventories of the cathed/ral chtirck of St. Paul, London. 500 Item pannufl axireus rubei coloris operatus cum lupis sive aliis bestiis aureis, (p- 20.) rosisque et coronis albis, ordinatus pro j frontali pro summo altari ; et unum aliud strictum frontale ejusdem Bectae pro dicto altari. Item j alius pannus aureus nigri coloris operatus cum damis jacentibus in uno nodo, ordinatus pro j frontali pro dicto altari ; cum uno stricto frontali ejusdem coloris,. cum cignis aureis, pro eodem altari. Item vj ' paria pallarum benedictarum de panno lineo, quarum duo paria sunt de opere Parisiensi pro summo altari in uno canevaa. Item iiij " Ridelli de serico viridis coloris etragulato cum regTilia de albo et rubeo, et ij Ridelli de serico blavii coloris cum pennia duabus de ostrich affixis in una rosa auripicta. Item trea albae tres. amictae de panno lineo cum paruris de rubeo veluto pulverizato et operato cum parvis angelis et armis Angliae, cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae, de dono dominae Isabellae, quondam reginae Angliae. Item iij albae tres amictae cum paruris de rubeo velveto operato cum coronis aureis et cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae, in uno Canevas. Item iij albae iij amictae cum paruris de panno aureo blavii coloris operato cum floribus magnis includentibus in se aves mirabiles, cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae, in uno Canevas. Item iij albae iij amictae, quarum duae albae et iij amictae sunt de panno de Reynys cum paruris antiquis operatis in purpureo colore, cum diversis ymaginibua et garbis aureis, ij stolis, et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae, in quodam coopertorio de Canevas. Item iij albss iij amictae cum panuis de panno aureo rubei coloris operato cum (p- 21 > calicibus aureis et oblatis albis positis inter duas alas aureas, cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae in uno Canevas. Item iiij albae iiij amictae cum paruris de panno aureo rubei coloris pulverizato cum diversis gallis et alis aureis, et cum ij stolis et iiij fanonibus ejusdem sectae, in uno Canevas. Item iij albae iiij amictae cum paruris de panno aureo operato cum draconibus aureis et parvis lunis et cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae, involute in uno Coopertorio de Canevas. Item iij alba« iij amictae cum paruris de panno aureo nigri coloris operato cum draconibus et foliis aureis et cum ij stolis et iij fanonibiis ejusdem sectae, involutis in imo Canevas. ■ Over the figure vj another hand has written ittj. Digitized by Google 510 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. Item iiij**' albae et iiij°' amictae cum paruris de panno aureo nigri colons pul- Terizato cum leopardis aureis cum iij stolis et iiij'"' fanouibus ejusdem sectae in uno Canevas. Item ibidem j alba j amicta j etola et j fanoii pulverizatae cum signis ' aureis nigri coloris.'' Item iij albae iij amictae cum paruris de pimno aureo rubei coloris pulrerizato cum diversis Uteris albis de S. et cum leopardis aureis et cum ij stolis et iij fimoni- bus ejusdem sectae, de dono domini Johannis quondam Ducis Lancastriae, inyolutis in uno panno de Canevas. Item ij albae et ij amictae cum paruris de panno aureo rubei coloris pulverizato cum leonibus et arboribus j stola et ij fanones ejusdem sectae, ex dono domini "Willelmi Courtenay quondam Episcopi Londofi involuto in j Canevas. c,. . Item V. albae v amictae cum paruris de serico blavii coloris, aliquibus ettrum operatis cum rosis et ymaginibus aureis, et aliquibus de serico piano, cum iij stolis et V. fanonibus ejusdem sectae, omnibus involutis in uno panno de Canevacio. Item iij albae iij amictae novae cum paruris de panno aureo blavij coloris operatis cum arboribus, videlicet, quercubus aureis, et albis leopardis, cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae, ex dono Magistri Thomae Euere, quondam Decani ecclesiae Sancti Fauli. Item iij albae iij amictae novae cum paruris de panno aureo blavii coloris pulverizato cum leopardis aureis et foliis albis, cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae. Item iij albae iij amictae de novo panno lineo cum paruris de panno aureo viridis coloris operate cum diversis ramis aureis. Item iiij"' albae iiij*" amictae quarum duae cum paruris aiireis operatis cum diversis ymaginibus sericis antiqui operis, et aliae duae babent paruras de serico enbroudato et operato cum diversis armis cum stolis et fanonibus ejusdem sectae, in uno coopertorio de Canevas involutis. Item iiij'* albae iiij" amictae cum paruris aureis antiqui operis pulverizatae cum diversis ymaginibus Rosis bestiis et ramis aureis de colore rubeo cum iij stolis et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae, involutis in quodam coopertorio de Canevas. Item iiij" albae iiij"^ amictae cum paruris aureis aliquibus operatis cum ymagi- nibus de passione Domini et aliquibus cum diversis armis cum iij stolis et iiij'" fanonibiis ejusdem sectae operatis in antique opere diversimode involutis in quodam coopertorio de Canevacio. (p* 23-) Item iij albae iij amictae de panno de Keynys cum paruris operatis in serico * Signie for cygnie, b TluB item has been added in another hand. Digitized by Google Two Inventories tff the catheclriU chwrch of St. Pmd, London, 611 rubei et riridis coloris cum direrBis amiiB cum ij Btolis iij fanonibus ejuBdem sectae ex dono Ricardi Wokyndon'.' Item iij albae iij amictae de panno de B^ynjs cum paruris de serico purpurei et rubei coloris operatis cum antiquis ymaginibus et leopardis aureis cum ij stolis et iij fanonibus ejusdem sectae, ex douo domiui Rogeri Waltham, iuTolutis iu uno panno de Canevas. op pu de Re ste pr. du Ed Digitized by Google 512 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 1. § Item Bunt in eadem Thesauraria vj Calicea, quorum primus est de anro puro, ponderante xrij uncias et j qusrterium, videlicet, zziij librae nobiles de dono dominae ManEie de Sancto Paulo quondam Comitissae Fenbrochiae.* 2. Item secundus Calix de auro puro ponderante xx uncias et dimidiam ponderis de Troye, videlicet, xxviij libras nobiles de dono domini Alardi, quondam Decani hujus ecclesiae. 3. Item iij** Calix argenteus deauratus de antiqua factura ponderis xxvij unciarum et dimidiae de pondere trojano, quae faciunt iij li. iiij s. aterlingorum,'' de done Henrici de Norhampton. 4. Item iiij*" Calix argenteus deauratus ponderis xxj unciarum de pondere Trojano, etiam ponderis slix s. sterlingorum de dono Jobannis Teuesbam. 5. Item T. Calix argenteus deauratus ponderis xvij unciarum et dimidiae de Troye xlij e. de dono dominae Elianorae quondam Reginae Angbae. 6. Item vj. Calix argenteus deauratus magnus et altus ponderis iiij librarum de pondere de Troye, videlicet, viij marc, v s. iiij d. factua expensis Decani et Capituli de nova factura. (p- ^0 7. Item est vij. Calix de auro puro valoris xl Ubrarum vel circiter impignoratus per Decanum et Capitulum tempore M. J. Appelby, quondam Decani, pro 1 marcis sterlingorum in cista Micbaelis de Northburgh," quondam Epiacopi Londoniensia. ' " Mary de St. Panl, daughter to Gnido Castillion, Earl of St. Paul in France, third wife to Aadomare de Valentia Earl of Pembroke, maid, wife, and widow all in a day (her husband being onbappily slain at a tilting at her nuptials), seqaestered herself on that sad accident from all worldly delights, bequeathed her bodI to God and her estate to pious uses, amouget which this a principal that she founded in Cambridge the college of Mary de Valentia, commonly called Pembroke Hall." Thos. Fuller, Eiatory of the Univernly of Cambridge, edit. 1840, p. 61. Oray, who was himself a Pembroke man, has helped to give currency to the fable of Aymer de Valence's premature death, designating the fonndrees of the collie as " sad Chatillon, on her bridal mom. That wept her bleeding lore." But see Mnllinger, Univeriity of Cambridge, 276 (text and note). " After her marriage she was never known by any other name than that of St. Paul." " Sterlingorum : see note by Archdeacon Hale in Milman's AnnaU, second edition, p. 518. He prints an acconnt of the receipts " de pizide Cmcis Borealis," in 1342 and 1344, and says : " We learn from the Patent Roll, 2 Bio. 11., that the common name of the English penny or dmarwi was sterUngu*. In the above document the receipt is described as so many pounds * in sterlings and half pence,' a phrase which seems to explain the term ' a pound sterling * to mean a pound of sterlings, or 240 pence." * Michael de Northbnrgh or Northbrook, bishop of Loudon 1354-1361, Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St Paul, London. 513 § Item Biint in eadem TheBauraria TJ phiolae sive Cruettae, quarum ij sunt argenteae deauratae de una secta, ponderis xxvij uncianim ; duae aliae argenteae deauratae diTereae sectae, ponderis x unciarum, et ij aliae argenteae in parte deauratae, et in parte non, ponderis xvj unciarum et dimidiae, dimidii quarterii. Item una bona navis argentea deaurata cum j parro cocleari argenteo in eadem pro incenso imponendo, ponderis xxxvij unciarum, videlicet, iiij li. vj s. viij d. Item ii** Thurribula argentea deaurata cum cathenis argenteis ponderantia cxx uncias de pondere de Troye, videlicet, xiij li. sterlingorum. Item ij Turribula argentea deaurata cum cathenis argenteis ponderis Ixxxvij unciarum de pondere de Troye, videlicet/ x U. ij 8. sterlingorum. Item ij Turribula argentea deaurata in superficie dumtaxat cum cathenis argenteis ponderantia Ixxv] uncias de pondere de Troye, videlicet, viij li. xviij s. vj d, sterlingorum. Item j parvum Turribulum argenteum deauratum de dono Radulfi de Diceto, quondam Decani hujus ecclesiae, ponderis xij unciarium et dimidiae, videlicet, xziz s. ij d. sterlingorum. Item j Turribulum magnum artificialiter operatum argenteum deauratum cum bonis cathenis argenteis ponderis de Troye xij librarum et ij unciarum, videlicet, zxv marc, dimid. pro quo dominus Thomas Archiepiscopus libenter dedisset Ixxx marcas sterlingorum. Item iiij" Angeli depicti lignei deaurati ponendi super quatuor hastas por- tandaa supra corpus Dominicmn sive supra Dominnm Regem seu Eeginam cum uno panno prout est moris. Item ij alta Candelabra argentea cum pomellis et crestis deauratis ponderis de (P' • Troye vj librarum i unciarum videlicet, is li. xj s. iiij d. Item ij minora candelabra argentea cum pomellis et crestis deauratis ponderis de Troye v librarum, videlicet, vij li. sterlingorum. § Item ij pelves sive ij baoini argentei enameliati et deaurati in superficie et in medio elevato cum armis quorum campus est rubeus engreilatus cum uno griffone aureo rapace, et ex utittque parte unus angelus stans et tenens hujusmodi arma sive scutum, de dono domini Ricardi Chikewett, quondam Oanonici hujus ecclesiae, ponderis de Troye x librarum dimidiae, videlicet, xxij marc, viij d. ' Quae valent is erased and videUcel snbetitDted. 3t2 Digitized by Google 514 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. Item ij Bacini argentei [enameliati et erased'] deaurati in superficie et in medio cum Bcutis et armis domini Simonis de Sudberya, quondam Arcliiepiscopi Cantuarieneis et Bpiscopi London, ponderis de Troye x librarum, videlicet xij marc. Item ij Bacini argentei in marginibus et in medio deaurati cum ymagine Sancti Petri in uno et Sancti Pauli in alio, quorum unus est bacinus aquarius, ponderia vj librarum v unciarum de Troye, videlicet, ix li. sterlingorum sive monetae. Item iij Bacini argentei dissimiles cum uno lavacro argenteo pendens xij librarum de Troye et xxd.,' in quorum uno videlicet in medio est una Rosa eleyata deaurata cum ij xx. in medio. Et in alio in medio est una magna Rosa deaurata elevata cum ij ymaginibus, videlicet, unius viri et unius feminae, adin- vicem stantium. Et in tercia duae ymagines, videlicet, masculi et feminae, stantium. § Item unus Oiphus profundus argenteus deauratus ponderis ix unciarum, videlicet zxj a. Item unus Ciphus de maaero dupplicatus interius cum argentOj cum uno pede argenteo, et imo monili * Majestatis in profundo deaurato." Item unus Ciphus latus de Berillo pure exterius diversimode concavatus.^ Item unum vas argenteum, videlicet, unum Boket, cum uno aspersorio argenteo, (p. 27.) ponderans de pondere de Troye iiij libras, videlicet, v li. et xij s. Item una magna Crux ' processionalis argentea deaurata cum diverais ymaginibus eidem Craci adjunctis, videlicet, cum ymagine Crucifixi, Mariae, et Johannis, ac aliis ymaginibus diversis ; et pluribus reliquiis sanctae Crucis et aliis in eadem inclusis, ponderis de Troye xij librarum iij unciarum, videlicet, xvij li. viijd. Item una Crux cristallina pro corpore Christi imponendo et deferendo in festo ejusdem Corporis Christi et Paachae, cum corona argentea deaurata supposita et impressa diversis margaritis, cum pede et hasta argenteis, valoris ad minus xz librarum eterlingorum. ■ 13.^, i.e. pennyweig'Iit. ^ Monile, a jewelled anamsai. " attre& pectoribne denuBBa monilia pendent." Vu^. ^n. Tii. 278. • In the maJ^, Defecit ; ei ''In the margin, Defecit. ' In the mai^in, Non est inventuB in domo Thesanraria, sed est inter reliqniss. Ex[aminatnr]. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul. London, 515 Item unum sconaonun argenteum de novo factum cum una hansa argentea, ponderis de Troye xivj unciarum, videlicet, Ix s. vj d. monetae. Item iij Morsus ' argentei deaurati omati cum diversis lapidibus eb margaritis impressi et diversis ymaginibus impositis. Item ij sudaria de panno lineo omata cum serico et filia sericiB. Item v] sudaria bona antiqua de serico stragulata et operata cum auro et serico diversi colons. Item V sudaria de serico minoris precii. Item X alia sudaria parva de serico et ij" manutergia parva et bona. Item i Mitra bona et preciosa de dono bonae memoriae domim Simonis de Sudberya impressa cum margaritis et lapidibus preciosiSt et com duobus labellis ejusdem sectae Item j Mitra antiqua de panno albo serico enbroudato cum ij eteUis magnis auireis ex utraque parte et impressa in diversis locis cum margaritis et aliquibus lapidibus preciosis cum ij labellis. Item i alia Mitra quasi consimilis sed minoris precii cum ij labellis. Item j alia Mitra antiqua de panno serico albo impressa cum diversis mai^aritls rubeis et aliis paucis albis cum magnis lapidibus aliqualiter preciosis cum ij labellis ejusdem sectae. Item iij antiquae Mitrae competentes de antiqua factura impressae cimi (p. 28.) margaritis et lapidibus diversis cum labellis et aliis pertinentiis suis. Item una parva Mitra pro puero Episoopo in festo Sanctorum Innocencium. Item iij paria Cirotbecanun episcopalium aurifrisiata cum margaritis et monilibus argenteis deauratia. Item ij paria Cirothecarum antiquarum episcopalium frisiata cum ymaginibus enbroudatis de serico. Item iij peciae diversae impressae cum perulis et aliis lapidibus. Item iij aniili aurei sive iij pontificalia cum iij lapidibus preciosis. Item i pontificale magnum gemmatum diversimode positum in uno hamperio. Item i Baculus pastoralis de Mazero sive Cipresso, c\aa. capite argenteo deaurato artificialiter composito. Et Memorandum, quod dominus Episcopus " habet in sua cnstodia ij baoulos pastorales pertinentes ad ecolesiam. Item iiij°' magni Quissini de panno aureo antiquo frisiati cum viridi serico. *■ In the mai-gin, Deficiimt. ^ Robert de Braybrooke was then, 1402, bishop of London. He died in 1404. Digitized by Google 516 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of 8t. Paul, London. Item ij minores QuiBBini de eadem secta. Item ij* magni Quiasini de panno serico blavii colons, cmn Cruce alba magna per totum, et in quolibet quarterio Orucis eat operatum capud imius leonis aureum. Item ij" Quiesini, miua major et alter minor, de rubeo velveto et viridi. Item ij' Quissini, unus major et alter minor, de serico rabeo. Item ij" Quissini, de panno am-eo viridis coloris pulverizati cum diversis leonibus aureis, videlicet, duobus simul sedentibus locis suis. Item j Quissinus de panno serico viridis coloris pro majori parte operatus cum multis et diversis scutis sive armis. Item j Quissinus magnus de panno serico nibei coloris. Item vij pulvinaria imius sectae de serico viridi pulverizata cum draconibus rubeis. Item j pulvinar antiquum de serico nigro acupicta cum diversis bestiis, quod vocatur pulvinar S^ictae Editbae.' Item ij pulvinaria de serico operata cum diversis magnis scutis diversi coloris. Item ij pulvinaria de mbeo velveto cum j magno leone argenteo operate. Item i pulvinar de blavio serico, cum una magna aquila aurea. Item j pulvinar de panno serico cum diversis armis aureis. Item j pulvinar de serico cum uno magno Tripode de nigro serico operate.*' Item iiij" Quissini de "Worstede " de blavio et albo scaccato.'' Item ix pectines ebumei, quorum tres sunt beni, et ij" eorum inclusi in capsis Item iiij" paria sandalia bona de panno aureo operata diversi coloris. Item unum aliud par sandalium de rubeo serico antique operate cum ymagini- bus aiu'eis. Item diveraae frengiae de serico diversi coloris invelutae in uno panno pro vexiUis frisiandis. Item unum vexillmu de serico viridis coloris pre magna Cruce tempore pascali cum jmaginibus Petri et Fauli auripictis in eodem. Item unus Baculus de ebore pro officio Precenteris in diebus festivis quando instruit, cum capite cristallino. * Sanctae Edithae : see above. ** In tke mar^n, Inserantnr ibidem ij. " Woretead : a wooUen cloth, so called from its being first manufactured at Worstead in Norfolk about the reign of Heniy I. See also Bock, Textile Fabrics, 65. ' Scaccato ^ cbecked. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 517 Item ij parvi Baculi pro Bpiscopo puerorum modici precii. Item in prima Oieta sunt xxxviij' panni am-ei novi de Rakemaskf ooloris (.?■ 30) rubei. Item in eadem Cista sunt panni aurei novi xxxij de blavio colore de opere de Kakemaskf. Unde Simuua novorum pannorum in prima Cista Ixi. Item in eadem Cista sunt duae magnae peciae de panno aureo antique conauti et facti de ij pannis integris de opere antique, tendentes in majori pari» ad colorem rubeum. Item ij peciae panni aurei antiqoi modici preeii. Item iij panni aurei novi de Rakemaskf viridis ooloris. Unde Smnma totalis pannorum in una et eadem Cista lixvij, praeter ij peciaa parvas praediotas. Item in secunda Cista sunt iixviij" panni aurei de Rakemaskf, quorum rviij" Bunt rubei ooloris, et xviij sunt blavii coloris. § Item j pannus aureus antiquus rubei coloris auripictus cum Begibus equi- tantibus in equis aureis. Item unus pannus aureus antiquus purpurei coloris aoripictus cum leonibus et magnis servis ' aureis. Item j pannus aureus antiquus purpurei coloris cum magnis leopardis aureis. Item j pannus aureus antiquus purpurei coloris auripictus segregatim cum ij leopardis aureis in circulis aureis. Item unua pannus aureus antiquus rubei coloris auripictus cum magnis Griffonibus volantibus. Item vij panni aurei antiqui quasi unlns sectae de rubeo colore. - Item j pannus aureus antiquus rubei coloris cum ymaginibus diversis Sancti Petri cimi clavibus pendentibus ad zonam suam. Item xvij panni aurei antiqui debiliores diversi coloris et diversae sectae. § Memorandum, quod xxiiij" die Febmarii Anno M'COCC"* quarto liberati fuerunt quinque Residenciariis, videlicet, Stowe Decano/ Allerthorp',' Cookes, ' Ser™, t.e. oervifl, id rapm. " ThDniaB Stowe, dean, Walter Cooke, aod W. Storteford, have been already named at the begmning of this Inventory, B Lani-ence de AUerthorp was prebendary of Cadington Minor in 1388. He was a Baron of the Eioheqner. See Eeport of Hi»t. MSS. Com. ix. 56. b. Digitized by Google 518 Two Inventories of the cathedral church of 8t. Paul, London. Storteford*, et Kentewode,* xr panni de Bakemaskf ad dividendum inter eos, , g. . videlicet, coiiibet eorum iij panni. Item liberati fuenmt x panni aurei de Rakemaskf ad faciendum inde novas casulas pro diversis altaribuB in ecclesia. Unde summa pannorum hujusmodi xxv. Item postea fuerunt dati et oblati per Johannam Beginam post bellum juxta Salopiam," in quo fnit interfectus dominus HenricuB Percy, ij panni ad aunun sufficientes et boni valoris campo albo. Item postea fuenmt oblati per dominimi Henricum Begem Angliae" in exequiis patris sui diversis vicibus vj panni aurei campo rubeo dame ad aitmm cum coronis aureis. SHOBT INVENTOBY DATED PEBBITARY 18th, 1446, {written on blank leaves of the Inventory of 1402). (p- 5.) xviij" Feb. a" 1445. Ad Cantariam Thome Stowe '' pondus caUcis vii ix. unciae. Ad altare Sancti Dunstani" sub custodia domini Willielmi Bamabe pondus oaHcis xiiij unciae et dimidia. Ad altare Sancti Johannis/ Cantaria Beatricis de Boos, pondus caHcis zij unciae. Ad Cantariam Johamiis Beauchamp' in Navi ecclesiae pondus calicis zx unciae j quarterium. Ad altare Crucifixi apud Northdore'' pondus caUcis iv unciae. * Reginald Eentwode was collated to the archdeaconry of London in 1400, and was dean of St. Panl's from 1421-2 to 1441. '' The battle of Shrewabnry, in whioh Henry Percy was killed, -was fought on July 23, 1403. Queen Joan is, of course, Joan of Navarre, eecond queen of Henry IV. « Henry V., sou of Henry IV. (who died 20th March, 1412-3). A chantry was founded in the chapel of St. Thomas, by the executors of John of Gaunt, " for the good estate of the said King Henry IV. during his life in this world, and for his soul after his departure hence." Dugdale, 28. This foundation took effect in 13 Henry IT., the king died in the I4th year of his reign. * Thomas Stowe, dean of St. Paul's, 1400-1405. For partioularB of his chantry see Dugdale's 81. Paul's 28, 381. * St. Dunstan's altar : see account of its consecration in my Docwnentt illustrating the Eittory of Old St. Paul's, 45. ' St. John Baptist " ad ostium boreale." The foondation deed of this chantry is printed in Dngdale 354-356 ' Sir John de Beauchamp. See Dngdale, 26, 386. i" The Rood at the North Door, see my Chapters in the Eistory of Old 8t. Paul's, 83. Digitized by Google Two InventoricB of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 519 Ad altare sub fferetro Sancti Erkenwaldi pondus calicis Ad altare Sancti Dunatani pro Cantaria Hyltofte ' pondue calicia xviij unciae j quarterium. Ad altare Sancti Joliannis pro Cantaria Joliannis LoveH' et Pulteney" pondua calicis Ad Cantariam de Holme' et Bery in capella de Holme pondus calicis 8 unciafl i quarterium et dimidium. Ad Cantariam Stephani Gravestende ^ pondus [calicis] xvij unciae. Item ad Cantariam de Holme efc Bery' alius calix ponderia xix uncianmij alius viij imciarum, j quarterii, dimidii quarterii. Ad altare Sancti Georgii Magna Cruz capellae Domini Ducis Lancastriae ' habet unum magnum pedem rotundum de argento ad modum Castelli formatum cum xvj turribus majoribus et minoribus per circuitum muri exterioris et xiij turribus infra murum interiorem ponderis cum tabula lignea sub base ejusdem xt marcarum et v. unciarum. Item in una bursa continetur de pecunia deaurata iij s. iiij d. Item in alia bursa continetur de argento fracto ■ ponderis vij unciarum. Item in una pixide quadrate continetur de anulia raonilibus et argento fracto ponderis xvij unciarum et j quarterii. Item in una alia pixide cum anulis pontificalibus continentur xiij anuli de auro puro et duo monilia etiam de auro puro et unus dens de auro pure et unum coclear de jaspide "■ cum hasta omato cum argento deaurato. [Pp. 6, 7, and 8 are blank.] • Hyltofte. See Dngdale, 25, 382. ■• John Lovel, ib. 20, 27. Sir John Pulteney, ib. 22. ' Roger Holme, ib. 382. " Bishop of London, ib. 388, Ac. * For deeds effecting the consolidation of some of the emaller chantries, see my lUgiitrum. ' John of Gaont, dnke of Lancaster, see Dngdale, 27, 384, 388. This ctoss appears to hare been given to the chantry by cardinal Beanfort, son of John of Gannt. A very detailed acconnt of it will be fonnd Jn Mr. Maxwell Lyte's Calendar. Hitt. MSS. Committ. Export ix. 54b. Thia account is printed at the end of the present Inventory. ■ Argentnm fractnm, see a valuable note by Archdeacon Hale in Milman's AunaU, second edition, 518. The pound and solidns were moneys of account, " the only coin being the penny, which broken supplied the half penny and the qnadrans or farthing. The frequent mention of argenttimfractum, not carried to acconnt as pence or half pence, would lead to the supposition that very small fragments of the penny were frequently amongst the offerings." I have one or two specimens of argentttm fractum fonnd in London. ^ An interesting acconnt of the jasper may be fonnd in Streetei-'s Precwiu SUmee and Qemt, part ii. pp. 83-86. VOL. L. 3 Z Digitized by Google 520 Two Inventories of the cathedra} rhnrrh of St. Paul, London. Detailed accsount of the cross presented by cardinal Beaufort to the chantry of John of Gaunt. Una Crux preclare pulcritudinis curiosi operia de argento undique deaurato cum ymaginibus Crucifixi, Marie et Johannis et iiij"' Bvangelistarum ad iui" comua predicte crucis et sacre Majestatia in medio post, caput. Crucifixi, foliisque de lateribus crucis et sub ymaginibus supradictis copiose egredientibus, quorum ij sub ymagine Marie, duo sub ymagine Johannis, et ij in capite Crucis, duo in cornu sinistro, unuraque in oomu dextro reperiuntur abesse. Brigitur autem predicta Crux super basem perpulcram ramis, vitiaque foliis cum splendidis Enamulaturis decenter omatum iiij" etiam leonum ymaginibus supportata habet autem predicta basis hastam in medio ad modum turris eleratum cum pinnaculis, feuestris, et turriculis curiosis cum ymagine Pauli in medio anteriori et ymagine Petri in opposita parte posteriori. Appendit autem predicta Crux cum sua base de pondere Troiano xix marcas vij uncias. Ex dono reverende memorie domini Henrici Sancti Buaebii presbiteri Cardinalis, Episcopi "Wyntoniensis, filii pre- potentis Principis Johannis Ducis Lancastrie qui fuit filius Regis Edwardi tercii post conquestum Anglie. Habet autem predicta crux in altitudine sua xxvj pollices mensurabiles. Item ij preciose ymagines Angelorum notabilis quantitatis candelabra ferentes in manibus de argento undique deaurato cum alis post terga expanaisj stantes super duas altas bases quadratas cum armis predicti reverendissimi patris Henrici Cardinalis ex ejusdem magnificencie dono xxvij" die Decembris anno domini millesimo ccco°xlTii", anno vero Regis Henrici Sexti post conquestum xxvf. Altitude quidem predictorum Angelorum super bases stancium quasi xv digitorum. Pondus autem predictorum Angelorum de pondere Troie xxx marce iiij uncie. The original of this document is preserved amongst the cathedral archives. Press A, Box 74, No. 1946. SHORT INVENTORY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE LADY CHAPEL, 7 JULY, 1445." (p. 1.) Tempore T. Lyceua, decani." In capella beatae Mariae in custodia Johannis Pembroke a" 1445, 7 Julii. * This Inventory ia added on blank leaves of the Inventory of 1402. '• Thomas Lisienz, de&n of St. Panl's, 1141-1456. Digitized by Google Tivo Inventories of the eaihedral church of 8t. Paul, London. 521 In primis duo Candelabra cum pomellis et hastis de cristallo omata cum argeuto piano cum pedibus et ciphis superius rotundis et stills cupris superius ponderis quasi vij marcarum de Troy. Item duae parvae pelves planae opens" cum circumfereuciis et circulis in medio deauratae, quarum una habet rostrum ad aquam effundendam, ponderis iiij marcarum iiij unciarum et dimidiae de Troy. It^m una columpna rotunda cristalina continens reliquias diversas emu basa et coopertorio rotundis de argento deaurato, et babet in capita crucem cum ymagine crucifixi, cum ij lapidibus corallinis ex utraque parte, ponderis vij imciamm et j quarterium de Troy. Item una parva ymago Crucifixi sine Cruce de argento ponderis quasi dimidiae iincia de Troy. Item una pulcra tabula pro osculo pacis omata cum argento deaiu-ato operis elmatae per totum cum ymagine beatae Mariae puerum tenentis in sinistra et pomum in 'dextra in medio praedictae tabulae constituto et habet in planissie tabulae v pulcros lapiedes •* virides iij rubies 1 j blodiam in claves argenteos infixes non ponderata quia habet tabulam ligniam in dorse. Item una parva ymage beatae Mariae de ebore in tabemaculo eburneo sedentis cum ij lapidibus rubeis ad pedem tabernaculi affixis cum una capsula de correo. Item duo candelabra rotunda de auricalco parva. Item unum candelabrum cum ij tenaculis superius cum stile in medio. Item unum aliud plate kandilstikkcum cuspide egrediente de latere. It«m una antiqua tabula pro osculo pacis de stanne deaurato cum ymagine crucifixi beatae Mariae et Johannis. Item una alia antiqua tabula pro osculo pacis de cupre deaurato cum cruce sine ymagine in medio. Item iiij tapeta antiqua mbii celeris quorum tria sunt cum scntis et armis et tertium cmn circumferencia viridi et rosis albis. Item tria alia tapeta blavii coloris cum popyniayes et rosis rubiis. Item ij quissini de veluto rubeo " enbroudato cum cerenis et meremaidf / arma (p. 2.) tenentibus ex una parte et scutia in tribus dentricibus ex altera parte. * Here and elsewhere the scribe is pleased to ti-eat operis as fembune. ** Sic. ' Quissini de veluto, or velveto : cnshiona of velvet. Richard 11., in his will, directed his hodj to be clothed "in velveto," 1399. The inventory of 1295 makes mention of velvet, with its kindred web /u«tuin, for chasubles. "The name of velvet, re/Ztito, seems to point oat Italy as the market through which we got it from the Bast, for the word in Italian indicates something which is hair; or shaggy, like an animal's skin." Rock, TexfUe Fabrics, 31. '' Syrens and mermaids. ^z2 Digitized by Google 522 Two Inventones of the cathedral church of St. Paid, London. Item unus alius quissinus de veluto rubeo enbroudato cum armia et galea ex una parte et nigris avibus ex altera. Item ij quissinae unius eectae de rubeo cerioo enbroudato cum rosis albis diversis armis et volucribus ex una parte planae ex altera. Item quissinus antiquus longns cum ij angelie arma tenentibus in medio et iiij evangelistas ad quatuor angulos. Item alius quissinus de cerico cum agno Dei ex utraque parte. Item ij parvae quissinae vinius sectac cum leonibus albis ex una parte et rubeis crucibus ex altera. Item iiij pannae lineae depictae de albo et nigro quorum trea pendunt circa pulpitum exterius. Item unus alius panniia lineus de albo et blodio palido in pulpito. Item vj pannae lineae operis elaboratae ad cooperiendnm altare quorum unus est debilis et laceratus. Item unus alius pannus planus ad idem opus. Vestimenta. Unum vestimentum de albo damaaco cum casula alba amicta stola et fanone cum leonibus et falconibus in aurificiis casulae. Item una alia casula antiqua de albo panno argenteo cum aurificiis auriis et cruce argentea in medio cum leonibus ex una parte et flowrdelice ex altera parte cum alba amicta stola et fanone de panno albo aureo. Item tma alia casula antiqua de albo damasco cum aurificiis rectis medio avibus et aliis operibus contextis in eisdem cum alba stola amicta et fanone de panno albo enbroudato cum animalibus monstruosis et foliis ederosis ■ de argento. Item una bona stola de panno aureo cmn scitis*" diversorum armorum et ramun- clis de viridi cerico. Item una parura pro amictu de blodio Satyn cum coronis auriis. (p- 3.) Item j fanoD de albo damasco aureo. Item unum corporale de viridi veluto poaterius et aalutacione angelica interius. Item unum frontale de panno Damasceno aureo cum marginibus de cerico rubeo lionibus argenteis contestia cmn quinque paginibus de rubeo Damasceno diversis ymaginibus et leonibus argenteis desuper contextis cum uno frontello sibi annexo cum popynjayes et draconibus de viridi cerico. Item unum aliud frontale de panno aureo Damasceno cum frontello sibi annexo cum diversis ymaginibus volucribus et animalibus aureis in eodem conatitutis. ' EderoBiBi i.e. hederoeie. •• Sic, for ecatie. Digitized by Google Two Inventories of the cathedt-al ekureh of St. Paul, London. 523 Item rnium aliud frontale de panno aureo opens strt^lati cum frontello sibi conjuncto de panno aureo viridi rubeo et purpurei coloris. Item unuB pannus niger ad cooperiendum pallium altaris. Item unus antiquus pannus aureus ntbei coloris cum e.xtraniis animalibuB de blodio cerico cum capiciis auriis. Item duo vetustissimae * panni aurei pro altari cooperiendo. Item unns alius pannus laneus niger antiquus ad cooperiendum formulare. Item unus pannus cilicinus pro magno altari beatae Mariae Virginis. Item una magna pulcra Rotula cum diversis canticis notatis incipiena Alma concio. Item unum Missale in parva volumine cum kalendario ij" fo. Ah oinni. Itein unus pulcher liber de organico** cantu incipiens Salm salcaiidorum. Item unus alius liber pulcher de piano cantu ij° fo. Dedicatiim est. Item unus alius liber de piano cantu ij" fo. Ave Maria. Item alius liber de piano cantu ij" fo. GeUem omnibtis. Item alius liber de cantu organico ligatus in tabulis ij" fo. FAeyston. Item unus quatemus de cantu organico ij* fo. Vergenie soil. Item unus alius quatemus de cantu organico ij" fo. Kiine eleyson. Item unus alius minor quatemus pro organis ij' fo. Saplentia. ( Item unus alias quatemus de piano cantu incipiens FIoh de spi}m. Item unus alius quatemus de piano cantu incipiens Ad ceitam Agni promdl. Item unus alius quatemus de cantu organico ij* fo. El In terra. Item unus alius quatemus de cantu organico ij° fo. Kirle eteyson. Item unus alius quatemus de cantu organico incipiena Patrem otunipotentetn. Item unus liber cum Epistolis et Evangeliis beatae Marie Virginis per totum annum in tabulis ligatus ij" fo. Gonsummati. Item unus alius quatemus de cantu organico ij* fo. Deii» creator. Item unus alius quatemus de cantu organico ij*> fo. Item una magna cista juxta magnum altarc beatae Mariae pro quiscinis imponendis cum cera." Item ij candelabra lignia deaurata curta pro cereis super ea stantibus. Item una cista parva longa et stricta pro ceriis^ inponendis. ' Sic. '' The word ji?nH(. Iiei* haw been eiitscd. " Gerat i.e. aero, a boll or lock. ' Ceriis, wax candles of tapen. Digitized by Google ■524 'hvo Inventories of the cathedral ehnrch of St. Paul, London. Item onus panniis lineus in vestibule predictae capellae palidiis ciun blodio et albo cum litera de M. et RoBis rubii coloris in eodem contextis. Habet etiam in medio ymaginem cnicifixi beatae Mariae [et] Johannis. Item una longa cieta in praedicto vestibule pro vestimentis inponendis. Item imus antiquus panmis aureus nibei coloris cum floribuB albi et viridis coloris in eodem operatis. Note on certain pi-ecioae ntones mentioned in the above Inventories. Eniclmins : p, .^. Pofisibly enicfamne may be connected with the Greek Jfir/ioc, " having moiatnre in it." Can the word bare regard to the " water " of the atonei or can the enichmns be the enydroa that " exndat ut clansam in eo pntea fontaneam Bcatnriginem " ? Marbodaena de QemmU, 100. Compare Onichimij, p. 40. Possibly both may be variations of the same word = onyi. Tnrquoise : p. S'-i. " It hath its name Tnrcicus," says Baecius, " either because of its excellent beauty, or because it is bronght from the Turks." According to old writers, the turquoise was found in their day in the remote parts of India, and was conveyed to Turkey to be cut ; whence, probably, it derived its name. Streeter's Precious Stonet and Qemt, 2nd ed. part ii. pp. 44, 45. Alamandinae : p. 33. The precious garnet is sometimes called almandine from the city of Alabanda in Caria. Its colour is blood red, cherry, or brownish red. In the mountains below the river Enns in Austiia large transparent crystals of almandine are fonnd in serpentine. The crystals which come from Siria in Pegu, which arc called Sirian Almandine, are more pi-ized. Ibid, part ii. pp. 79, 80. Peridot : p- 35. The Peridot waa " at one time considered of more value than the diamond. It is translucent and transparent. It is fonnd in the Levant, in Brazil, Atexioo, South Africa, Australia, and other countries." Well defined crystals have been fonnd in Vesuvius. It is of a yellowish green colour. Ibid, part ii. pp. 101, 102. Pi-esmc : p. 38. "Presme d'Esmeraude. A base or course Emerauld; whereof there be diners kinds; some transparent as the green Jasper ; others of a thick or troubled mallow colour." " Presme," itself is defined to be " a near or next kinsman by father or mother, or in a direct line." Probably " presme d'Esmeraude " is " next of kin to an emerald." Cotgrave's Dictionary, 1660> Digitized by Google APPENDIX. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by LaOOQ IC Digitized by LaOOQ IC Digitized by Google APPENDIX. The Standing Cup of the city of Westmmgter. December I7th, 1865. The Very Rev. the Dean of Westminster exhibited the Standing Cup belonging to the city of Westminster, which was thus described by W, H. St. John Hope, Esq., Assistant-Secrelary : — The Standing Cnp belon^ng to the city of Westminster is one of the finest, as well as tlio largest, of its dass and date, in existence. With its cover it stands 28 inches high. It is of silver, and wholly gilt within and without. The cap is 16^ inches high, with a hemispherical bowl, 10 inches in diameter and 5f inches deep. This is joined by a most elaborate batoster stem, 71 inches long, to a wide-spreading foot, 7 inches in diameter. The general form of the cnp is roughly that of a hnge chalice. (Plate XXVI.). The foot has on its lowest edge a bold egg-and-tongoe molding, snrmoonted by a series of beaded circles. Then comes the main spread of the foot, which is covered with a fine repooss^ scroll-pattern of double roses and daisies, with a tower border of the egg-and-tongne pattern The foot is joined to the stem by a bold roll with small stamped pattern. The stem itself is difficult to describe. It oonsisbs of a series of richly-ornamented rings of various thicknesses and diameters — one of which has three bold lions' faces projecting. Just below the bowl, and again lower down, are three scroll corbels like those seen on macee — to which probably to secnre a linen napkin when the cup is in nse. The bowl is completely covered by a truly splendid scroll of great double roaes and daisies, similar to but larger than that on the foot, with a smaller series of the same flowers above and below. On one side is a small shield with the arms of the city of Westminster. Bonnd.the rim is the following inscription: 9 The QEVER TO HIS BRETHIEN WISICTH PEACE • W* PEACE re WIShCTH BROnCRS LOVE ON EARTH «W4lOVE TO SEALE I AS A PIEDQE AM QEVEN*A STAM>INQ BOWLf TO BE V8ED IN MIRTre • THE aVIFTE OF MAVRICE PICKERINQ AND lOAre HIS wri^. 168S. Under the loot is engraved the weight: 113 oz. 10 dw.* The following hall-marks are stamped on the bowl : 1. A Lombardio capital 6, the London date-letter for 1604-5 ; 2. The lion passant gnardant ; 3. The leopard's head crowned ; 4. The maker's, I3P in a shaped shield. • With the cover it now weighs 8 lb, 6 OB. Avoir, or 122 oz. 8 dwts. Troy. VOL. L. 4 A Digitized by Google ■528 Appendhi. So tbat either the cap given in 1588 was re-made in 1604, or Maurice and Joan Pickering gave the money with which to bay it. The cover is hemispherical in shape, with a pyramidal top. The sur&ce is covered with a good pattern of double roses and daisies, with flowers between. One of these ie partly replaced by a shield with the city arms. On the top of the cSver is a bold gaflrooned circle, surmounted by a smaller one. Above these rises a broad flat boss, ornamented with leaf>work, on which is a tall four-legged frame canying a ball surmounted by a winged female figure holding a palm branch — representing Peace. A very brief inspection of this standing cnp will suflice to show that the cover is of veiy much inferior workmanship to the cup itself. Further examination reveals a different maker's mark on the top, and the following complete set inside: 1. An old-Enghsh capital ^ in a plain shield, being the London date letter for 1677-8 2. The leopard's head crowned ; 3. The lion passant guardant ; 4. The maker's mark, I H with a fleur-de-lis between two pellets in base, in a shaped shield. So that between cup and cover there is a difference of sevens-three years. With respect to the donor of the silver of this cup, I have been fevoured with a few notes by Hr. W. M. TroUope, the town clerk of Westminster i " Maurice Pickering was keeper of die gatehouse (in Westminster) in the lime of queen Eliza- beth, a post which it is supposed his father held before Hm. The oflice was in the gifl^ of the dean and chapter, and was considered one of some importance. It cannot be ascertained when he was appointed, hut in a paper addressed to lord treasurer Burleigh in 1580, he said, ' My predecessor and my wief and I have kept this office of the gatehouse t}iis xxiii yeres and upwards,* He was considered a great man in Westminster, and in official documents he was styled Morris Pickering, gentleman. At one time he and his wife are mentioned as dining at a marriage-feast at the bishop of Rochester's in Westminster Close, and another as supping with Sir (George Peckham, justice of the peace. On one occasion be got sadly into trouble, for when supping with Sir Gleorge he foolishly let out some of the secrete of his office in chatting with lady Peckham (the gatehouse was at that time full of poor needy prisoners for religion's sake whose poverty had become notorious). He told her ladyship in answer to a question she asked him, ' Yea, I have maneye poore people for that cause (meaning religion) and for restrainte (poverty) of their friends, I fear they will starve as I have no allowance for them.' For this Pickering fell sadly into trouble, was sum- moned before the lord chancellor, examined by the judges and severely reprimanded, upon which he sent a most humble and sorrowjul petition to lord Burleigh, praying the comfort of his good lord's mercy in the matter, and protesting that he had ever prayed for the prosperous reign of the queene, ' who hatli defended us from the tearing of the Deville, the Poope, and all his ravening wollves.' It is supposed the Privy Council took no further notice of the matter, as no mention is made to tliat effect, only that occasionally he made a return of the prisoners in the gatehouse to the justices of the peace assembled at quarter sessions. At times he had some celebrated Digitized by Google Appendix. B29 charaoters aader his oaro — Br. Kyahy, for religion's sake, aud at another time that ' arrant scold,' Long Meg of Westnmuter. The beaatifnl silver-gilt standing-cup which he gave to the burgesses of Westminster is supposed to be all that is left as a memorial of Pickering. The great Standing-Cap is a fine piece of Elizabethan metal>work, and the cover held over the heads of those who drank the pledge is sormoonted with what was called in the old art language ' an antique ' — properly speaking, ii is a grace oup, not a ' bowle.' The quaint inscrip- tion should be read as follows : The giver to his brethren wisheth peace, With peaoe he wisheth brothers love on earth, Which love to seal I as a pledge am given A standing bowl to be nsed in mirth. The Gift of Maurice Pickering and Joan his wife, 158B. These few particulars are gathered from State Papers." 4a2 Digitized by Google 580 ' Appendix. On cm iron sword of Scandinavum iypefownd in London, now in the British Museum; and a bronze stirrup of the same period fownd near Bomsey, in Hampshire, in the possession of Philip B. Davis Cook, Esq. Noyember 25th, 1886. C. H. Read, Esq., F.8A. exhibited a sword of Scandinavian type found in London, and a bronze stirrap of the same period &nnd near Romsej, in Hampshire, on which he communicated the following remarks: — The sword exhibited this evening by the Rev. J. C. Jackson was bonght from a dealer in the north of London by Uie late Mr. Henry Dnnhar Baines. The story told was that it had been found in the tomb of the Earl of Pembroke in the Temple ohnrch about forty years ago ; and with this history it was left by Mr. Baines at his death, with a desire that it should be presented to the British Hosenm. A very slight examination of the sword, however, suffices to show that it can have no connection with the Earl of Pembroke ; and the probability is that the whole story is an invention, and that the sword was found in the bed of the Thames, a conjecture which its condition would Inlly justify' Sword of SuudiDATiui tfp« foond in London (oiie-«i^lli llneir). This type of sword is of very common occurrence in Scandinavia ; and a certain number of examples, differing slightly in details, have also been discovered in this country. For an Einglish specimen, however, it is an nnusnaUy fine one, from the elaborate decoration of the handle, which, though now much rusted and oxidised, etill bears signs of having been executed with much care and skill. The pommel is modelled in the form of two conventional heads of animals, once plated with silver, and the detaib are indicate by an intay of copper. The grip is formed, in the usual way, of the tang of the blade, which was originally thickened, probably with strips of wood, now entirely decayed. There still remains, however, the binding of plain silver wire, which entirely covered the grip, and is finished at the top and bottom with a plaited band of sinular wire. The present condition of this part of the sword is somewhat deceptive, for the wire, which, when the sword was first found, probably encircled the grip very loosely, has been bound tightly round it, and thus gives it an unduly slender appearance. The guard is straight, with convex faces, and has been entirely plated with silver, and enriched with ornament composed of the serpentine animals so 'common in northern art Of this silver plating a great part still remains upon the fiices of the guard, but the upper and lower edges are now without any indica- Digitized by Google Appendix. 531 tioo of plalJDg or of ornament. The blade is 2 feet 4) inches long, strught and doable-edged, wiili s broad channel down the middle. I Iiave carefiill/ examined the Bur&ce in the hope of finding Hilt of BiTOTd of ScaQdiaaTian tjp« found in Loudoti (one-half linear). «ome trace upon it either of damascening, or of a maker's stamp, or possibly the remains of one of ihose curiouB but unintelligible inscriptions which are sometinies found upon these weapons. The state of decay into which the blade has fallen will, however, be sufficient to account for the disappearance of any marks that it may once have borne. The decoration of the hilt has been very skilfully and laboriously executed ; and the method is the same as that now practised by the Indian and Persian smiths in inlaying gold or silver over a large surface of iron or steel, viz.: by cross-hatching the whole space to be covered, and then hammering the silver pkte upon it, the slight roughing being quite sufficient to give it a firm hold. In this sword, however, the details seem to have been first engraved through this silver coating, and the lines then filled with copper wire. The animals' heads which form the -pommel are bound with twisted and phiited wires bo as to resemble the heads of horses, but the -design is purely conventional ; it is not easy to say what animal, if any, is intended. In the second part of Dr. 0. Hygh's excellent work on Korwegian antiquities {Norske Oldsager, No. 504), is engraved a sword almost identical with our specimen, but found in Horway ; and another very similar ia figured in the English translation of Worsaae's Primeval Aniiquitiet of Denmark, p. 49. Tboagh the general typo is not uncommon in this conntry, I 4)ave not been able to find any English specimen which tallies with this one in all points of form. ThuD, in the swords of which the base of the pommel and the guard are both straight, the pommel itself is triangular, and without the three bosses usually found (and here elaborated into animals* heads), while, in those having the bossy pomRiel, the plate at the base is curved upwards and the guard downwards. Of this lattor form is the sword found at Santon, Norfolk, with a pur of convex oval brooches of bronze, one of which, with the sword, is now in the British Museum. A finer example of the same type, found in the river Witham, and also in the Museum series, illustrates the sword we have here ; the decoration of tlie hilt consists of rows of lozenges of gold Digitized by Google bordered with lines of copper ; the gold plating is Oxed in the same manner, but that in the Witham specimen the hatching is formed by perfectly regular vertical lincB. The blade i& inscribed with large inlaid letters, perhaps indicating a somewhat more recent date. There can be, however, bnt a slight difference in age between the swords of the Santon type and of that now under consideration, though the rigid angular form of the latter was gradually superseded by the curved guard seen in the Santon sword ; and this form continued to be used, with slight variations, for some centuries later. On one occasion, at least, the two types have been found together. The discovery is recorded in the Arehaeologieal Journal, vol. viii. p. 424, and the objects are figured on the following page. They consist of a sword with straight guard and triangular pommel, another pommel with three knobs and the base curved upwards (i.e. the Santon type), and a large iron spearhead, with two wings on the socket. These were found, with two human skulls, in a field outside the town of Nottingham, Assuming, therefore, that the objects were in the same grave, we must conclude that both the swords were iu use at the same period. Dr. Sven Soderberg, of Land, informs me, however, that in all the Swedish graves excavated by Dr. Stoipe the Santon type of sword is invariably associated with relics of a later date than the year 1000, while the straight guard and triangular pommel accompany interments of the three centuries preceding this date. The evidence thus seems to point to the conclusion that the sword before as was made at the time of transition to the later form of hilt, for while the guard remains straight as before, the pommel has already assumed the triple knob form which afterwards became its obaraoteristic featare. The stirmp which Mr, Davis Cook has been good enough to bring to oar notice is a very interesting object, and from its affinity to the sword, as well in period as in style, it is fortmiate that they have come before us at tiie same time. This specimen was found in a peat bog at Mot- tisfont, near Romsey, in Hampshire ; it is of bronze, 6 inches in length, and, with alight differ- ences, is almont of the shape now in use. At the top, where in the modern stirrup is the loop for the strap, there is a quadrangular plate, pierced with four holes, by means of which there was probably attached to it either the strap itself, or possibly a second plate, now wanting, to which the strap was fixed. The only decoration on the stirrup is on the front of this plate, and consists of two serpentine monsters facing each other and twisted upon themselves. The silver wire with which the design was traced has now almost entirely disapiieared, and only the empty linen remain. It is purely Scandinavian in style, and strongly resembles the ornament engraved in the bottom of a silver bowl from G-otland, figured in Dr. Hildebrand's charming litUe Handbook of Scandinavian Arts, at p. 138. This figure shows also the peculiarity, seen in the animals on the stirrup, that tiie tails of the monsters divide into two, and each half forms corves inde- pendentiy of the other. In Worsaae's Nordiehe Oldsager (1859), p. 116, fig. 481, is a stirrup, 8ai., F.R.S., President, exhibited and communicated the following notes on n Danish sword-hilt found near Wallingford : The fragment of a sword which I exhibit this evening was fonnd some tea or twelve years ago at or near Wallingford, and was added to my collection by my son, Mr, Arthur J. Evans^ F.S-A. Unfortunately the greater part of the blade had disappeared when he obtained the reliOf nod what remained of the iron or steel portion of the weapon was much oxidized, so that the silver plates with which the upper and lower guards of tlie hilt were decorated had become detached. Of the pommel, which was likewise in silver, only some fragments had been preserved. Enough, however, remained to show the shape and character ; so that the restoration, which haa been skilfully effected by Mr. W. Talbot Ready, may, I think, be trusted as showing the original form of the whole hilt What remains of the blade is about 5^ inches long by about 2 in. broad. The guards above and below the actual grip for the hand curve upwards and downwards respectively, the upper being about five inches in extreme length and the lower about four and a-half. On the sides of the guards are highly-ornamented silver plates, each of which differs from the others in the details of its design, though in general features they resemble each other. The design is in each case divided into five nearly equal lengths, and in the centre and at both ends of every plate is a round-ended or quasi-oval compartment, the intermediate spaces being filled in with highly artistic devices. It will perhaps be well briefly to describe these plates, the engraving of which was apparently iieightened by niello, of which traces remain. Upper guard No. 1. (A in phtte.) The three oval compartments are filled with designs differing from each other and from those on No. 2, but bearing the same general character. Tbe spaces between them are filled with zoomorphic patterns, difficult of description. That on the left shows a quadruped with a branched and leafy tail, some portions of which pass over its back and through its neck. Its position on the guard is with the back of the animal towards the hand. The other figure appears to be that of a dragon twisted into an S-like form, and with a head and wings at each end. Upper guard No. 2. (B.) The compartments are filled with scroll and leaf patterns, and the intermediate spaces are filled, the one with an interlaced band with a central Iret, and the other with a dragon having its tail in a triangular interlacing knot, and the head turned back. Lower guard No. 1. (C ) The three couipartmente are again filled with different designs, that on the right being possibly zoomorphic. In the space on the left is a curious animal with a dog- like head lying between its two fore paws ; over the back is a semicircular ring connecting the fore legs ; behind appear to be two wings with a bird's tail between them. In the right-hand space is an interlaced figure, apparently that of a dragon. Digitized by Google JC'VR&i>t>,AA DANISH SWORD-HILT FOUND AT WALLINOrCRD. Digitized by LaOOQ IC Digitized by Google Appendix. 535 Lower guard No 2 (D.) The three oompartmentB are again d-fferentlj ornamented. That in the centre has a peculiar design, possibly zoomorphic The space on the left is tilled with a pattern in which can be traced the outlines of a bird. On the right is a human figure holding a branch in his right hand. The bod; is turned to the right and the head to the left There is some appearance of a wing over the left shoulder. The pommel (E, F), which is broad and flattened, is unfortonatelj very im]>erfeet The outline of each side has formed an ogee curve. The ends next the guard are in the shape of animals' heads, like those of squirrels, the ears of which are oval, with three sunk triangular spaces upon them Behind the ears is a beaded band, which is continued up the side of the pommel. Two similar bands have run down each of the faces of the pommel ; outside them it has been ornamented with a foliated pattern. Too little remains of the pommel between the bands to determine the character of its ornamentation. Judging from the form of the hill and the style of its decoration, there can be little doubt that it is of Scandinavian rather than Saxon manufacture At the same time I am unable to find an exactly analogous example. The sword from the nver Witham near Ijnooln, engraved in florae Feralet (Plate XXVI. 5), has the guards and pommel of nearly the same form as mine, but the lower guard is shorter in proportion, and t)ie ornamentation is of a quite different character. The pommel of a Viking ' sword found in the island of Eigg is similar to mine in outline, but differs from it entirely in details. The curved guards find somewhat of a parallel in a sword from Scania ** in the Stockholm Museum, but the decoration is quite different. Another sword in the Stockholm Museum ° has the curved guards and {lommel ending in animals' heads, so as in general character much to resemble that from Wallingford. It is, however, ornamented with silver, inlaid in the iron In fine lines and points, and not by means of silver plates. With the sword there was a small fragment of a thin gold plate [d), which adheres to a piece of rusteioc. Ant. Scot. vol. sii. PI. xxx. " AarbSg. for Oldkynd. 1880, p. 347. ' ilontelitti Antiquilen Suiidoiae», fig. 506. VOL. L. 4 B Digitized by Google 636 Appendix. eleventh century. It becomes, therefore, a question of interest whether we can in any way connect the occurrence of sarh a relic at Wallingford with any of the Danish invasionB recorded in history- ; and it is satisfactory to find, that so far ub the presence of the Danes at that inland town is concerned, there is not the slightest difficulty. In July 1006 it is recorded that an innumerable fleet of Danish ships landed at Sandwich, and the warriors it brought ravaged parts of Kent and Sussex, and when attacked by iBthelred retreated to their ships, from time to time renewing their plundering expeditions. In the autumn they brought great booty to the Isle of Wight, and thence made an incursion at ChrtstmaB through Hants into Berks, burning the towns of Beading, Wallingford, and Cholsey.* Again, in the year 1013, king Sweyn and his army, when unsuccessful in their siege of London, retreated to Wallingford,'' and so over the Thames westward to Bath, burning and harr}'ing by the way in their accustomed manner- Of one or other of these expeditions it seems most probable that the sword before us is a relic ; and it is satisfactory to find that a date, assigned on purely archaeological grounds, so accurately accords with that which must be attributed to it upon historical evidence. ' Flor. Wig.Sen. Eunteftd.—Ang. Sax. Chron. ». a. lOOe. » 0pp. oitt. I. a. 1013. Digitized by Google INDEX. Abbey chnrcbee, tee " Battle," " Cleeve," " Qlas- tonbury," " Meaui," " Sawtre," " Tyrone," "Waltham" Acconnt books of St. Stephen, Coleman Street, London, 22 Acre, definition oE, at Malmosbnry, 434-435 Adam, resurrection oE, ornamentation subject on cross at St. Pftol's cathedral, 445, 471 Addnbbatam, nee of word, 470 .^gil, the aun-archer of Teutonic myth, place named from, 81 Affuratores of Aylesbury, 94, 103 Agriculture, common field system at Bottesford, 374, 382 ; at Malmesbury, 427, 437 ■ see " Meadow," " Pasture " Alamandinae, garnet sometimes so called, 524 Albigenses, sect of the, 306 Aldebome manor, burgesses in Cricklade belong- ing to, 208 Aldeburgh (Margery do) will of (1391), 183 Aldei'man, chief oEBcer of Malmesbury, 428, 434 Aid helm, work of at Malmesbury, 426 Ale-tasters of Aylesbury, 103 Alexander III., Pope, chai-tere by to "Wells, 315, 316, 353 ; confirmation of the possessions of the church at Bath by, 353-355 Alford (Theophilus), vicar of St. Stephen's, Cole- man Street (1660), 32-33 Alfred (laws of), pre-emption in, 209 Alien monasteries in Somersetshire, 360 priories, seizure of by Edward III. 254 Alienation of lands at Malmeebnry, 436-438 VOL. L. 4 Alleys, in the parish of St. Stephen, Coleman Street, London, 17, 33 Allington, possession of Hamble priory in, 253 Altar, dedications of, to be recorded, 70 Amber beads, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404 Ambresbury, religious foundation at, by Henry II. 302 Ambrose (St.), representation of, on seal, 126 American Indians, common rights of food amongst, 197 Amphitheatre, Roman, at Silchester, 266 Ampallae, silver, belonging to St. Paul's catbe- dral (1245), 443, 467 Ancestral shares of village community, 207 Ancholme, river, old channel of the, 361, 368- 369 Andrew (St.), relics of belonging to St. Paul's cathedral (1245), 453 representations of, 119, 165 Angelo (Michael),arratigement of Fasti Capitolini by, 236, 245 Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford, 383-406 chnrcb at Deerhurst, 66-71 villeins, holdings of, 207 Anglo-Saxons, growth of new communities amongst the, 200 — method of settlement in Britain, 214 conquest of Malmesbury district by, 423, ADimal bones discovered i tery at Sleaford, 388 Anglo-Saxon ceme- DigitJzed by Google S38 Animal tooth used as pendant, diBcovered in Anglo-Saxon graves, 391 Annecy (Ricliardde), grants oE to Hamble priory, 253 Aqnae Solis, road from Silchester to, 266 Archer (Dr.), Archdeacon of Tannton and of Wells, 295 Archery bntts at Bottesford, 377 Architecture, fifteenth centnry, 283 ■ , Norman, in Italy, 409-419 , Roman, near Late of Nemi, 64-65 • , Sftion, at Deerhurst, 66-71 — of Lichfield cathedral, 14 of the Regia at Rome, 247-250 of WellB cathedral, 339-344 of Westminster Hall, 5-8 Ardleigh Uanor belonging to St. Paul's, 487 Areete, cloth of, 480 Argentnm fractnm, 519 Ariciua (Diana), temple of, 58-65 Armilla, bronze, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 391. 402 Armour of Sir Philip Hinckaert, fifteenth centnry, 79-80 ■ see " Helmet" Armourers' and Braziers' Company, mazer belong- ing to, 137, 171-172 Arms of Thomas Ballard, 151, 152 Beaachamp, 141 Cotes family, 137, 174 Hinckaert, 73 Ironmongers' Company, London, 161 ■ unknown, on mazer, 172 Arras cloth, 480 Arrow-head mark used by masons, 2-3 Art, fifteenth centnry, 283, 284, 286 Artemisinm (the), excavations on supposed site of, 58-65 Arthnrian legend, publication of, 310 Arundel (Richard, earl of), will of (1392), 183 Arval records, inscribed on walls of temple at Rome, 236 Ascension, representation of at Friskney, 281-283 n seal, 124 1 Somerset- Asia Minor, masons' mark in, 3 Assault, actions for, in manor court, 100, 101, 372, 375 Assembly, the, at Malmesbnry, 432 Aflsistants of Malmesbory, 430, 431, 434 Athelstan (King), grants to Malmesbury by, 427, 433, 437 Atkik^ON (Ai.frkd), Notes on an ancient boat found at Brigg, 361-370 Atrium, nse of the woi-d, 243-244 Atrium Vestae, meaning of, 243-245 Angnstine (St.), i-epresentation of, c Augustinian canons, monasteries of i shire, 360 Anlescomb, church of granted to Wells cathedral church, 357 Anstralian tribes, common rights of food amongst, 197 Axe, representation of on sepulchral stones, 202 Axe, iron, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 403 Aylesbury, manor of, 81-103 Badge, party, seventh centnry, 293 of Plantagenets, 503 Bakers, licensed by manor court of Aylesbnry, 96 Baldwyn (Sir John), acquisition of Aylesbury by, 87 Ballard (Thomas), anns of, 151, 152 Banewel, villa of, in possession of Bath cathedral (1179), 354 Barbers, wills of (1392), 183 Baret (John), will of (1463), 189 Bari, town of in Italy, 409-413, 417, 419 Barletta, town of in Italy, 416 Bams, repair of, presentment of owners tor, 372 Barrow (North), church of, granted to Wells^ 327, 328, 359 Digitized by Google 639 Ban-ow (South), grants at, to Wells cathedral, 359 Bartholomew (St.), dedications to, 294 Barton, home farm of, granted to Wells, 326 Basilica, Roman, excavated at Silcheater, 267 Basket-work figures of men on scnlptored stones. Basona, silver, belonging to St. Panl's cathedral, (1245), 443-444. 469 Bassock, a thick peat used for fnel, 375,. 379, 382 Bath, site of Aqnae Solis, 266 Reginald Fitzjocelin, bishop of (1174- 1191), 295-360 chnrch of, grants to, tee "Banewel," " Ceddre," " Cherleton," " Chyn," "Dorkem- feld," "Evercrez," "Gatinton," " Hi wis," " Kingsbere," " Lidiard" Balhs, Roman, excavation of at Silchester, 272- 280 Battle of Wakefield, 22 Battle Abbey, mazers at, 130 ; plate in the frater, 186 " Battle-stones," stones so-called at Gheckley, 286, 292 Bandekins, belonging to St. Panl'a cathedral, 450-451, 491 Bavaria, succession cnstom in, 204 Bay trees, sacred, in the Regia at Rome, 240 Bead-necklets, Anglo-Saxon, discoTei-ed at Slea- ford, 389, 390, 391, 392, .^3, 394, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404 Beads, amber, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 397, 398, 400,401,402,403,404 bone, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 403 ■ glass, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404 ■ porcelain, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 396 seed capsnles used for, in Anglo-Saxon cemetery, 387 4> Beates, digging of, presentment against in manor conrt, 372 Beanchamp arms, on mazer, 141 Beankaire (William), payments to at funeral ol Edward II. 217, 220 Becket (Thomas a), attestation of to charter of Henry II. 252, 259 incidents relating to, 297, 298, 299, 300 ■' Beoket's shoe-bnckle," stone so-called, 142 Beehive bouses in Italy, 407 Beer, fines for selling contrary to assize, 372 Beket (Nicholas), agreement with, by Hamble priory, temp. Henry III. 253, 259. Belchamp manor belonging to St. Paul's cathe- dral, 489 Bell (Richard), episcopnm Karliolensem (1478), 189 Benedict (St.), representation of, 168 Benedictine abbey at Hamble, 251 monasteries in Somersetshire, 360 Benedictionale, belonging to St. Paul's cathe- dral (1245), 451, 498, 499 Benetaon (William), will of (1392), 183 Berkeley (Thomas de), custody of Edward II. by, 216, 218, 221 Berkeley Castle, death of Edward II. at, 215- 226 Berkshire, see " Newbury," " WallJngford," " Windsor " Berling Manor, belonging to St. Paul's, 486 Bertram (St.), residence of at Ham, 294 Bibles belonging to St, Paul's cathedral (1245), 451, 496 Bid-ales, archaic origin of, 197 Bigberry Hill, triangular bricks discovei-ed at, 422 Binding, see " Book Covers " Birch rod, mark used by masons, 4 Bird-dragons, sculptured on stones at Checkley and Ham, 289, 290 Bischop (William), testimony of to murder of Edward II. 219 Bishops, foreign, holding the See of Somerset, 297 c2 Digitized by Google 540 Bitonto, town of in Italy, 413, 419 filackbnni (Margaret), will of (1433), 186 Bladen, Caer, British fortress of, 422-424 Blaise (St.), relics of belonging to St. Paul's cathedral (1245), 453 Blenkenaop (Alexander), will of (1442), 187 Bljthe (Henry de), citizen and painter of York (1366), 182 Boat, ancient, fonnd at Brigg, 361-37.) Bodleian library, MS. of Pirrho Ligorio at, 250 Bohemond, prince of Antiocfa, tomb of, 416 Bohnn (de), family of, 297 Bolton (Richatd le Scrop, Lord), will of (1400), 185 Bone beads, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 403 BouueTille (Richard de), grant of to Wells cathedral chnroh, 358 Bone spindle-whorl, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 392 Book- covers, fifteenth oentniy, 75 hairy, belonging to St. Panl's cathedral (1245), 451, 497 Books given to priory of Bath, twelfth century, 307 — belonging to St. Paul's cathedral (1245), 451, 457, 496-500, 523 church, inventory of (1466),36-37; (1542), 46 ; selling of, temp. Henry VIII. 20 - tee " Defoe," " Dugdale," " Lingard," " Music," " Rapin " Borough of Aylesbury, parliamentary represen- tation of, 88 of Malmesbury, history of as a village community, 421-438 Borongh-Engliah, custom of, 195,211-214 Boston, gild of St. Mary, 191 Bottesford, manor records of, 371-382 Boundaries, fixing of, in Ireland, 212 of manors intermixed, 378 of township and manor, 371 Bovey, chnrch of, granted to Wells cathedral church, 358 Bowls, drinking, or mazers, 129-193 Bowls, bronte, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- £riiig of, 104- 112 Henry II. charters of, relative to monks of Hamble, 252 ; confirming peQsi- 802 charters of, to Malmesbnry. 438 John (St.), painting of, fifteenth century, 78 John (St.) Baptist, representations of, 126, 165 Joseph, representation of, on seal, 123 Junior right, custom of, 195, 211-214 Kafirs of Natal, oOmmon rights of food amongst, 197 aocoession of youngest son amongst, 218 Kari (Robert de). grant by, to Wells cathedral church, 827 Kensington palace, Wren's drawings of, 9 Kent, junior right in, 214 see " Bigberry Hill, " Canterbury," " Do- ver," " Fordwich," " Harbledown," " Eoch- ester " Kerrick (Thomas), letters from Francis Donce^ 104-105 Kettell (Sir Richard), vicar of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street. London (1563), 18 Kexby (William de), precentor of York (1410), 185 Keys, iron, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 396, 397, 399, 400, 404 fragment of, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 891 King, dnty of entertaining, in Ireland, 211 Digitized by Google 552 Kingsbere, charch of, in posseasion of Bath cathedral (1 179), S34 Kinross, BuccesBion coBtom in, 204 Kinship, the basis of archaic society, 195-214 ■ basis of, for membership of MalmcBborj mnnioipality, 431-432, 433 EiRBT (Thomas F., M.A.), on the alien prior; of St. Andrevr Hamble, and its transferto Win. Chester college in 1891, 251-262 Knives, iron, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 889, 390, 891, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 897, 398, 899, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404 Kyaby (Dr.)t imprisonment: of at Westminster, temp. £liz. 529 Labour, travelling gangs of workmen in twelfth centnry, 3 Lace, chnrch vestments of (1542), 47 Lagoon, pre-historic, in Lincolnshire, 869 Lake dwellings at Morigen, ornaments from, 881} Lambert family, mazer belonging to, 175 Iiambeth library, books in once belonging to St. Paul's cathedral, 452 Lameia, charch of, granted to Wella cathedral church, 858 Lancashire, manor cnstoms in, 206 see " Bnry," " Preston," " Salford " Land, acre of, at Malmesbury, 434-485 hide of, granted, twelfth century, 251 use of the term at Malmesbnry, 435-436 Landholders of Malmesbnry, 430, 431, 434 Landholding at Malmesbnry, 433-434 Langton (Enfemia, lady), will of (1463), 188 Lathnm (John), canon of Beverley (1476), 189 Laurence (St.), ribs prcBerved at St. Paul's cathedral, 445, 470 Lantizioof Pemgia, seals ascribed to, 118, 122, 125, 127 Laws, Anglo-Saxon, of pre-emption, 209 Lead mining, grant of, to bishop of Wells, temp. Ric. I. 316 Leap, a long wicker basket, 374 Leather fragments, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 391,394 Lee (Roger de la), prior of Canterbury (1284- 1244), 177 Leeke (William), vicar of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, London (1459), 18 Leet (court), of Aylesbury, representatives to Parliament returned by, 88 Leet-ales, archaic origin of, 197 Legal actions in manor court of Aylesbury, 94 LetterB of Charles I. 112-113; of Charlee 11. 113-115 LeyceBter (Richard), grant of rent-charge by, 253 Lichfield cathedral, architecture of the tower, 14 Lideford, church of, granted to Wells cathedral church, 858 Lidiard, church and villa of, in possession of Bath cathedral (1179), 354 Ligorjo (Pirrho), MSS. of, 248, 250 Lincoln, right of pre-emption in, 210 stirrup, Scandinavian, found at, 583 Roman road to, from Castor, 384 cathedral, architecture of the tower, 14 ; inventory of, 441 Lincolnshire, eee "Ancbolme," "Boston," "Bot- teeford," " Brigg," " Ermine Street," " Ep- worth," "Friskney," "Lindsey," "Sleaford," "South Kyme" Lindsey, lands called Wamott rents in, 871 Lingard (Dr.), history of, on death of Edward II. 216 Linnen, church vestments of (14(16), 40, 43, 44 Little Carlton, manor court of, lord fined in, 382 Liturgy of St. Paul's, 452 Lombardy, influence of, in twelfth century, 298 Londininm, road from Silchester to, 266 London, armourers' and braziers' company, 137 British Mnseum, tee " British " craft of founders, mazers belonging to, 190 early watching duties at, 91 Digitized by Google 533 iMidoD, House of Lords and CommonB, Wren's drawings of, 9 ' Ironmongers' com pan 7, mazers belonging to, 160-161 ■ Kensington palace. Wren's drawings of, 9 ■ Lambeth Palace Library, 452 ~' Merchant Taylors' company, mazers be- . longingto (1491), 189, 191 • St. Gregory's church, inventory of, 463- 464 r bo- ~ ' St. Giles' chnrch, Cripplegate, mi longing to, 167 ; verger's staff in, 7S ■ St, James's palace. Wren's drawings of, 9 "-■' ■■ St. Margaret Pattens church, mazers be- longing to, 134 — ' St. Paul's cathedral, inventories of, 439- 524; mazers belonging to (1295), 176; (1402), 185; Wren's drawings of, 9 — ■ ■•— St. Stephen, Coleman Street, parish books of, 17-57 ■ South Kensington museum, mazer at, 162 ■■■ Thames at, iron sword, Scandinavian, found in, 530.532 — — - Westminster, standing cup of the city of, 527-529 Westminster Hall, I-IC " Long Meg" of Westminster, 529 LOTd, fining of, 381-382; forfeiture of lands to the, in Bottesford manor, 373 ; position of, at Aylesbury, 89, 98 Lorenzo (St.), representation of, on seal, 120 Louis TIL king of France, charter by, 348 Levels of Cary, grants by to Wells cathedral church, 327, 357, 359 LovintoQ, church of, granted to Wells cathedral chnreh, 327 Low (Robert), will of (1454), 188 Lnmley (Sir John Savilo), excavations by, on supposed site of Ai-temisium, 53-65 Lynn, gild of St. Francis at, 188 M. Magdalene, painting of, fifteenth century, 78; representation of, at Priskney church, 285 Magi, representation of, on seal, 123 Malmesbury as a village community, 421-438 Maltravers (John), custody of Edward II. by, 216, 217, 218, 221 Manor of Aylesbury, 81-103 ; of Hamble, de- scent of, from the hide, 252 customs showing joint ownership, 206 records of Bottesford, 371-382 i-olls of Aylesbury, 89 Manors, burgesses belonging to, 208 Manuscripts, Carlo vingian period, ornamentation on, 289; Irish ornamentation on, 292 - — ■ — ■ illuminated, representation of Ascension in, 283 ; preserved at Bari, 413 at St. Paul's cathedral, Loudon, 441 of Pirrho Ligorio, 248, 250 Maple, use of for mazem, 129 Marble, use of, in ancient Rome, 228-S31, 235 Mare (Thomas de la), canon of York (1358), 182 Mark or boundary, at Bottesford manor, 373 Markets at Wells, 311, 350 Marks used for signatures, 373-374 ' masons', at Westminster Hall, 1-4 merebant's, on mazer at St. Giles' cbarch, Cripplegate, 167 — ^— sheep, at Bottesford manor, 373 Mara, sacrarium of, at Rome, 240 Mary, wife of Cleophas, painting of, fifteenth century, 78 ; representation of, at Frishney chnreh, 285 Mary Magdalene (St.), painting of, fifteenth century, 78 ; representation of, at Friskney church, 285 Mary Queen of Scots, signets of, 105-109 Mary II. (Queen), sapphire signet of, 104-112 Masonry, examples of, in ancient Rome, 231 Masons' marks at Westminster Hall, 1-4 Mawle, the holy, custom, 201-202 Maxentius, coins of, discovered at Sleaford, 887 Digitized by Google 651 Mayor (Lord) of LondoD, interference in election of, temp. Charles I. 24 Mazers, medieval Engliah, 129-193 ; belonging to St. Panl's cathedral (1402), 45o, 514 Meadow, common, at Botteaford manor, 374 at Malmesbaty, 428 Measnres of Land, see " Acre," " Hide " Meaux abbey, mazers belonging to (1390), 184 Medici (Ginlio de), cardinal, seal of, 120-121, 125, 127 Medici (Hippolito de'), cardinal, seal of, 121, 127 Medicine (folk-), sapphire nsed for diseases of the eye, 444, 41)9 Meg (Long), of Westminster, 529 Meildolf, settlenieat of, at Malmeshnry, 423, 424 Mellitas (St.), arm of, preserved in St. Paul's cathedral, 445, 470, 471 shrine of, at St. Paul's cathedral, 444, 470 Merchants' mark on mazer at St. Giles' church, Cripplegate, 1$7 MicKLETHWAiTB (J. T., P.S. A.), ft uote on the Hall ■ of William Rufus at Westminster, 5.8 Middlesex, junior right in, 214 see " Hampton Court," " London " MiDDLETON (John Hemhy, M.A., F.S.A.), on a Sason chapel at Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, 66-71 Mill, »ee " Molendinnm " Minerva, representation of, on Romaa intaglio, 404 Uining, lead, grant of, to Bishop of Wells, temp. Richard I. 316 Mir (Russian), members of, in towns, 208 Missale, belonging to St. Paul's cathedral (1245), 451, 452, 499 set " Salisbury " Mitres, belonging to St. Paul's cathedral, 446, 456, 473, 515 Molendinum, manor court presentments concern- ing, 94-95 Moltetta, town of in Italy, 414-415, 419 Monasteries, eee " Alien," " Aogustinian," " Bene- dictine," " Carthusian," " Cistercian," " Clu- niac," " Grey Fi-iars " Monasticon of Somerset, temp, bishop Reginald, 360 Monile, a jewelled ornament, 514 MooRG (Stuart Archibald, F.S.A.), docnmentH relating to the death of king Edward II. 215-226 More (Bertrand de la), payments to at funeral of Edward II. 217, 220 More (Thomas de la), history of on death of Edward II. 215, 219-220 Morses belonging to St. Paul's cathedral, 449, 481 Morton (Robert), inventory of (1448), 188 Morton (Thomas), canon of York (1448), 187 Moss, forming the caulking of prehistoric ship, 365 Mother-right, infiuence of on laws of succession, 213 Mottisfont, bronze stimtp, Scandinavian, found at, 532-583 Mountford (Katherine), wiU of (1498), 191 Mount Sorel (James of), grant of to Wells cathe- dral church, 357 Municipal boroughs, right of pre-emption in, 210 freedoms, succesBion to, by kinship, 206 history of Wells, 311 organization of Malmesbury, 427-438 Ml'kk (Dr.), letter from on signet belonging to- Cardinal Wiseman, 106-107 Mnral paintings at Friskney chnrch, 281-286 Mnrimnth (Adam), chronicle of, 215, 220 Murrae, 129 Music-books belonging to St. Paul's cathedral (1402), 457-4.58, 523 Myths, *M " .^gil," " Arthurian " Digitized by Google 555 " Naked Fields," place ao called at Cheekley, 286 Xames, twelfth centnry, 313 ^^^— giving of, to mazers, 133 Xaviculae, silver, belonging to St. Panl's cathe- dral (1246), 413, 467 Nawton (John), will of (1436), 186 Necklets, Anglo-Saxon, discovei'ed at Sleaford, 387 bead, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- foi-d, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403 I7emi (Lake), excavations near, 58-65 Nomorensis, rex, office of at Rome, 60 New Zealanders, house-life amongst the, 198 Newark, wills of inhabitants of, 190 Newbury, site of Spiuse near, 266 Newcastle Society of Antiquaries moseum, spear- head in, 533 Newport (William de), rector of Wearmonth (1366), 182 Newton (John de), treosnrerof York (1414), 185 Nicholas (St.), feast of celebrated at St. Paul's cathedral, 447 Nicholas of Myra (St.), shrine of at Ban, 411. 412 Nicholans (St.), representation of, on seal, 124 Nichols (F. M., F.S.A.), on some remarks upon the Begia, the Atrium Yestae, and the original locality of the Fasti Capitolini, 227- 250 Norfolk, junior right in, 214 see " Lynn," " Norwich," " Santon " Norham, land at, granted to Wells cathedral church, 359 Norman architecture in Italy, 409-419 occupation of Italy, 408 Normandy, masons' marks on buildings in, 3 North Cnrry, manor of, granted to Wells cathe- dral church, 359 North side of church, graveyard on the, 251 Northamptonshire, see "Braunston," "Sawtre" Northumberland, see " Newcastle," " Norham " Norway, prehistoric boat found in, 370 Norwich, wills of inhabitants of, 191 Nottingham, right of pre-emption at, 210 Scandinavian swords found near, 532 Nottinghamshire, see " Newark," " Southwell " Notyngham (John), will of (1437), 186 Numa, buildings of in the Regia at Rome, 241 Nunneries in Somersetshire, 360 Nuremberg, masons' mark in St. Si bald's church, 3 Oak trees, size of, in England, 367 Obits kept at St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, London, 22 Ocle (William de), murder of Edward II. by, 219 Officei-8, village, payment to by land, 438 ■ — — see " Affuratores," " Ale- tasters," "Con- stables," " Hayward " Old-people, custom of killing in primitive society, 201 Open-field system, archaic mode of succession to the strips, 207 Ops Consiva, sacrarium of at Rome, 240 Orleton, manor custom of, 208 Ormond (Earls of), possession of Aylesbury manor by, 83-87, 92 Ornamentation on sculptured stones at Cheekley, 28C-294 — ——see -'Fylfot," " Hoi'sehoe," "Swastika," " Triqnetrae " Osier wattle-work in Saxon architecture, (!8 Ostrich feather, badge of Flantagenets, 503 Oswald (St.), arm and finger bone of, preserved in St. Paul's cathedral, 445, 470, 47 1 Osyth (St.), arm of, preserved in St. Paul'.s cathedral, 445. 471 Oxford, All Souls college, mazers at, 1S6, 137, 150-152,155, ICl, 16G Bodleian library, MS. at, 250 Digitized by Google 656 Oxford, Oriel college, mazer belonging to, 158- 159 Oyster BhelU, discovered at Silchester, 272 OjHters, payment of, by monks of Hamble priory, 254 P. Fainted chamber at Westminster, 5 Painter, will of (1365), 182 Painting, fifteenth centnry, in diptych, 72-80 temp. Edward III. 221 moral, at Friskney church, 281-286 Pakington (Robert), acquisition of Aylesbury by, 87 Palatine Apollo, temple of, at Borne, 235 Parisb books of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, London, 17-57 Parker (John, P.S.A.), on the manor of Ayles- bnry, 81-103 Partiameut, return of members to, by Aylesbnry 88 Parochial institations, importance of, 24 Party badge, seventh century, 293 Pastoral staff of Ralph Plambard, bishop of Durham, 533 Pasture, common, at Bottesford manor, 372, 373, 875, 379, 382 ; at Malmesbnry, 427, 428 Panl (St.), representation of, on seal, 119, 120 Pavements, tesselated, discovered at Silchester, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 276 Pawle (WUtiam), vicar of St. Stephen's, Cole- man Street, London (1457), 18 Peacock (Edward, P.S.A.), notes from the records of the manor of Bottesford, Lin' colnshire, 371-382 Peas, gathering of, orders of manor conrta con- cerning, 378 Peckham (Robert), monk of Rochester, 168 Pedigree of Bntlers, Earls of Ormond, 92 Pendants, bronze, Anglo'Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 393, 397 Pendants, bronze gilt, Anglo-Saxon, diacovered at Sleaford, 389 Roman coins nsed as, by Anglo-Saxons, 387, 391, 393, 399, 401, 403 silver, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 391, 406 Pennington (Mr. Alderman), action of, against Charles T. 23-30 Pepys (S.), visit of, to Saffron Walden, 163 Perci (Gilbert de), grant of, to Wells cath«dna charch, 357 Pereson (Thomas), sob-dean of York (1490), 189 Peridot, a precious stone, 524 Peru, ornamentation of men and animals in, 294 Peter (St.), representation of, on seal, 119, 120; at Friskney, 282 Peter of Blois, as the deacon of Bath (1175-1190), 314, 320 Peters (Uagh), trial of, as a regicide, 31-32 PewB, antiqnity of, in London, 22 Phialae, silver, belonging to St. Paul's cathedral (1245), 443, 466 Philip (St.), the apostle, figure of, fifteenth cen. tnry, 74, 76 re)ics of, belonging to St. Paul's cathe- dral (1245), 433 Photographs of Westminster hall, 2, 3, 9 Pickering (Maurice), keeper of gatehouse, West- minster, sixteenth centnry, 528-529 Pig, scapula of, in Anglo-Saxon grave at Slea- ford, 395 Pigs, ordei-8 concerning in manor court, 373, 377 Pillory, in Aylesbury manor, 99 Pilton, church of, 309 ; belonging to the chnrcli at WelU, 356 Pin, bronze, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 389, 390, 394, 397, 399, 404, 406 gilt, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 402 Fix, silver, belonging to St. Paul's cathedral (1245), 443, 468 Place names, different methods of spelling Ayles- bury, 81 Plague, evidences of, in London (1665), 33 Digitized by Google 567 Plans of WeBtmineter hall, 9-11 Plate belonging to Heniy V. 132 (church), inventory of (1466), 34-35 ; (1542), 45-46 tee " Censers, " Chalices," •' Comb," " Crismatoria," " Crosses," " Desk," "Ma- " sen," "Mitres," "Phlalae," "Pix," "Salt," "Thuribnla" Plnmpton (Robert), will of (1506), 191 PoisoQing, practice of, in England, temp. Edward III. 220 Poma, silver, belonging to St. Paul's cathedral, (1245), 443, 467 468 Pomcerinm, position of the, at Silchester, 280 Pontes, road from Silchester to, 266 Pontifex Maximns, hoase of, at Rome, 241-243 Porcelain beads, Anglo-S»ion, discovered at Sleaford, 39G Postnmns, coins of, discovered at Sleaford, 408 Potesgrave (Richard de), payments to, at funeral of Edward 11. 217 Pottery, Roman, discovered near Sleaford, 384 ■ see " Urns " Pr«.emption, right of, 209-210 Prehistoric remains, <« " Boat " Presme, a term used of precions stones, 524 Preston (John), bncler-maker, of York (1400), 185 Preston, right of pre-emption at, 210 Peice (F. G. Hiltos, F.S.A.), farther notes npon excavations at Silchester, 263-280 Priest's di-ess, scnlptnred on stone at Sandbach, 293 Primogeniture, cnstom of, 195, 210, 212 Priors of Hamble, list of, 258 Priory, alien, of St. Andrew at Hamble, 251-262 Prisca (St.), representation of, on seal, 119 Prittlewell, gild or fraternity of, 198 Privy, common, in St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, London (1480-1307), 22 Processions at St. Paul's cathedral, 459 in London (1243), 492 Property, archaic conceptions of, 195.214 ■ insecurity of, temp. Henry II. 315 PtLLAN (B. P., F.SA.), Notes on recent excava- tioDS on the supposed site of the Artemisium near the Lake of Nemi, made by Sir John Savile Lumley, G.C.B. 68-65 Punjab, right of pre-emption in, 209 Punson (Alured de), grant of, to Wells cathedral, 828, 359 Race influences on constitution of Malmesbnry Corporation, 435 Radclive, borough and market granted to, temp. Richard I. 816 Rains cloth, 506 Bapin, history of, on death of Edward II. 215 Ravenna sculpture, ornamentation on, 289 Read (C. H., F.S.A.) on a sword of Scandinavian make found in London and bronze stirrup of the same period found near Romsey, 530-533 Rebus, device formed from, on name of Hinck- aert, 73-74 Reeds used in church ceremonial, 442 Refuge, temple of at Rome, 60 Regalia, &c. of Henry VI. 186 of Scotland, 111 Regia at Rome, rebuilding of the, 233, 235; uses and character of, 236, 240-242, 245-250 Regicides, trial of, 29-32 Registers, parish, of St. Stephen, Coleman Street, London, 18 Relics, at St. Paul's cathedral, 445, 453, 470 Requests, Court of, at Westminster, 5 Resurrection, representation of at Friskney, 283 Revenue, episcopal, 326 Rex nemorensis, office of, at Rome, 60 Rex, use of the title in ancient Rome, 241 Reynes, see " Rains " Rhyming formula used at 3£a1mesbury, 433 Richard I. captivity of, 358 charter by, to Wells, 315, 316 356-359 Digitized by Google 668 Richtti-d I. coronation of, 318, 329-330 Richard II, alteration of Westminster hall by, 12, 13-14 Richaj'd de Ely.shi-ine of at St. Paul's cathedral, 446,470 Richard (Thomas), will of (1488), 189 Ring§, bronze, Anglo-Saxon, discoTered at Slea- ford, 389, 393, 394, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 406 ii-on, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, ;i89, 390, 395, 396, 397, 402 horn, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 391 silver, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 391, 402 pontifical, belonging to St. Panl's cathe- dral, 456 of Qneen Mary II. 104-115 River navigation in. Hants, 2bi ^^— ordinances concerning the, in Aylesbnry manor, 99 Rivers, tee " Ancholme," " Clyde," " Ebro,'' " Humber," " Itchen," " Thames," " Wi- Roada, Roman, in Lincolnshire, 369-370, 384 ■ see " Ermine Street " Roadways at Bottesford, orders concerning, 879, 360 Robert Ooiscard, crown of, pi-eserved at Bari, 412 Rochester, mazer belonging to monks at, 134 ■ Benedictine priory, mazer belonging to, 168 wills of inhabitants of, 187 Roges (Lady Alicia de), grant of, to bishop of Wells, 317 Romanus (St.), day of, 334-833 Romara (William de. Earl of Lincoln), grant of, to bishop of Wells, 317 Rome, Artemisinm (the), excavations on sup- posed site of, 58-65 ■ Regia, Atriom Vestoe, and Fasti Capi- tolini, 227-250 .-_-■_- wall of Servins Tallas, masons' mark on, 3 Roman basilica excavated at Silchester, 267 ■ canal sear Sleaford, 884 . coins discovered near Sleaford, 384, 387, 890, 391, 393, 399, 401, 403, 404 ~^— fibnla discovered in Anglo-Saxon grave, 408 — fomm excavated at Silchester, 267 intaglio discovered in Anglo-Saxon grave, 404 . pavements, ornamentation on, 289 pottery discovered near Sleaford, 384 remains at Caer Dur, 422 ; at Silchester, 263-280 road to Lincoln, 384; in Lincolnshire, 369-370 Romnlna, inscription of the triumph of, dis- covered at Rome, 246 Bowe (Colonel Owen), one of Charles I.'s judges, S6-S1 Bnasia, joint rights of the community in, 197 nomad family groups in, 200 ^ I ■ town population of, belong to the mir, 208 Ruvo, town of, in Italy, 418 S. administering of, in London, temp. Charles I. 25 Sacrifices, human, offered in the Ai'temisium, 60 SamGcial rites, evidence of, in Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sleaford, 387-388 Saffron Walden, Edward Vl.'s almshouses at mazer belonging to, 1C3-1C4 St. John (Rev. H. F.), mazer belonging to, 137, 173-174 St. John of Jerusalem, knights of, possessions of, 371 St. Lo, consecration of church at, to St. Thomas, 303 St. Paul (Mary de), benefaction of, to St. Paul's cathedral, 612 Digitized by Google 659 Saints, images of, In St. St«plien'a, Coleman Street, London (1466), 40^1 Salerno, Nomuui cathedivl at, 4 1 9 Salford, right of pre-emption at, 210 Salisbary missal, evidence as to establitiliiiig general nae of, 20 Salome, representation of, at Friskney church, 285 Salt, vessel for, osed in baptism, belonging to St. Paul's cathedral, 443 Samite stuff, 482 Samoans, house life amongst the, 197 Samson, figured on silver bason, St. Paul's cathedral, 444 Sandals, episcopal, belonging to St. Paul's cathe- dral, 447, 474 Sandbach, sculptured stone at, 291-292, 293 Sandwich (A. de), prior of Canterbury (1244- 1258), 178 Sanitary condition of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, Loudon, temp. Edward IV. 21 orders at Bottesford manor conrt, 873, 374, 376, 877, 380 presentments in Aylesbury manor, 99 Santon, Scandinavian sword found at, 531, 532 Sapphire used for disease of the eyee, 444, 469 signet of Queen Mary II. 104-115 Saraanet, church vestments of (1466), 39 Sarum, road from Silcheater to, 266 Satin, church vestments of (1466), 38, 41 Savage (Robert), -will of (1391), 183 Sawtro abbey, 192 Saxon, see "Anglo-Saxon" Scandti-ford, see " Shalford " Scandinavian boat- building, 370 stirrup, found near Romsey, 632-533 flword, found in London, 530-532 succession custom,' 203 ■ «« '* Danish " Scardeburgh (John de), will of (1395), 183 School, grammar, at Wells, 326 Scolds, orders against at Bottesford manor oourt, 378 Scotland, children called by mothers' name in, 213 ' joint tenancies in, 205 tee " Brodie," " Glasgovr," " Glenfer- ness" "Harris" Scrope of Uasham (Hem-y, Lord), will of (1415), 185 Sculptured stones at Hope, 294; at Sandbach, 291-292; in Scotland, 292 ■■■'■ basket-work figures of men on, 286-294 Scnta, belonging to St. Paul's cathedral (1245). 443 Seals, abbots, of the abbey of Tyrone, 255, 256 cardinals', sixteenth century, 118-128 of Charles I. Henrietta Maria, and Marj- n. 104-115 of Reginald, bishop of Bath (1174-1180), 352 • of the prior of Hamble, 255-256 to charter of Henry II. 252 — of the convent of St. Swithun at Win- chester, 255 ; at Tyrone, 255, 256, 257 on grant by William Giffard, bishop of Winchester (1098-1128), 251-252 of bishop Wykeham, 254 Sebastian (St.), representation of, on seal, 119 Sects, nee " Albigenses," " Cathari " Seed capsules, used for beads, in Anglo-Saxon cemetery, 387 Seeking-feast, custom of, at Malmesbury, 434 Segonte (Caer), British name of Silcheeter, 265 Selby (Agnes de), will of (1359), 182 Separation of primitive groups, 200 Serapenm, excavation of, at Silchester, 267 Serpent-dragon, sculptured on stone pillar at Checkley, 289, 291 Servants, swearing of, in Aylesbnry manor courts, 102 Sexton, duties of, at St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, London, 21, 49 Shalford, church of, granted to Wells cathedral, 357 Shardlowe (Lady Ella), will of (1457), 188 Digitized by Google 560 Shaw (William), lord of Botteaford manor (1595), 381 Sheep-marks at Bottesford manor, 373 Shoppey, priory of Minster in, 192 Shield, bosB of, Anglo-Saxon, disooverod at Slea- ford, 390, 391, 892, 393, 394, 397, 398, 899, ■100, 408, 404, 405, 406 Shirley (S. E.), maier belonging to, 159-160 Shrines at St. Panl's cathedral, 444-445, 452-453, 469 Sibald (St. ), church dedicated to, at Nnremberg, 3 Signatures, marks used for, 373-374 Signets of Chariea 1. Henrietta Maria, and Mary n. 104-115 Silcheeter, excaTatioos at, 263-280 Silk, chnroh veBtments of (1466), 37, 38, 41, 42, 43,44; (1542), 46, 48 Silk, marble, nsed for vestmentB at St. Panl's cathedral, 450 Silken staffs, belonging to St. Panl's cathedral, 450-461, 455 Silver armillae, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 398 bulla, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 398 discs, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 894, 398 ■ earring, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 300, 402 ' ornament, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleafoid, 397 ^— ^ pendant, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 391, 405 ■ ■ plate, tee " Plate " ^— -■ " ring, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- fold, 891, 402 Silversmiths' work, sixteenth century, 122 Simpson (W. Sparbow, D.D., F.S.A.), the in- ventories of the cathedral church of St. Paul, London, dated respectively 1245 and 1402, 439-524 Six-fold division of Malmesbury corporation, 435 Skeleton, human, discovered in Roman bath at Silchester, 274 Skirlaw (Walter de), bishop of Durham (1407), 185; will of, 132 Sleaford, Anglo'Saxon cemetery at, 383-406 —~ — British remains near, 383 Roman remains near, 384 Smirke (Sidney), drawings of Westminster hall by. 6 Smith (Mrs. J. W.), mazer belonging to, 150 Soberton, possession of Hamble priory in, 253 Sokbom (Richard), fellow of Pembroke collie, Cambridge, 153 Solemn league and covenant, signing of in Lon- don, 23 Somersetshire, monasticon of, 360 tee " Banewell," " Barrow (North)," "Barrow (South)," "Bath," "Carthampton," "Ceddre," "Childcompton," "Congresbury," "Curry (North)," " Dowlishwake," "Olas- tonbnry," "Harpetre (East)," "Haselbnry," " Henstridge," " Lovinton," " Pilton," "Taunton Deane," "Timberscombe," "Wed- more," " Wells," " White Lackington," " Witham," " Wivelscombe," " Tattoo " Sonahip among the New Zealanders, 203 South Brent, church of, belonging to the church at Wells, 3.^6 South Kensington museum, mazer at, 162 South Kyme, British camp at, 383 Soathampton, land in, belonging to Hamble priory, 253 Southwark, St. Saviour's, mazer belonging to, 135 Sonthwell, manor custom of, 208 Spade-shaped fibula discovered at Sleaford, 389, 391, 392, 394, 396, 397, 400, 403 Spears, iron, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Slea- ford, 390, 391, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406 Spears of Mars, myatorious moving of, at Rome, 240 Spinae, road from Silcheetor to, 266 Spiti, succession custom of, 203 Spindle- whorl, bone, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford, 392 Digitized by Google 661 Staffordahire, tee " Cheokley," " Ham," " Lich- field" Stt^s, Terger'B, Biirmonitted bj efmbolio fiffure, 73 Staines, site of Pontes, 266 Staithea, children called by mother's name at, 213 Stanton Fitzwarreii, chiirch of, granted to Hamble priory, 253 Stanza dei Fasti, marble trail of, 237, 215 Staves, episcopal, belonging to St. Panl's cathe- dral, U5-U6, 456, 472 Sterling, common name of English penny, 513 Stirmp, Scandinavian, foand at Mottisfont, 532- 533 Stockholm mnsonm, sword in, 535 Stockings, episcopal, belonging to St. Paal's cathedral, 447 Stocks, pnniahment by, at AyleBbnry, 101 Stock wood, manor cnstom of, 208 Stone cists, Anglo-Saxon, discovered at Sleaford' 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 401,403 Stones, scnlptnred, basket-work figores of men on, 286-294 Stock, ten sheaves of com set for stacking, 379 Stowey, church of, granted to Wells cathedral church, 369 Stnbbard de Bnry (Agues de), will of (1418), 185 Stnbbs (Dr. W. bishop of Cheater), on death of Ednard II. 216 Stucco plastering, Roman, discovered at Sil- chester, 278 Sncceesion to property, archaic laws of, 195-214 ; evidence for, at Malmesbnry, 431, 4S2 SnfEolk, see "Ipswich," "Iiworth" SnperBtition,«ee " Eyes," " North " Surnames, example of early modes of acquiring, 88, 92 Snn-ey, tee " Croydon," " Lambeth," " Soutii- wark " Snssez, jnnior right in, 214 •« " Battle " VOL. L. 4 Sntton (Charles), porchase of Bottesford n by, temp. Heniy VIII. 371 Swastika ornamentation on Anglo16 White Lackmgton, chmvh of, granted to Wells cathedral church, S57 Whitehead (Jeffrey), mazer belonging to, 149- 150, 175 Wickei^work, tee " Basket-irork " Widow, origin of manorial rights of, 206 William II. hall of, at Westminster, 5-8 William (Bishop of London), Rhrine of, at St- Panl's cathedral, 445, 470 WiUonghby (Isabella de), will of (1415), 1S5 Willonghby (Sir Hugh), will of (1448), 187 Willows, orders for planting, at Botteefoi-d manor, 380 Wilton (Isabel), will of (1486), 189 Wiltshire, see "Aldebome," " Bradenstoke," " Criokelade," " Malmesbnry," " Stanton Fifzwarren," " Warminster " Winchester, right of pre-emption at, 210 site of Venta Belgamm, 266 cathedral, Wykeham's chantry at, 254- 255 ; masons' nuu-k in, 3 convent of St. Swithin at, 258-255 college, alien priory at Hamble trans- ferred to, 251-262 Window-glass, Roman, discovered at Silchester, 273 Windsor Caiitle, representation of on cope at St. Paul's cathedral, 448 ; Wren's drawings of, 9 Witham, religions fonndation at, temp. Henry II. 302, 307, 308 Witham, river, Scandinavian, stirrup, fonnd in, 533 — — Scandinavian sword found in, 531, 535 Wiseman (Cardinal), signet belonging to, 106, 107 Wivelescnmb, church and villa of, in possession of Bath cathedral, 354 Wokyndon family, interest of in St. Paul's cathedral, 511 Wolsey (Cardinal), plate of, 191 Wood, fine for cutting at Bottesford manor, 375 Wooderove (Robert), will of (1501), 191 Wool, dragged off by bushes, a manorial perqui- site, 382 Worldham, West, chapel of, grant of to Hamble priory, 253 Worms, earth, work of at Silchester, 271 Worship, joint rights of, 197-198 Worsted, cloth, 516 ; church vestments of (1466), 42; (1542) 46 Wren (Sir C), drawings of Westminster ball by, 9-10 Wulfrio (the hermit), scene of life and miracles of, 857 Wiirtemberg, succession custom in, 204 Wyclyff (Robert de), rector of Budby (temp. 1423), 186 Wykeham (bishop of Winchester), decree by, 254 ; chantiy of, at Winchester cathedral, 254-255 Wyman (Henry), goldsmith of York, 147 Wymbyssch (Thomas), will of (1447), 187 Wynestord, church of, granted to bishop of Wells, 317 Yatton, villa of, in possession of Bath cathedral (1179), 853 York, gild of Corpus Christi, 148 —~— cathedral, inventory of, 440 ; mazer at, 131, 133, 146-149 mazers belonging to inhabitants of, 182, 183,185, 186, 187, 191 Yorke (Thomas), lord of manor of Bottesford (1547), 372 Yorkshire, East Riding, lands called "Wamntt," rents in, 372 tee " DoDcaster," " Hull," " Staitfaee," " Wakefield " Digitized by Google b'' Digitized by LaOOQ IC Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google